Proceedings of the

1999 Joint Meeting of

The

EUROPEAN FREQUENCY AND TIME FORUM

and TheIEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL

SYMPOSIUM

Sponsored by:

• The Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc.

(Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control Society)

• Region de Franche-Comte"

• Conseil General du Doubs

• Ville de Besan?on

• Bureau National de Metrologie (BNM, Paris)

• Services de l'Etat (Prefecture, DRIRE)

IEEE Catalog No. 99CH36313

Library of Congres No. 87-654207

13-16 April 1999

MICROPOLIS

Besan?on, FRANCE

Volume 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 1

AWARD PRESENTATIONS 1

1999 Award Winners 4

PLENARY PAPERS

Laser Cooling and Neutral Atom Clocks 7

- W.D. Phillips, National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Gaithersburg, USA

High Resolution with Ultracold Atms - Methods and Perspective 8

- C. Cohen-Tannoudji, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel de I'Ecole

Normale Superieure, France

ATOMIC CLOCKS AND LASER COOLING

Interrogation Oscillator Noise Rejection in the Comparison of Atomic Fountains 9

- S. Bize, Y. Sortais, P. Lemonde, S. Zhang, Ph. Laurent,

G. Santarelli, A. Clairon, BNM-LPTF, France and

C. Salomon, LKB-ENS, France

Preliminary Accuracy Evaluation of a Cesium Fountain Primary FrequencyStandard at NIST 12

- S.R. Jefferts, D.M. Meekhof, J.H. Shirley, T.E. Parker, NIST, USA

and F. Levi, Istituto elettrotecnico Nazionale, Italy

First Results of PTB'S Atomic Caesium Fountain 16

- S. Weyers, A. Bauch, D. Griebsch, U. Hubner, R. Schroder and Ch. Tamm,

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany

Cesium Fountain Development at USNO 20

- E. A. Burt, T. B. Swanson, C. R. Ekstrom, US Naval Observatory, USA

Development of a Caesium Fountain Primary Frequency Standard at the NPL 24

- P.B. Whibberley, D. Henderson, and S.N. Lea, NPL, UK

Compact Cesium Atomic Fountain Clock 27

- M.S. Huang, A. Yao, J. L. Peng, C.C. Chen, S. W. Hsu,

J. M. Hsiao, and C.S. Kou, Center for Measurement Standards,

and C.S. Liao, National Std. Time and Frequency Laboratory, Taiwan

Design & Preliminary Results of NIM Cesium Fountain Primary

Frequency Standard 30

- W. Liji, W. Changhua, H. Bingying, L. Mingshou, Q. Jin,J. Wangxi, National Institute of Metrology, China

An Evaluation of the Collisional Frequency Shift in a 87Rb Cold Atom

Fountain 34- Y. Sortais, S. Bize, C. Nicolas, G. Santarelli, A. Clairon,

LPTF, France, M. Santos, Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos,Brazil, C. Mandache, Institutul National de Fizica Laserrilos,

Romania, C. Salomon, LKB, France

Laser-Cooled Rb Fountain Clocks 39 •

- C. Fertig, R. Legere, W. Suptitz and K. Gibble, Yale University, USA

Recent Results of PTB'S Primary Clock CS1 43

- A. Bauch, B. Fischer, T. Heindorff, and R. Schroder,

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany

Progress on the BNM-LPTF Cesium Beam Frequency Standard 47

- A. Makdissi, J.P. Berthet, and E. de Ciercq, B.N.M.- LPTF, France

Frequency Shift Analysis for High Performance Optically PumpedCesium Beam Frequency Standard 51

- F. Hamouda, G. Theobald, P. Cerez, and

C. Audoin, Laboratoire de I'Horloge Atomique, France

Spurious Microwave Fields in Caesium Atomic Beam Frequency Standards:

Symmetry Considerations and Model Calculations 57

- K. Dorenwendt, and A. Bauch, Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt, Germany

