European Warsahsanderson.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/7/7/13770485/apeurowars.pdf · End of religious wars ♦ Politically (can't join together) ♦ Physically (a lot of destruction) ♦

Multiple conflicts grouped into oneCause: conflicts between England and France

Last battle□First time artillery played a major role□

Battle of Castillon

Change in warfare (large armies)□Powerful monarchs emerged□

Long term:

100 Years War (1337 ‐ 1453) -

Cause: Religion League of Schmalkald = protestant states

Religious War□Catholic vs. Protestants

Charles V = Catholic

"Cuius regio eius religio"-Religion of ruler = religion of state□

Princes had to give back the property-Didn’t work-

Ecclesiastical Reservation□

Peace of Augsburg 1555

War of the League of Schmalkald (1546 ‐ 1555) -

Hapsburgs□Many little states□

Holy Roman Empire

Religious Leagues (Catholic and Protestant)□Peace of Augsburg (ruler's religion = people's religion)

Background○

Independence from Spain (Netherlands)□GOAL: To maintain their independence□

United Provinces

Lost territory□GOAL: To recover the lost lands□GOAL: To help fellow Hapsburgs□GOAL: To control Scheldt river□

Spain

GOAL: Weaken the Hapsburgs□GOAL: Gain territory along the Rhineland (German states)□

France

Catholic□Austria

Foreign Aims○

Thirty Years War (1618 ‐ 1648) -

European WarsSunday, April 30, 200611:00 AM

APEuroPhilosophers Page 1

GOAL: To keep the Holy Roman Empire together□

GOAL: To get more land□Denmark

German Catholics vs. German Protestants□Civil War

Struggle for power□NOT AS MUCH for religion□

Austria, Spain, Catholic Germanic States◊Catholics-

Denmark, Sweden, France, Protestant Germanic States◊Protestants-

2 sides□

International War

All fighting was in Holy Roman EmpireMost fighting = Mercenaries (hired soldiers)

2 Views of the 30 Years War:○

Protestant-Capital = Prague-

Bohemia (Czechoslovakia)□

Defenestration = throw out the window-Catholics sent 2 envoys to Prague-2 Catholics thrown out the window-

Defenestration of Prague (capital)□

Bohemia loses-End of Bohemian Phase-

Battle of White Mountain□

Bohemian Phase

Cruel mercenary-Sent by Ferdinand II-Defeated the Danes-

Albert of Wallenstein□

Treaty of Lubeck□

Danish Phase

Very good army-Everyone killed in battle-Catholics keep on winning-

Gustavus Adolphus□

Peace of Prague□

Swedish Phase

Got directly involved-Sent troops-

Richelieu□French Phase

4 Phases○

Fighting for a generationPEOPLE GOT TIRED OF FIGHTINGGermany started resenting the fact that other nations are participating

END:○

Included Calvinism♦Peace of Augsburg reinstated but amended□

Administrative provisionsPeace of Westphalia (1648)○


Former territories returned to Protestants (who lost)□

Each of 500 states sovereign♦Consensus required for joint action of ALL states♦

New constitution for HRE (Holy Roman Empire)□

Sweden got Swedish Pomerania□France got Alsace□United Provinces independent□Switzerland independent □

Territorial Changes

End of religious wars□

Politically (can't join together)♦Physically (a lot of destruction)♦Population (a lot of men dead)♦

Wrecked HRE□

Germany weakened□

First time international rulers came together to solve problems… England was the only that didn't attend

♦Established a system of International Law□

Independence of separate states recognized□

Significance

League of Augsburg = German statesLeopold = emperor of Austria (Hapsburg)King of Spain = Charles II (Hapsburg)King of SwedenThe Electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the PalantinateThe Dutch RepublicAfter 1689 England under William of Orange

France v. League of Augsburg○

Louis XIV attacked German cities along the RhineCause:○

11 yearsNo decisive victories or defeatsFrench navy was weakLouis forced to impose taxes on nobles

War dragged on○

Territories returnedStatus quo ‐ things remained the same

Treaty of Ryswick○

War of the League of Augsburg (1688 ‐ 1697) -

"1st world war"○Most European countries involved○

Charles II of Spain died with no heir

Both grandsons of Spanish kings□Spanish throne claimed by both Louis XIV and Leopold

Charles II will: Philip of Anjou (French grandson of Louis XIV) = Named heir to Spanish throne

CAUSE:○

War of Spanish Succession (1701 ‐ 1713) -


Louis XIV: "The Pyrenees no longer exist"□Upset the balance of power!!

