Social Studies Interactive Notebook

U. S. History to 1865

First Nine Weeks

Name: _________________

USI.2a The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables to

a) locate the seven continents and five oceans

There are seven continents on our Earth. Continents are large land masses surrounded by water. The seven continents are:

North America south America Africa Asia Australia Antarctica Europe (Europe is considered a continent even though it is not entirely surrounded by water. The land

mass is frequently called Eurasia.)

The five oceans are:

Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean

Label the seven continents and five oceans on the map below.

1. Which continent is not entirely surrounded by water? ________________________________________

2. Which ocean is on the east coast of the United States? ________________________________________

3. Which ocean is directly to the north of North America? ________________________________________

4. Which state do you live in? ______________________________________________________________

5. Which continent is South Africa located in? _________________________________________________

6. Which continent is the southernmost of all the continents? ____________________________________

7. What is the name of the city/town in which you live? _________________________________________

8. What is the name of the country you live in? ________________________________________________

9. Which continent is also a country and an island? _____________________________________________

10. Which ocean is on the west coast of the United States? _______________________________________

Memory Tip: Mnemonic to remember the 7 continents - Eat An Apple As A Nighttime SnackEat - Europe An- Asia Apple- Africa As- Australia A- Antarctica Nighttime- North America Snack- South America

Imaginary lines of latitude and longitude run around the surface of the globe and divide the Earth into sections. We can use these imaginary lines to locate any point on the Earth and identify its absolute location. Lines of longitude run north and south on the globe. Lines of longitude are sometimes called meridians and they are not parallel to each other. Meridians of longitude run vertically from one pole to the other. The Prime Meridian is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Longitude

describes east-west position in relation to the prime meridian. Meridians extend for 180 degrees east and 180 degrees west around the globe and meet at the International Date Line. Lines of latitude are sometimes called parallels. Parallels of latitude circle the globe horizontally. The equator is one of the parallels of latitude. Latitude describes north-south position in relation to the equator: the equator is at 0 degrees latitude; the North Pole is at 90 degrees north; and the South Pole is at 90 degrees south. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude identify the locations of key United States cities on a U. S. map.

Memory Tip:

Lat - itude, fat - itude (hands stretched out from right to left)

Long - itude, long (hands stretched out from head to toes)

Longitudinal lines are like the outsides of a ladder, while lines of latitude are like the rungs of a ladder.

Lines of latitude and longitude separate the globe into Northern and Southern and Eastern and Western hemispheres. As you can see by the maps below, North America (which of course contains the United States) is in the Northwestern hemisphere.

Lines of longitude (outside pieces of the ladder) start at the Prime Meridian and run east and west from 0 to 180 degrees.

Lines of latitude (rungs or steps on a ladder) start at the Equator and measure from 0 to 90 degrees north and south.

Review:

1. Which way do lines of latitude run? ___________________________________

2. Where do lines of latitude begin? _____________________________________

3. In which direction do lines of longitude run? ______________________________

4. Where do lines of longitude begin? ____________________________________

USI.2b The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables to

b) locate and describe the location of the geographic regions of North America: Coastal Plain, Appalachian Mountains, Canadian Shield, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Basin and Range, and Coastal Range.

Region (A - H) Location Physical characteristicsA. Coastal Plain Along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf

of MexicoBroad lowland providing many excellent harbors

B. Appalachian Highlands

West of the Coastal Plain extending from eastern Canada to western Alabama; includes the Piedmont

Old, eroded mountains (oldest mountain range in North America)

C. Canadian Shield Wrapped around Hudson Bay in a horseshoe shape

Hills worn by erosion and hundreds of lakes carved by glaciers

D. Interior Lowlands West of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Great Plains

Rolling flatlands with many rivers, broad river valleys, and grassy hills

E. Great Plains West of Interior Lowlands and east of the Rocky Mountains

Flat land that gradually increases in elevation westward; grasslands

F. Rocky Mountains West of the Great Plains and east of the Basin and Range

Rugged mountains stretching from Alaska almost to Mexico; high elevationsContains the Continental Divide, which determines the directional flow of rivers

G. Basin and Range West of Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades

Area of varying elevations containing isolated mountain ranges and Death Valley, the lowest point in North America

H. Coastal Range Rugged mountains along the Pacific Coast that stretch from California to Canada

Contains fertile valleys

Memory Tip: The eight regions, in order from east to west, remembering to move up for

the Canadian Shield, can be remembered by the following pattern:

CB-RG-IC-AC Write it down from left to right (east to west) just as the regions are placed on the map of North America.