Accuracy Evaluations and Frequency Comparison of NIST-7 and CRL-01 62

- W.D. Lee, R.E. Drullinger, J.H. Shirley, C. Nelson,

D.A. Jennings, L.O. Mullen, F.L. Walls, T.E. Parker, NIST,

USA and A. Hasegawa, K. Fukuda, N. Kotake, M. Kajita,

T. Morikawa, Communications Research Laboratory, Japan

Evaluation of the First Brazilian Atomic Clock 66

- F. Teles, D.V. Magalhaes, M.S. Santos, V.S. Bagnato, Instituto de

Fisica de Sao Carlos, Brazil and G.D. Rovera, LPTF, France

Comparison of Methods Aimed at Determining the Residual CavityPhase Shifts in Small Cs Beam Clocks 70

- L. Chassagne, F. Hamouda, G. Theobald, P. Cerez, and

C. Audoin, Laboratoire de I'Horloge Atomique, France

Experimental Test of a Diffused Laser Light Optically Pumped Cesium

Beam Frequency Standard 73

- J. Chen, F. Wang, Y. Wang, D. Yang, Peking University, P.R. China

An Alternative Cold Cesium Frequency Standard: The Continuous Fountain 77

- G. Dudle, Swiss Federal Office of Metrology, A. Joyet,

P. Berthoud, P. Thomann, Observatoire Cantonal de Neuchatel,

Switzerland and E. Fretel, LHA, France

Horace: Atomic Clock with Cooled Atoms in a Cell 81

- E. Guillot, P.E. Pottie, C. Valentin, P. Petit, and

N. Dimarcq, Laboratoire de I'Horloge Atomique, France

Compact CW Cold-Beam Cesium Atomic Clock 85

- W. Buell and B. Jaduszliwer, The Aerospace Corporation, USA

IX

Study of a Bright, Slow, and Cold Cesium Source for a Continuous

Beam Frequency Standard 88

- P. Berthoud, E. Fretel, and P. Thomann, Observatoire

Cantonal, Switzerland

Last Results on CHARLI, the LHA Atomic Clock Using Isotropic Light 92

- Ch. Guillemot, P. Petit, C. Valentin, and N. Dimarcq,Laboratoire de I'Horloge Atomique, France

Coherent Microwave Emission in Coherent Population Trapping:Origin of the Energy and of the Quadratic Light Shift 96

- J. Vanier, University of Montreal, Canada, A. Godone,

and F. Levi, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale, Italy

Numerical Simulations of Atomic Behaviour for Several Configurationsof Cold Cesium Atomic Clocks 100

- C. Valentin, and N. Dimarcq, Laboratoire de I'HorlogeAtomique, France, E. Fretei, A. Joyet, and P. Thomann,Observatoire Cantonal de Neuchatel, and G. Dudle, Swiss

Federal Office of Metrology, Switzerland

Transparency Waveforms in Square Wave Frequency Modulated Vapor Cell

Passive Frequency Standards, and their Influence on Frequency Noise Aliasing 104

- A. DeMarchi, M, Ortolano, Politecnico di Torino, and

N. Beverini, Universita di Pisa, Italy

Limitation of the Frequency Stability by Local Oscillator Phase

Noise: New Investigations 107

- R. Barillet, F. Hamouda, C. Audoin, LHA, France

and D. Venot, Omega Technologies, France

Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy of Cs Atoms Using Thin Vapor Cell:

Application to Frequency Standards 111

- M. Tachikawa, M. Furukawa, S. Hayashi, MeijiUniversity, Japan, and K. Fukuda, Communications

Research Laboratory, Japan

High Contrast Doppler-Free Resonance on Cycling Transition

F=3,- F'=2 D2 Line of Cesium Atoms 114

- R. Gamidov and M. Cetintas, Tubitak, Turkey and

Ch. Izmailov, Institute of Photoelectronics, Baku, Azerbaijan

New Method to Induce Simulated Raman Transitions 118

- D. Holleville, J. Fils, N. Dimarcq, LHA, France

Higher Pole Linear Traps for Atomic Clock Applications 121

- J.D. Prestage, R.L. TJoelker, and L. Maleki, Jet

Propulsion Laboratory, USA

The CSIRO Trapped 171yb+ Ion Clock: Improved Accuracy ThroughLaser Cooled Operation 125

- R. B. Warrington, P.T H. Fisk, M.J. Wouters, M.A. Lawn,and C. Coles, CSIRO National Measurement Laboratory, Australia

