European Grape Vine Moth (EGVM)

Susan KomanetskyVineyard Pest & Disease Management

May 9, 2014

Introduction• Lobesia botrana• Destructive pest -

“Generalist”• Primary Hosts

• Wine, table and wild grapes and raisins, olives, stone fruits, wild spurge laurel

• Secondary Hosts• Carnations,

gooseberry, pomegranate, kiwi, blackberry

• Originally identified in Southern Italy• North & West Africa• Chile - 2008• Napa – 2009 • Argentina – 2010• Japan - 2014

Description of Pest• Eggs

• Flat, elliptical (0.02-0.03 in)• Iridescent creamy white turning

to yellow with black spot(evolving embryo head)

• Translucent outer shell (chorion) after larvae emerge

• Single eggs laid 7-10 days after fertilization

• Eggs laid at dusk• Larvae emerge 10-15 days later

(62.5–68 F)• Females lay 35 eggs per day for 6-

7 days

• Larvae emerge creamy white with black head• 10-15 days later when temps 62.5-68 F

• Protothorax turns a yellow brown with distal edge a darker brown to black

• 5 Larval Stages• Final larval stage - cuticle becomes transparent • Body color reflects intestinal contents • Dark brown to black legs• Anal comb with 4-5 brown teeth

Biology and Weakness

• 2-4 Generations per year depending on photoperiod• 1st Generation (April - May) Larvae emerge from cocoon when temps 50

°F for 10-12 days to feed on flowers and buds• 2nd Generation (June - August) Larvae feed on green immature berries• Third Generation (August - October) Larvae feed on mature berries • 3rd/4th Generation Larvae prepares cocoon too overwinter as Pupae

• AdultBell-shape at rest1/4” long1/2” wing spanColoringMosaic PatternTan-cream forewing mottling with brown-blue

markings and blue-gray bandsGrey hind wings with fringed border

Lifecycle in Pictures

• Diapause when evening temps begin to decrease and last 11 hours• Pupae (over winter as pupae)

• 0.17 to 0.28 Inches long (male)• 0.2 to 0.3 inches long (female)

• Adults emerge 12-15 days after pupation (linger over winter)• Males emerge 1 week earlier than females• Fly at dusk when temps 53.5 degrees F

Pest Damage• Potential Economic Loss (Grapes)

- California• 2008 - 849,000 Acres Vine• 2009 - $3.9 billion market

value • 2009 - Napa 10 acres

destroyed• Crop damage from larval feeding

• Web two berries together – feed from inside

• 1st Generation - buds & flowers

• 2nd & 3rd Generations - berries

Pest Monitoring & Management

• Pheromone-bate Traps (1/10 acres)

• Observation (1 week after each peak flight)• Spring - 1 flower

cluster/vine for 100 vines• 2nd & 3rd Generations – 1

bunch berries/vine for 100 vines

• Fresh eggs reflect direct sunlight, shin, white

• Monitor and record weekly

IPM of EVGM• Mating Disruption with synthetic pheromones (disrupts

monitoring)• older females produce few/non-viable eggs

• Insecticides • Life cycle specific

• 1st Generation - Just prior or at bloom • 2nd & 3rd Generation - when 1st moths trapped

• Ovicidal or Larvicidal• Not effective after bunch closure

• Biological Control• Parasitoids of Tachnid Flies• Parasitic Wasps

• Ichneumonid Wasp - Napa• Trichogramma species - Europe

• Sanitation• Isolate stakes, posts & equipment• Quarantine (5 mile radius)

• > 2 adult moths within 3 miles• 1 adult moth in single trap

• Inspections• Monthly

Conclusion

• EGVM is an invasive pest

• Targeted by CDFA and USDA-Animal & Plant Inspection Service (APHIS) for ERADICATION

• IPM recommended strategies

Photo References• Slide 1

• Photo 1 - Retrieved from www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/eurograpevinemoth.html Retrieved 5/3/14• Photo 2 - Retrieved from www.hungrypests.com/the-threat/european-grapevine-moth.php. • Photo 3 - Retrieved from www.lepiforum.de

• Slide 2• Photo 1 - retrieved from www.vittracker.com

• Slide 3• Map 1 - Varela, Lucia G. (2010). Practical Winery & Vineyard Journal. EGVM in Napa Vineyards. Retrieved from www.vittracker.com