C B - R G - I C - A COASTAL

RANGE

ASIN

and

RANGE

OCKY

MOUNTAINS

REAT

PLAINS

NTERIOR

LOLANDS

ANADIAN

SHIELD

PPALACHIAN

HIGHLANDS

OASTAL

PLAIN

Regions Song (sing it to the tune of Y-M-C-A).

Young man, let’s take a trip out of town.I said, young man, take a long look around.I said, young man, we have regions to learn.There are eight geographic regions.

First stop is the Coastal Plain.Excellent harbors and broad lowlands.Next up, Appalachian Highlands North America’s oldest mountains, rounded and eroded.

Regions CA-CI-GR-BCRegions CA-CI-GR-BC

The Canadian Shield, wraps around Hudson BayIn a cool, giant horseshoe way.

You’ll see glacier-carved lakes, you’ll see erosion-worn hills,You’ll see rock formations, yes, you will.

Regions CA-CI-GR-BCRegions CA-CI-GR-BC

Next stop, the Interior Lowlands,rolling flatlands is what you will see.Many rivers, broad river valleys,you’ll cross over grass-covered hills.

Next , you’ll go west if you’re wise.Flat grasslands of the Great Plains will gradually riseYou can see the Rocky Mountainsin the distance, look to your right!

Regions CA-CI-GR-BCRegions CA-CI-GR-BC

Alaska to Mexico, to rugged mountains we go, High elevations, the mountains rise and rise.

Continental Divide determines the rivers' directionWhen you make the Rocky Mountains’ connection.

Regions CA-CI-GR-BCRegions CA-CI-GR-BC

Young man, to stop now would be strange,With the next stop, you’re in the Basin and Range.Isolated mountain ranges, elevations will change,The lowest, creepiest point will be Death Valley.

Regions CA-CI-GR-BCRegions CA-CI-GR-BC

You’ve made it, all the way to the WestAnd now, young man, you might think the Coastal Range best.California to Canada we will go,Rugged mountains, fertile valleys below.

You will find eight places, different and uniqueAs you travel east to west, through the geographic regions! (repeat)

USI.2c The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures or tables to

c) locate and identify the water features important to the early history of the United States: Great Lakes, Mississippi River, Missouri River, Ohio River, Columbia River, Colorado River, Rio Grande, St. Lawrence River, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.

Memory Tip: To remember the rivers from east to west:So Over My Mother's Ridiculously Corny CommentsSt. Lawrence Ohio Mississippi Missouri Rio Grande Colorado Columbia

So Over My Mother's Ridiculously Corny Commentst.

Lawrence

hio

ississippi

issouri

io

Grande

olorado

olumbia

Trade, transportation, and settlement

The location of the United States, with its Atlantic and Pacific coasts has provided access to other areas of the world. The Atlantic Ocean (fast, strong currents) served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants. The Pacific Ocean (largest of the five oceans) was an early exploration destination. The Arctic is the smallest of the five oceans and contains polar ice caps. The Indian Ocean lies between Africa and southern Asia and Australia. The Southern Ocean encircles Antarctica and was added as an ocean in 2000. The Gulf of Mexico provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of America. The port of New Orleans functioned as a link between the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. New Orleans was settled by the French who eventually found their way through the Great Lakes region and traveled down the Mississippi River.

Inland port cities grew in the Midwest along the Great Lakes. Locate Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo on the map below. Being located along a large body of passable water (the Great Lakes) helped these cities develop in the time before trucks and highways. The Great Lakes is a group of five lakes that include Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. These lakes can be remembered by the mnemonic Super Man Helps Every One (the lakes from west to east).

The St. Lawrence River forms part of the northeastern border with Canada and connects the Great Lakes (out of Lake Ontario) to the Atlantic Ocean. It made it possible for deep water ships to travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes.

The Ohio River was the gateway to the west. Early settlers used this river as a means of migrating west from the original thirteen colonies to the interior regions of the United States. It empties into the Mississippi River.

The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers (called the M & M) were used to transport farm and industrial products. They were links to ports and other parts of the world. Both the Ohio and the Missouri are tributaries of the Mississippi River. A tributary is a stream that flows into a larger body of water. The Rio Grande forms the border between Mexico and the United States. It begins in Colorado and flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The Colorado River was explored by the Spanish as they explored the southwestern part of the United States. It carved many canyons, the most famous of which is the Grand Canyon.