The Hydrogen Maser Cavity Step Autotuning: Theoretical Analysisand Experimental Results 129

- V.A. Logachev, Institute of Electronic Measurements "Kvarz", Russia

X

Compact Diode-Laser Based Rubidium Frequency Reference 133- N. Vukicevic, A.C. Zibrov, L. Hollberg, F. L. Walls,

J. Kitching, H.G. Robinson, National Institute of

Standards and Technology, USA

RB Frequency Standard with Expanded OperatingTemperature Range (-55°C to +95°C) 137

- T. McClelland, J. Ho, I. Pascaru, and

C. Stone, Frequency Electronics Inc., USA

PARCS: A Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space 141- S.R. Jefferts, T.P.Heavner, L.W. Hollberg, J. Kitching,

D.M. Meekhof, T.E. Parker, W. Phillips, S. Rolston,H.G. Robinson, J.H. Shirley, D.B. Sullivan, F.L. Walls,NIST, USA, N. Ashby,University of Colorado, USA,W.M. Klipstein, L. Maleki, D. Seidel, R. Thompson,S. Wu, L. Young, JPL, USA, R.F.C. Vessot, Harvard

Smithsonian center for Astrophysics, USA and A.

De Marchi, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Laser-Cooled Microgravity Clocks 145

- C. Fertig, K. Gibble, Yale University, USA and

B. Klipstein, J. Kohel, L. Maleki, D. Seidel, R. Thompson, JPL, USA

Aces: A Time and Frequency Mission For the International Space Station 148

- S. Feltham, ESTEC, The Netherlands, F. Gonzalez, CNES,and P. Puech, MMS, France

Interrogation of Cold Atoms in a Primary Frequency Standard 152

- P.H. Laurent, P. Lemonde, M. Abgrall, G. Santarelli,

F. Pereira Dos Santos, A. Clairon, BNM-LPTF, P. Petit,LHA, France and M. Aubourg, IRCOM, France

Clock Technology Development for the LASER Cooling and

Atomic Physics (LCAP) Program 156

- W. M. Klipstein, R. J. Thompson, D.J. Seidel, J. Kohel,

L. Maleki, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA

TIME SCALES AND TIME-SCALE ALGORITHMS

Long-Term Experience with Cesium Beam Frequency Standards 159

- J.A. Kusters, Hewlett-Packard Company, L.S. Cutler,

Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, E.D. Powers, US Naval Observatory

An Analysis of Two Time Scale Algorithms Using Real Clock Data 164

- A, Lepek, Newton Metrology, Ltd., Israel, D. N. Matsakis,

U.S. Naval Observatory, USA

Estimating the Stability of N Clocks with Correlations 168

- C. R. Ekstrom, F. Torcaso, E. A. Burt, and D.N. Matsakis,

U.S. Naval Observatory, USA

Hydrogen Maser Ensemble Performance and Characterization

of Frequency Standards 173

- T. E. Parker, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

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Wavelet Model for the Time Scale 177

- K. Xizheng, J. Licheng, Y. Tinggao, Shaanxi

Astronomical Observatory, W. Zhensen, XiDian University, P.R. China

The Application of Wavelet Transformation to the Study of Time Prediction

Errors in Clocks for Use in CDMA Digital Communication Systems 182

- H. Ujiie, K. Maruo, ADVANTEST Laboratories,Y. Watanabe, S. Goka and H. Sekimoto, TokyoMetropolitan University, Japan

Observations on Stability Measurements of Commercial Atomic Clocks 186

- P. Eskelinen, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland

Multi-Channel GPS Time Transfer and its Application to the

Polish Atomic Time Scale 190

- J. Nawrocki, Astrogeodynamical Observatory, Poland,J. Azoubib, W. Lewandowski, Bureau

International des Poids et Mesures, France

Extension of the Ruggedized Time & Frequency System for Navy 194- J.F Schuh, B. Cailliez, and H. Belivier, MORS-Defense, France

Group-Delay Errors Due to Coherent Interference 198- F.G. Ascarrunz, University of Colorado, USA,

T.E. Parker and S. R. Jefferts, NIST, USA

Extension of Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer

Method to Real-Time Operation and Carrier Phase Measurements 203- W. Schafer, A. Pawlitzki, and T. Kuhn, Time Tech GmbH, Germany