ALL HATED IT (except Spain and France)□Other European powers feared French dominance

EnglandHollandPrussiaAustria

Grand Alliance:-

English capture Gibraltar□Battle of Gibraltar

Louis loses along the Danube river□Battle of Blenhelm ‐English Duke of Marlborough (John Churchill) won

Battle of Ramillies in Brabant ‐Marlborough wins again

War went BAD!! for the French-

(to maintain BALANCE of POWER)Wanted to maintain the balance of power

Never could their be the same ruler of FR. And SP.□Territory given (Spanish Netherlands) to Austria (Austrian Netherlands) + land in Northern Italy

□

Territory given to England (keep Gibraltar) + French lands in N. America□

Philip of Anjou keep Spanish throne BUT

Gibraltar□Minorca□Nova Scotia□New Foundland□Hudson Bay Territory□Right to control the slave trade in the new world = Asiento□

England Got

Gained some land as barrier against France along the Scheldt River□Dutch got

Spanish Netherlands (Austrian Netherlands) ‐ didn't want that much□Milan ‐ N.Italy□Naples ‐ N.Italy□Sardinia ‐ N.Italy□

Austria got

Elector of Brandenburg was allowed to call himself "King of Prussia"□Prussia

Duke of Savoy = "King of Savoy"France got to keep Alsace

France and Spain can never be ruled by the same person□Philip of Anjou was allowed to be king

Peace of Utrecht -

French treasury drained/bankrupt

War-Starvation-Revolts-

Depopulated = 20% of people in Europe died

Trade disrupted; tax system in ruins

Long‐term effects of the War-


Confirmed system of sovereign states (1st time was Peace of Westphalia)England became dominantPrinciple of balance of power maintainedLegacy of warfare inherited by 18th Century

Cause: Peter the Great wanted warm water ports-Peter the Great vs. Charles XII of Sweden-

Spring 1709Russian victoryEurope shocked; Russia = Major powerCharles XII flees to Ottoman Empire

Battle of Poltava -

1721Russia gained Baltic territories Sweden lost everything outside Scandinavian peninsula

Treaty of Nystad -

Sweden no longer a powerRussia = strongest in Eastern EuropeRussia got a warm water port

Long‐term effects:-

Great Northern War (1700 ‐ 1721) -

Cause: split of views about English government-

AnglicanNoblesLarge land ownersFancy clothingRural areas and NW England

For king ‐ Cavaliers

PuritansMiddle class and gentry (lower aristocracy)Towns and SE EnglandOliver Cromwell ‐ Leader

Anti King ‐ Roundheads

Roundheads v. Cavaliers-

John Pym died; ‐‐> Cromwell-Organized by Cromwell-Paid wages-Paid for supplies (from tax money)-Well trained-Cromwell = iron sides-

New Model Army-

Battle of Marston Moor = turning point-

Executed Charles I○Roundheads won-

Established a republic = gov. without a king○Later became limited monarchy○

Long term-

English Civil War / Puritan Revolution (1642 ‐ 1651) -


Civil struggle within the HRE□Conflict between Hapsburgs and Bourbons□

War of Austrian Succession

7 Years WarBoth for Balance of Power

2 parts-

Wealthiest Hapsburg province□Broke Pragmatic Sanction □

Frederick the Great invaded Silesia

Britain, Austria, Russia, Spain, Netherlands□France, Prussia□

Sides

Most important battle□Battle of Fontenot

British defeated the French□Tilted the balance□

Battle of Louisburg

1748□Prussia kept Silesia□Everything else returned to status quo□

Peace of Aix‐La‐Chapelle

Weakness of French position proven□Austrians bitter but satisfied□

Two major Germanic States♦German Dualism□

Long‐term results

War of Austrian Succession (1740 ‐ 1748)-

1756□

Austria, France, Russia♦Prussia, Britain♦

Same countries, switched sides□

Diplomatic Reversal / Revolution

Europe□North America (Canada and Caribbean)□Asia (India) □

Fighting on 3 Continents

British East India Co. vs. France East India Co.□

French locked up British troops in a cave and let them die◊Black Hole of Calcutta♦