• Slide 4• Photo 1 & 2 - Retrieved from www.inspection.gc.ca

• Slide 5• Photo 1 & 3 - retrieved from www.inspection.gc.ca• Photo 2 - retrieved from www.ucanr.edu• Photo 4 - Retrieved from www.countyofbaoa.org/AgCommissioner/EGM/

• Slide 6• Photo 1 - Gilligan, T.M. & Epstein, M. E. (2012). Tortricids of Agricultural Importance. Retrieved from www.idtools.org/id/leps/Lobesia_botrana.htm

• Slide 7• Photo 2 - Retrieved from www.co.lake.ca.us• Photo 23- Retrieved from www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/eurograpevinemoth.html Retrieved 5/3/14• Photo 1 - Retrieved from www.idtools.org/id/leps/tortal/Paralobesia_spp.htm

• Slide 8• Photo 1 - Life cycle: Retrieved from www.sonoma-county.org/agcomm/european_gv_moth.htm

• Slide 9• Graph 1 - www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/eurograpevinemoth.html Retrieved 5/3/14• Photo 2 - Pupae: Retrieved from www.practicalwinery.com

• Slide 10• Photo 1 - Retrieved from www.sfgate.com/wone/article/Invasive-moth-threatens-wine-grape-3196234.php• Photo 2 - www.napavinters.blogspot.com/2011/03• Photo 3 - Retrieved from www.pressdemocrat.com article/20100513/articles/100519729• Photo 4 - Retrieved from sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Wine-Country-sounds-alarm-over-grapevine-moth-3269880.php

• Slide 11• Slide 1 - Wasp. retrieved from www.icpermaculture.blogspot.com• Slide 2 - Spraying. Retrieved from www.grancruclasses.com• Slide 3 - Quarantined. Retrieved from www.findsubjectzero.com

• Slide 12• Slide 1 - Grapes. Retrieved from www.oregonwinecountrylotforsale.com/vineyard.htm

ReferencesBettiga, Larry J. (2013). Grape pest management, 3rd Ed. University of California Agricultural and Natural Resources Communication Services. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services.

Cooper, M. (2011). European grapevine moth biology and management. UC Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from www.countyofnapaorg/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id

Department of Food and Agriculture (n.d.). Proposed changes in the regulations title 3, California code of regulations section 3591.24 www.sag.gov.cl/content/egvm-california

Hoenisch, Richard (nd). The european grapevine moth, lobesia botrana . First US Report. Western Plant Diagnostic Network Pest Alert. Retrieved from www. cdfa.ca.gov/Plant/egvm/index.html

Policy Analysis & Development, Policy & Program Development, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture. (2010). Economic impacts of the european grapevine moth (lobesia botrana) in California. Retrieved from www. Aphis.usda.gov

Smith, Rhonda & Varela, Lucia. (2010). Treating second generation of lobesia botrana(egvm) in a quarantine area. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Cooperative Extension Sonoma County. Retrieved from cesonoma,ucanr.edu/files/27869.pdf

Thiery, Denis, & Moreau, Jerome. (2005). Relative performance of European grapevine moth (lobesia botrana) on grapes and other hosts. Oecologia, 143, 548-555. Doi: 10.10007/s00442-005-0022-7

Torres-Vila, L., Rodriguz-Molina, M.C., & Stokel, J. (2002). Delayed mating reduces reproductive output of female european grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana.. Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol 92, Issue 3, number 6. pp 241-249. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nim.hih.gov/pubmed/12088541

United States Department of Agriculture (2012). Federal order: domestic quarantine for lobesia botrana (European Grapevine moth). DA-2012-07. Retrieved from www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/eg_mothdownloads/spro/DA2012-07.pdf

Varela, Lucia G. (2010). European Grapevine Moth: Lobesia borana factsheet University of California Cooperative Extension & Statewide IPM Program. Retrieved from www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP_pest_disease_profiles/EGVM_PestProfile.html.

Zalom, Frank .G., Varela, L.ucia G. & Cooper, Monica. (2011) European grapevine moth (lobesia botrana) professional Guidelines. Retrieved from www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/European grapevinemoth.html