A Study of Delay Instabilities Within a Two-Way SatelliteTime and Frequency Transfer Earth Station 208

- S.L. Shemar and J.A. Davis, National Physical Laboratory, UK

Aces Microwave Link Requirements 213- P. Uhrich, BNM-LPTF, P. Guillemot, P. Aubry,

F. Gonzalez, CNES, France, C. Salomon, LKB, France

Measurements of Earth-Station Delay Instabilities Usinga Delay-Calibration Device 217

- F.G. Ascarrunz, University of Colorado, USA,T.E. Parker, S.R. Jefferts, USA

Concepts for High Precision Time and Frequency TransferBetween Earth and Space Clocks 221

- R. F, C. Vessot, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, USA,D. Antsos, L. E. Young, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA

Characterisation of NPL'S Geodetic GPS Time Transfer Receivers 225- J. D. Clark, J.A. Davis, and A.J. Lowe, NPL, UK

Calibration of Carrier Phase GPS Receivers 230- L.M. Nelson, J. Levine, NIST, USA,

K. Larson, University of Colorado, USA

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Processing Strategies for Accurate Frequency ComparisonUsing GPS Carrier Phase 235

- G. Petit, Z. Jiang, BIPM, F. Taris, P. Uhrich, LPTF/BNSM,R. Barillet, F. Hamouda, LHA/CNRS, France

Accurate Frequency Transfer: Progress in the Implementationof the GPS Carrier Phase Method at the BNM-LPTF 239.

- F. Taris, P. Uhrich, BNM-LPTF, France,G. Petit, Z. Jiang, BIPM, France,R. Barillet, F. Hamouda, LHA, France

Transatlantic Time and Frequency Transfer By GPS Carrier Phase 243

- G. Dudle, F. Overney, L. Prost, Swiss Federal

Office of Metrology, Switzerland,Th. Schildknecht, T. Springer, Astronomical Institute of

the University of Berne, Switzerland

Precise Time Transfer Using GPS Carrier Phase-Based Techniques 247

- J. Johansson and K. Jaldehag, Swedish

National Testing and Research Institute, Sweden

Kalman Filtering of a Frequency Instability Based on Motorola

Oncore UT GPS Timing Signals 251

- 0. E. Rudnev, Yu. S. Shmaliy, E. G. Sokolinskiy,Sichron Center, and O. I. Kharchenko, Kharkiv

Military University, Ukraine, A. Yu. Shmaliy,Kharkiv State University, Ukraine

Results in GPS System Time Restitution with Kalman Filters 255

- R. Kramer, J.H. Hahn, German Aerospace Center,

Germany, and L.S. Schmidt, US Naval Observatory, USA

Effects of Antenna Cables on GPS Timing Receivers 259

- M.A. Weiss, F.G. Ascarrunz, T. Parker, andV. Zhang, X. Gao, NIST, USA

Some Tests of GLONASS Precise Code Time Transfer 263

- J. Azoubib, W. Lewandowski, BIPM, France,

J. Nawrocki, Astrogeodynamical Observatory, Poland,

D. Matsakis, US Naval Observatory, USA

Time Comparison of Atomic Clocks Using Counter and GPS System 268

- R. Gamidov and M. Cetintas, Tubitak, Turkey

Common-View GPS Time Transfer Using Conventional

Single Channel and Multi-Channel GPS Receivers 271

- T.R. Armstrong, Measurement Standards Laboratory, New Zealand,

P.T.H, Fisk and M.A. Lawn, National Measurement Laboratory, Australia

Kalman Smoothed Estimates of GPS Common-View Data 275

- K. Jaldehag and J. Johansson, Swedish

National Testing and Research Institute, Sweden

Estimate of the GPS Block IIR AUTONAV Clock Behavior 279

- A. Wu, The Aerospace Corporation, USA

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Frequency Transfer Using GPS Carrier Phases: Influence