Used British troops as personal army♦

Robert Clive ‐ led Brit troops and Indian mercenaries to Bengal□

British won in India□

War in India

Permanent population and navy♦British advantages□

War in Canada "French and Indian War"

7 Years War (1756 ‐ 1763)-

Great War of the 18th Century-


Indian allies♦

Indian allies♦French advantages□

British won□

1763♦Prussia kept Silesia♦Austria kept Austrian Netherlands♦Saxony remained independent ♦British got Canada, all territories east of Mississippi, and India♦Spanish got all French territories West of Mississippi ♦

Treaty of Paris and Peace of Hubertusburg□

Upset balance of powerCause: Napoleon trying to conquer vast amounts of land in Europe-

Napoleon Bonaparte vs. 3 Coalitions (rest of Europe)-Napoleon successful at first-

Napoleon WonTreaty of Campo Formio (Napoleon gained land)

Italian Campaign-

Against Britain and Ottomans Napoleon failed

Egyptian Campaign-

Huge Drain Spanish guerrilla warfare Napoleon had to always have troops in Spain

Peninsular War-

French navy destroyedBritish victory (Admiral Lord Nelson)

Battle of Trafalgar-

1812○Battle of Borodino○

Russian Campaign-

1813○Battle of the Nations (Battle of Leipzig)○

German War of Liberation -

Napoleon's last battle ○British Duke of Wellington○Napoleon lost, exiled to St. Helena ○

Battle of Waterloo-

Post‐Napoleon peace conference○10 months○Conservative attitude○Wanted to turn back the clock○Easy treatment of France○Louis XVIII returned to throne○

Congress of Vienna-

Napoleonic Wars (1799 ‐ 1815) -


1814○Very lenient b/c wanted to maintain peace and solidify power of Louis XVIII○Restored 1792 borders○No indemnity or reparations○No occupation army○Napoleon to Elba○100 Days is what messed it up○

1st Treaty of Paris-

1815○Peace with FR. After the 100 days and Waterloo○

No more Mr. Nice GuyRestore 1790 bordersIndemnity imposedOccupying army until the debt is paid

More severe○

Restored France to 1790 boundaries○

United Provinces united with Austrian Netherlands to form Kingdom of Netherlands

□Strong buffer states along eastern border ○

SwitzerlandNew country○

Created German Confederation (replaced Confederation of the Rhine)○Prussia got left bank of Rhine○Piedmont and Sardinia form Kingdom of Sardinia○

Land in ItalyAustria got Lombardy and Venetia○

Returned to Bourbon rulersKingdom of Two Sicilies ○

Papal States restored○

Russia wanted Poland but Britain and Austria feared Russian expansionPrussia wanted Saxony but Austria feared Prussian expansionCompromise: Alexander became king of Congress of Poland

Polish‐Saxon Question○

Gave Saxony to Prussia○Gave Malta, Ceylon islands in East and West Indies, and South Africa to England

○

Territorial Changes:○

2nd treaty of Paris-

Minimum resentment in France○Britain = colonial leader○Smoothed over problems of Poland and Saxony○German Dualism○Triumph of conservatism○Disappointment to liberals and nationalists○

Anytime there was a problem, European leaders would meet and quash liberalism

○Congress System○

SIGNIFICANCE-

Cause: Bismarck disputed Schleswig and Holstein with Austria so that he could establish -7 Weeks War (1866) -


Germanic dominance (realpolitik)Prussia vs. Austria-Battle of Sadová-Prussia won very easily-

Prussia got Schleswig and Holstein○Austria to give Venetia to Italy○

Led by Prussia○Austria not part of it○Catholic states in the south excluded○

North German Confederation formed○

Treaty of Prague-

Prussian dominance over Germanic states○Austria is out○

Long‐term effect:-

Bismarck's realpolitik○Cause: Ems Telegram-

Issue of ruling families (Hohenzollerns candidates for Spanish throne)Napoleon III declares war on Prussia-

Russia, Italy, Austria (hated French), Britain (did not want France to get control of Belgium)

Bismarck made allies fast-

Bismarck besieged Paris-Easy victory for Prussia -

Territory taken from France (Alsace and Lorraine)5 billion francs in reparations German Empire

