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European History Review

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European History Review. The Age of Exploration. 1444. Prince Henry the Navigator began exploring the west coast of Africa He would go on to establish a special school for navigation. Portuguese Explorers. Henry the Navigator – Portuguese prince who sponsored exploration and expansion - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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European History Review

The Age of Exploration

1444 1492 1500 1519 1533

1444

Prince Henry the Navigator began exploring the west coast of Africa

He would go on to establish a special school for navigation

Portuguese Explorers

Henry the Navigator – Portuguese prince who sponsored exploration and expansion Invaded the Northern coast of Africa and

discovered great riches. Supported Navigation education in Portugal Opened a school and invited mapmakers,

shipbuilders, and navigators (expert sailors) from all over the country to attend.

His shipbuilders invented the caravel – a ship that was larger, stronger, faster, and easier to steer than other ships of the day.

1492

Christopher Columbus set sail to discover a shorter route to India.

He discovers the Caribbean Islands and incites a new vigor to explore

1500

Pedro Cabral reached the coast of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal

1519

Heran Cortes conquered the Aztecs and claimed parts of Central America for Spain

Ferdinand Magellan made the first round the world voyage Was the first to reach Asia Claimed parts of the Philippines for Spain

1530

Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Claimed the lands currently known as Peru and

Ecuador.

The 3 G’s

GOD –Some Europeans believed it was their Christian duty to spread Christianity

GOLD –Desire for new luxuries (spices & gold) sparked interest in exploration

GLORY- European countries began to compete w/ one another for NATURAL RESOURCES and TRADE POWER.

How Colonization produces Profits!

NATURAL RESOURCES raw materials taken from new colonies and shipped home>

Manufactured Goods Factories produce goods to be sold in market >

Markets Goods are sold in the home country & in the

colonies where the raw materials were removed.

World War I Powers

Allied Powers Great Britain

FranceRussiaItaly

Central Powers Austria-Hungary

GermanyBulgariaTurkey

1917: Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions begin

The Russian Revolution started in 1917 with the overthrow of the Russian monarchy, also known as a czarist government. The revolutionaries were educated Russians who were politically radical and were tired of the shortages faced because nearly all resources were sent to soldiers fighting on the front. Marxism sprang out of this revolution, along with anarchism. One of the revolutionist parties, the Bolsheviks, had started a revolution in 1903. In March 1917, Czar Nicholas II abdicated (stepped down from) his throne. The Bolsheviks gained control of the Russian government in November 1917 and created a dictatorship under Vladimir Lenin.

1919: Treaty of Versailles is signed

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, is considered one of the most punitive treaties in history. It set out to humiliate the Germans at the end of WWI by making them:

take full responsibility for the war pay reparations give up land in Europe and all of its overseas

territoriesIt is considered a direct cause of Hitler’s rise to

power and, therefore, World War II aggression.

Disappointed victors

Both Japan and Italy had fought alongside the Allies during WWI, but neither was fully satisfied with their rewards from the Treaty of Versailles. Italy had gained more land from the victory, but the treaty did not grant all of its claims.

Japan succeeded in gaining control of Germany's former colonies in the Pacific, but Japan's ultimate goal was to gain control of China, and China did not play a role in World War I. The first military activity in World War II would involve Japan attacking China to achieve this goal.

Appeasement policy

European nations thought it was better to appease German fascists who broke treaty restrictions than to take action. After terrible World War I, Europe wanted to avoid more fighting. Therefore, no action was taken when Hitler’s forces entered Czechoslovakia.

Depression and poverty

Europe was unstable between the two World Wars, largely due to economic reasons. Great poverty led people to accept radical change and the promises of fascist dictators like Hitler and Mussolini.

Communism

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 had Europeans worried. People feared the spread of Communism. Fascist dictators promised to prevent this spread.

Racism and Scapegoats

Impoverished people were quick to look for easy answers and people to blame. Scapegoats were desirable for the problems they dealt with. Jews, Poles (people from Poland), and Chinese all suffered for this.

Setting the stage for WWII

Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from World War I Worldwide depression High war debt owed by Germany High inflation Massive unemployment

Rise of Fascism Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is

given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied. Fascist dictators included Adolf Hitler (Germany),

Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hideki Tojo (Japan).

Imperialism

means trying to control other countries and take them over, in order to make one’s own country more powerful. Hitler gained power in 1933. He wanted to make Germany the most powerful country in Europe. Germany began taking over other countries. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war. This started World War II.

World War II

was a worldwide military conflict that was one of the most devastating wars in human history. It began in 1939 as a European conflict between Germany and an Anglo-French coalition. However, it eventually widened to include most of the nations of the world. It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order dominated by the United States and the USSR.

1444

1492

1500

1519

1530

1770

1788

Prince Henry the Navigator explores the West Coast of Africa and founds a school

of NavigationChristopher

Columbus sets sail for India Pedro Carbal reaches

Brazil in the name of Portugal

Cortes conquers the Aztecs and claims

land for Spain Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca and

claims modern day Peru and Ecuador for Spain

British Captan James Cook claims Australia and New Zealand for

U.K. British found the first

colony in Australia as a “penal colony”

1914

1915

1917

1919

1933

1941

Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated

beginning World War I Sinking of the Lusitania

The Russian Revolution begins in Russia

Zimmerman Telegram is intercepted

The Treaty of Versailles is signed

Hitler comes to power in Germany and begins

persecuting Jews The Holocaust begins – 6 million

Jews are Murdered

1945

1989

1990

1991

The beginning of the Cold War - date the Japanese formally surrendered thus

marking the end of World War II

dissolution of the Soviet Union

The United States and the U.S.S. R.

emerge as Superpowers after

WWII

Reunification of Germany

Fall of the Berlin Wall

•Perestroika•The bay of pigs•Cuban Missile Crisis•Solidarity