of Temperature Variations Near the Receiver 283

- C. Bruyninx, P. Defraigne, V. Dehant, P. Paquet,

Royal Observatory of Belgium, Belgium

Timing Performance of Various GPS Receivers 287

- J. Mannermaa, S. Turunen, Nokia Mobile Phones, Finland,

K. Kalliomaki, University of Oulu, Finland

and T. Mansten, VTT Automation, Finland

The Development of a Computer Model of a GPS

Disciplined Oscillator to Aid Error Budget Determination 291

- J.A. Davis, B. Rougeaux, National Physical Laboratory, UK

Ultra Precise Time Dissemination System 296

- C. Lopes, B. Riondet, IN-SNEC, France

Reference Signal Generation and Management in

SDH/WDM-Based Equipment and Networks 300

- M. Kihara and K. Hisadome, NTT Optical Network

System Laboratories, Japan

Authenticating Time and Frequency Signals 304

- J. Levine, NIST, USA

Comparison of Distant CS-Clock Monitoring Methods 309

- K. Kalliomaki, University of Oulu, Finland,T. Mansten, VTT Automation, Finland

The Effectiveness of Synchronization Systems of Local

Clocks by Time Radiosignals 312

- K. G. Kiryanov, and G. P. Pashev, Institute of Electronic Measurements, Russia

Optimal Control Time Service System by Using Telephone Line 316

- Y. Haibo, B. Yan and F. Ping, H. Kangyuan, Shaanxi

Astronomical Observatory, P.R. China

Design and Implementation of 4 Ports Computer TimeService System in Taiwan 318

- C.C. Lin and C.S. Liao, Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd., Taiwan

Performance of the Czech Standard Frequency Dissemination

System Based on TV Networks 322

- J. Cermak, L. Sojdr, O. Buzek and B. Cemusova,Czech Academy of Science, Czech Republic

CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS. FREQUENCY CONTROL CIRCUITRYAND PLASTICPARTS

10 MHz Hyperstable Quartz Oscillators Performances 326

- R. J. Besson, M. Mourey, S. Galliou, F. Marionnet, LCEP/ENSMM,F. Gonzalez, P. Guillemot, CNES, France,R. Tjoelker, W. Diener, and A. Kirk, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA

100 MHz Crystal Oscillator with Extremely Low Phase Noise 331- T. McClelland, C. Stone, and M. Bloch, Frequency Electronics, Inc. USA

XIV

A VHF Low Phase Noise Crystal Oscillator 335

- Z. Houlan, D. Zequn, and L. Chunxiu, Microwave

Measurement Center, P.R. China

Fundamental Mode 155 MHz with Flat Blank in the CrystalUnit Using VCXO 338

- M. Koyama, A. Chiba, K. Koizumi, Y. Sato, Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Japan

Various Characteristics of Crystal Oscillator which

Applies Technology of IC 343

- T. Makuta, C. Ishimaru, and M. Okazaki, Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Japan

Frequency Jump Characteristics Versus Temperature

Changes in At-Cut Bar Oscillators 347

- M. Nakazawa, F. Yamamoto and T. Imari, Shinshu University, Japan

An Improvement Method of MCXO 351

- W. Zhou, Z. Xuan, Y. Wang, Xidian University, P.R. China

CTXO, Clever Time Crystal Oscillator (clock) 354

- D.W. Allan, Allan's Time, USA, J.A. Kusters, Hewlett-Packard, USA,

C.E. Wheatley III, Qualcomm, USA

Statistical Results From High Volume Production of

Ultra Stable Precision Quartz Oscillators 358

- E. Cantor, M. Vaish, MTI-Milliren Technology Inc., USA

Triple Redundant Precision Frequency Reference For

Commercial Space Applications 362

- C. Stone, P. Duckett, L. Terracciano and

M. Bloch, Frequency Electronics Inc., USA

High Effective Q CMOS Crystal Oscillator Design 366

- M. Toki, Yokohama National University, Japan

Digitally Compensated TCXO with a Low Phase Noise Characteristics 370

- E. Jacquet, J-P. Bardon, and O. Bignon,Tekelec Temex Components, France

The Microprocessor Compensated Crystal Oscillator - New Developments 376

- E. Jackson, and B. Rose, Q-Tech, USA

A Stable Oscillator Circuit for Generators With Direct

Temperature Controlled Crystal Unit 380

- B. P. lonov, Omsk State Engineering University, Russia

New Miniature Ultra-Stable Oscillators 383

- V. Candelier, G. Marotel, D. Thorax, C. Trialoup,CEPE/C-MAC Frequency Products, France