The Columbia River was explored by Lewis and Clark as they explored from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. It begins in Canada and ends in the Pacific.

Landforms and water features set the stage for and influence the course of events in United States history. Geographic features are related to patterns of trade, locations of cities and towns agricultural and fishing industries, and the westward frontier movement.

mountain

peninsula

plateauplain

http://www.nonags.org/members/dasaunders/activities/units/unit1a.htm

http://www.nonags.org/members/dasaunders/activities/units/unit1a.htm

Use the word bank to answer the following questions.

1. ________________________________ This body of water served as an early exploration route, a travel route for settlers, and later a watery highway for immigrants.

2. ________________________________ This body of water is a tributary that branches off to the east of the Mississippi River. It is called the Gateway to the West.

3. ________________________________ This body of water was used as an exploration route for the French and Spanish that came to explore the Southwest region of the United States.

4. ________________________________ This body was explored by the Spanish in the Southwest portion of the United States.

5. ________________________________ This body of water is the longest river in North America. It is a tributary of the Mississippi and branches to the west.

6. ________________________________ This body of water was an exploration destination. It is also the largest ocean in the world.

7. ________________________________ This body of water connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, specifically Lake Ontario. Part of it forms a natural border between the state of New York and Canada.

8. ________________________________ This body of water forms a natural border between Texas and Mexico.

9. ________________________________ This body of water is in the Northwest and was explored by Lewis and Clark.

10. _______________________________ This river was used to transport farm and industrial products. It flows into the Gulf of Mexico.

11. _______________________________ This body of water is where inland port cities sprang up in the Midwest.

Ohio River Atlantic Ocean Great Lakes

Rio Grande River Pacific Ocean St. Lawrence

Mississippi River Gulf of Mexico Columbia River

Colorado River Missouri River

USI.3a The student will demonstrate knowledge of how early cultures developed in North America bya) describing how archaeologists have recovered material evidence of ancient settlements including Cactus Hill._

Archaeology is the recovery of material evidence remaining from the past.

Archaeologists study human behavior and culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts. Artifacts

are objects that provide information about human behavior in the past. Archaeological discoveries of early

Indian settlements have been made in southeastern Virginia. Scientists are not in agreement as to when and

how people entered the Western Hemisphere. In 1993, archaeologists began researching the area located about

45 miles south of Richmond. This area, Cactus Hill, is one of the oldest archaeological sites in the United

States and is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia. Evidence has been found that humans

lived at Cactus Hill as early as 18,000 years ago.

Archaeology and Cactus Hill Graphic Organizer

History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865

USI.3b The student will demonstrate knowledge of how early cultures developed in North America by

b) locating where the American Indians lived, with emphasis on Arctic (Inuit), Northwest (Kwakiutl), Plains (Lakota), Southwest (Pueblo), and Eastern Woodland (Iroquois).

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, American Indians were dispersed (spread out) across different environments in North America.

The Inuit inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada. They lived in Arctic areas where the temperature is below freezing much of the year.

Kwakiutl homeland includes the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate.

Lakota people inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains and characterized by dry grasslands.

Pueblo tribes inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains.

Iroquois homeland includes northeast North America, the Eastern Woodland, which is heavily forested.

Members of these tribes live in their homelands and in many areas of North America today.

Geography and climate affected how various American Indian groups met their basic needs. Resources influenced what was produced and how it was produced.

American Indians fished, hunted, and harvested crops for food. Clothing was made from animal skins and plants. Their shelter was made of resources found in their environment (e.g., sod, stones, animal skins, wood).

Types of Resources:

Natural resources : come directly from nature

American Indians fished in the rivers, hunted animals, and grew crops

Human resources : people working to produce goods and services

People who fished, made clothing, and hunted animals were examples of human resources

Capital resources : goods produced and used to make other goods and services

The canoes, bows, and spears were examples of capital resources.

USI.4a The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North America and West Africa by a) describing the motivations, obstacles, and accomplishments of the Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English exploration.

Major European countries were in competition to extend their power into North America and claim the land as their own.

3 Motivating forces for exploration:

Economic - Gold, natural resources, and trade Religious - Spread of Christianity Competitions for empire and belief in superiority of own culture

Memory Tip: Remember these motivations by remembering the 3 G's: Gold (economic), God (religious) and Glory (competition and superiority)

Draw a picture below to help you remember each of the 3 G's.