Thermal Regulation of Double Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator DOCXO 389

- F. Vignaud, and M. Lancien, Tekelec Temex Components, France

High Stability, Miniature OCXO's for Severe Environmental

Conditions / High Temperature Effects on Aging and Retrace

Characteristics393

- E. Girardet, and B. Wolcoff, A. R. Electronique, France

XV

Drive-Level Dependence of Long-Term Aging in Quartz Resonators 397

- Y. Watanabe, N. Fujita, S. Goka and H. Sekimoto,

Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan and

T. Uchida, Nihon Dempa Kogyo, Japan

New Sustaining Circuit for Precision Crystal Oscillators 401

- L. A. Omlin, Torino, Italy

Short-Term Characterization of GPS Disciplined Oscillators

and Field Trial for Frequency of Italian Calibration Centres 404

- F. Cordara and V. Pettiti, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale, Italy

Improved Oscillator Phase Noise Characteristic Under Harsh Environmental

Conditions by Use of Mechanical Filters 408

- P. Renoult, T. Delhomme and E. Leblond, Tekelec

Temex Components, France

Low DC-Driving-Voltage Crystal Oscillator 412

- M. Toki, Yokohama National University, Japan

One Gigahertz Low Phase Noise Oscillator for on Board Avionic Applications 416

- O. Franquet, and B. Wolcoff, AR Electronique, France

Improved Aging Results Using Thick-Film Hybrid Packaging and

Evacuated Miniature Ovenized Oscillators Using Such Packaging 420

- R.L. Clark, J. Li and J. Adler, Vectron International, USA

Manufacturing Method of High Frequency Quartz Oscillators Over 1 GHz 425

- Y. Nagaura, Nagaura Lab Co., Inc., Japan, and

S. Yokomizo, Industrial Technology Center of OkayamaPrefecture, Japan

Monolithic Microwave LC Oscillator Based on a Novel Phase Noise

Characterization Method 429

- J. Van DerTang and D. Kasperkovitz,Philips Research Laboratories, The Netherlands

Analysis of a Plate Piezoelectric Gyroscope by Equations for A Piezoelectric

Parallelepiped 433

- J. S. Yang, H.Y. Fang, University of Nebraska, USA,Q. Jiang, University of California, USA

A New Numerical Technique For Search of Low-Attenuated Leaky Waves in

Crystals 437

- N. F. Naumenko, Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute, Russia

Experimental Study of Vibrations of Mesa-Shaped At-Cut Quartz Plates 441

- S. Goka, H. Sekimoto, and Y. Watanabe,

Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

The Influence of the Electrode Multilayer Structure on the Quartz Resonators

Parameters 445

- I. Mateescu, M. Popescu, F. Sava, National Institute

of Material Physics, Romania, and H. Bradaczek,Research Center of EFG International, Germany

XVI

A New Approach to the Problem of Transmission Measurements

of Quartz Resonator 449- A. Lisowiec, M. Wdjcicki, Tele and Radio Research Institute,

and M. Sypniewski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Influence of Wafer Symmetry on the Dynamic Parameters of RectangularPlates 453

- G. Pentovelis, C. Boudy, V. Jeannerot, Tekelec Temex Components, France

The 311 Anharmonic Mode Vibration SC-cut Resonator Excited

by Lateral Field 457

- K. Weiss, W. Szulc, Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland,B. Dulmet, and R. Bourquin, ENSMM/LCEP, France

Conductive Adhesive-Free Surface Mount Type High FrequencyFundamental Crystal Resonators by Gold Bump Bonding 461

- H. Iwata and O. Ishii, Toyo Communication EquipmentCo., Ltd., Japan

Effect of Crystal Orientation on Lapping and Polishing Processes of Natural

Quartz 465

- P.L. Guzzo, and J.D.B. DeMello, Universidade Federal

de Uberlandia, Brasil

Parameters Comparison of Different Resonators Excited by Lateral Field 470

- K. Weiss, W. Szulc, B. Gniewinska and A. Masiukiewicz,B. Kalinowska.Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland

Frequency Spectrum of Localized Vibrations of Piezoelectric Resonator 474

- E. Ganenko, T.V. Emeliyanova and S. Nedorezov,Ukranian Engineering-Pedagogical Academy, and

Y.S. Smaliy, Kharkiv Military University, Ukraine

Multi-Frequency Resonator Array Using Laser Beam Twinning Technique 477

- S. Noge, T. Uno, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Japan

Structure and Morphology of Thin Al-Layers in Resonator's

Systems After Rapid Thermal Annealing 481

- L. Spassov, V. Georgieva, Institute of Solid State Physics,

Bulgaria and M. Marinov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria

Cut-Independent Quartz Resonators Micromachining by Ion

Track Lithography 485

- H. Rapp and K. Hjort, Uppsala University, Sweden

Theoretical and Experimental Results for the Acceleration Sensitivity of

Rectangular Crystal Resonators 489

- J.T. Stewart, P. Morley and D.S. Stevens,Vectron International, USA

An Analysis of Frequency of a Quartz Crystal Tuning Fork by Sezawa's

Approximation - The effect of Clamped Position of its Base 494

- H. Itoh and T. Matsumoto, Shinshu University, Japan

Vibration Modes of Piezoelectric Plates with Small SpatialThickness Variation 5°1

- H. Nowotny, N. Finger, Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Austria,

E. Benes, M. Groschl, Institut fur Aligemeine Physik, Austria

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Fraunhofer Diffraction by Vibrating Optical Slits on the Surface of a NS-GT Cut

Quartz Crystal Resonator 505- S. Yamagata, Hokkaido University of Education, Japan and

H. Kawashima, Seiko Instrument Inc., Japan

Relations Between the Frequency-Temperature Dependence of the

Fundamental and Third Harmonic of AT-Cut Quartz Plates 510- J. Zelenka, Technical University in Liberec, Czech Republic

Measurements of Interfacial Friction Using Quartz Crystal Resonators 514

- A. Laschitsch and D. Johannsmann, Max-Planck-lnstitute

for Polymer Research, Germany

Analysis of Parametric Noise in Quartz Crystal Oscillators 518- L. Couteleau, R. Brendel, G. Marianneau, N. Ratier, LPMO, France

and P. Guillemot, CNES, France

Detecting Weak Modes in Rectangular Quartz Plates by Measuring Surface

Charges 522- Y. Watanabe, T. Tanaka, S. Goka and H. Sekimoto,Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

Modifications Made To a Cots RB STD For Use Under Stressed OperatingConditions 526

- S.R. Cantor and M.J. DiFranza, The MITRE Corporation, USA,A. Stern, B. Levy and Y. Agam, Accubeat Ltd., Israel

Use of Plastics Parts in MIDS at MARCONI CNl 531- K. K. Bahri, Marconi Aerospace Systems, USA

Plastic Encapsulated Microcircuits (PEMS) In the MIDS Program 536- M. Dieumegard, Thomson-CSF Communications, France

PEMS they are Used Successfully In HI-REL Avionics 540- J. Fink, Honeywell Commercial Aviation Commercial systems, USA

Temperature Control for SUB-10_16 Fractional Frequency Stability 544- M. Oxborrow, C.C. Hodge, B. Radcliffe, National Physical Laboratory, UK

VOLUME 2

MICROWAVE OSCILLATORS AND MICROWAVE FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS

Stability and Phase Noise Tests of Two Cryo-Cooled Sapphire Oscillators 548- G.J. Dick, and R.T. Wang, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA

Future Trends in the Development of Ultra-Low Noise Microwave Oscillatorswith Interferometric Signal Processing 552

- E.N. Ivanov and M.E. Tobar, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands

A New Method for the Design of Ultra Low Noise Oscillators 557- E. Vaury, J.C. Nallatamby, M. Prigent, J. Obregon, IRCOM,

V. Giordano, J. Groslambert, LPMO, M. Camiade, UMS,O. Llopis, LAAS, F. Gonzalez and M. Chaubet, CNES, France

Performance Evaluation of Optoelectronic Oscillators 561- S. Romisch, J. Kitching, L. Hollberg, and F.L. Walls, NIST,USA and E. Ferre-Pikal, University of Wyoming, USA

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