Gold God Glory

4 Obstacles to exploration: Poor maps and navigational tools Disease/starvation Fear of unknown Lack of adequate supplies Draw a picture of each of the 4 obstacles:

Poor maps and navigational tools

Disease/starvation Fear of unknown Lack of adequate supplies

Accomplishments of exploration: Exchanged goods and ideas Improved navigational tools and ships Claimed territories (see individual countries below) Draw a picture of the 3 accomplishments

Exchanged goods and ideas Improved navigational tools and ships

Claimed territories

Regions of North America explored by Spain, France, and England

Spain - Francisco Coronado claimed southwest United States for Spain

France - Samuel de Champlain established the French settlement of Quebec

France - Robert La Salle claimed the Mississippi River Valley

England - John Cabot explored eastern Canada

Regions explored by Portugal - The Portuguese made voyages of discovery along West Africa

USI.4b The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North America and West Africa byb) describing cultural and economic interactions between Europeans and American Indians that led to cooperation and conflict with emphasis on the American Indian concept of land.

The interactions between American Indians and Europeans sometimes led to cooperation and other times resulted in conflicts.

American Indians established their own different cultures in America long before the Europeans arrived. The Indianswalked the paths through the land and learned of the land by experience. They knew of the waters, the trees, thelandforms, and the various animals. They dug up the earth and grew plants for food, dyes, medicines, and cloth. Theytamed animals, developed patterns of trade, built towns and buildings, developed systems of beliefs, and createdsystems of government. American Indians related to different and demanding environments, not only by adapting theirways to it, but also by shaping the physical environment to meet their needs. For example, by building irrigation(watering) systems and using fire to clear brush, they prepared land to grow crops and helped the growth of wild game.They were the first people to live on this land. It was their homeland.

After the arrival of European explorers, American Indians struggled to preserve their cultures while adapting torapidly changing conditions. The Europeans brought many diseases from their countries, such as smallpox, one of themost deadly. The Europeans established permanent settlements in America and forced the Indians to move away fromtheir tribal homelands. The Indians believed that the land was to be used and shared but not owned, while theEuropeans, particularly the English, claimed private ownership of land. This disagreement resulted in a serious conflictbetween the American Indians and the Europeans.

Cultural interaction

Spanish- Conquered and enslaved American Indians- Brought Christianity to the New World- Brought European diseases

French - Established trading posts - Spread Christian religion

English

Areas of cooperation

Europeans brought weapons and metal farm tools

Trade Crops

Areas of conflict

Land Competition for trade Differences in cultures Disease Language difference

- Established settlements and claimed ownership of land- Learned farming techniques from American Indians-Traded with American Indians

American Indians- Taught farming techniques to European settlers- Believed that land was to be shared or used but not owned

European Exploration from 1400 to 1700

Spain France England Portugal

Explorer

Reasons for Exploration

Obstacles to Exploration

Regions Explored and Accomplishments

Impact of Exploration

History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865

American Indians

English

Cooperation in Economic Interactions Areas of Conflict

FrenchSpanish

Interaction of European and American Indian Cultures

History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865

USI.4c The student will demonstrate knowledge of European exploration in North America and West Africa byc) identifying the location and describing the characteristics of West African societies (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai) and their interactions with traders.

Ghana, Mali and Songhai each dominated West Africa in turn from 300 to 1600 A. D. These three empires were

located in the western region of Africa, south of the Sahara Desert, near the Niger River. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

became powerful by controlling trade in West Africa. The Empire of Ghana was the first empire in West Africa. It was

rich in gold and traded gold for salt and cloth. Muslims conquered Ghana around 1200 and built the Empire of Mali. Mali

had a powerful leader named Mansa Musa who used his army to increase Mali’s wealth. The Empire of Mali was replaced

by the Songhai Empire. Trade and farming were important to the Songhai Empire. The Songhai Empire remained

powerful until about 1600. Each empire used its location as a center of trade for West Africa and became powerful by

controlling trade in the area.

The Portuguese carried goods from Europe to West African empires, trading metals, cloth, and other manufactured

goods for gold. Portuguese sailors began to explore the West African coast in the 1400s. African people and African

goods played an important role in increasing European interest in world resources. The Portuguese were interested in the

gold trade as well as the buying and selling of enslaved Africans.

ANCIENT EMPIRES OF MALI, GHANA, AND SONGHAI

AFRICA TODAY

The Empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/students/curriculum/m7a/activity3.php

Directions: Write about each empire. Include its importance, location, history, and impact on European trade.

History and Social Science Standards of Learning Enhanced Scope and Sequence: United States History to 1865

Empire of Ghana

Empire of Mali

Empire of Songhai