King William I became Emperor William I of Germany•January 18, 1871

Treaty of Frankfurt-

Final step in the unification of GermanyFrance very angry ‐‐> revenge


Franco Prussian War (1870 ‐ 1871) -

Cause: dispute over Manchuria and Korea, Japanese sent surprise attack-

Only 1 railroad going EastRussia poorly supplied-

Japan wins fast-

Trench warfareBattle of Mukden -

Humiliating defeat for Russia-

Overseen by USAJapan gained influence in KoreaJapan took Liodong and Manchuria

Treaty of Portsmouth-


Russo‐Japanese War (1904 ‐ 1905) -


Confidence in Tsar lostRussian revolution

Cape of Good Hope originally Dutch○1795 Britain get Cape Colony○

Resent British ruleMade "Great Trek" moving north

Butch settlers = Boers○

Boers founded Orange Free State and Republic of Transaal○

Britain annexed1880s diamonds and gold in Transvaal○

3 yearsVery expensiveBritish imprisoned Boer wives and kinds in concentration campsMost outsiders sympathize with BoersBritish Empire lost respect

Fighting ○

Travansaal and Orange Free State independent Dutch privilegesBritain to pay reparations

Treaty of Vereeniging ○

Boer War (1899 ‐ 1902) -

Cause: Russia wanted Balkan lands/influence○

Russia vs. TurksWar between "one‐eyed and the blind"○

Russia winning easily○Ottoman Empire = clueless, poor strategy and planning○Russians reached Istanbul○

Sent ships Britain scared that Russia will win○

Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria = independent

Stopped spread of Russia•Led to Congress of Berlin

Treaty of San Stefano○

Ended up being a waste for RussiaOttomans losing power

Long‐term:○

Russo‐Turkish War (1877 ‐ 1878) -

Cause: British support Turks to stop Russian expansion○Ended long term peace○British supported Turks against Russia○

Crimean War (1854 ‐ 1856) -


Poor leadership (officers)Poor performance by British army○

600,000 men died (mostly disease)○

Sevastopol fell in 1855Siege of Sevastopol○

1856Autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia, became Romania in 1878Independence of TurkeyNeutrality of Black Sea

Peace of Paris○

Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece

Wanted to free Balkans from Ottoman Empire

Balkan Leagueo

1908Balkan League declared war on Turkey

However, internal conflicts (dividing up land among each other)•Victorious against Turks

European powers (A‐H) interfered

Buffer zones created

First Balkan War o

1913

Serbia v. BulgariaSerbia backed by Russians

Diplomatic defeated against Pan‐Slavism•Serbia won Albania, but Germany and A‐H made them return it

Serbia became landlocked

Second Balkan War o

Created a vortex in the balance of powerEstablished who sided where

Long‐term:o

The Balkan Wars -

Secret AllianceArms RaceNationalism and desire for revenge

Causes:o

Central Powers vs. AlliesEverybody thought it was going to be over fast

WEST: France□EAST: Russia□

Aug 1914♦Schlieffen Plan□

Germany did not want to fight war on two fronts

War on the Western Fronto

World War I (1914 ‐ 1918) -


German strategy to avoid the war on two fronts♦

Russia would need long time to mobilize◊Based on assumption♦

Because Franco‐German border was fortified►Invade through neutral Belgium◊

Attack and defeat France quickly♦

Germans were moving fast♦

Russia moved fast◊Belgium resisted◊Forces were split to Alsace and Lorain◊Caused England to enter war◊

Failed to work because ♦

French abruptly stopped German advance □Turning point in the war□Turned war into a slow war (stalemate)□TRENCH WARFARE !!! □

Battle of the Marne

When Germany invaded Belgium□Because of geographical location □

England entered war

German offensive□Took Central Powers 6 months to advance 4 miles□

Battle of Verdun

French offensive□Took Allies 1 month to advance 2.5 miles□

Battle of Somme

Trench Warfareo

worked♦Blockade Germans□

Heavy losses on both sides♦Germans unable to break blockade♦

Battle of Jutland□

Allies

Sink any ship that they saw♦

British‐American cruise ship◊Germans sunk b/c they said that there was contraband on it

◊

Contraband was there◊

EX: RMS Lusitanian♦

Unrestricted submarine warfare□Germans

Naval Battles o

Originally Italy was allied with Austria Hungary□

Allies promised Italy Austrian lands♦Joined Allies b/c□

Secret Treaty of London 1915

Little fighting

1917□Italy vs. CP□

Battle of Caporetto

War on the Italian Fronto


Italy losing□Italians forced to retreat□British and French armies helped stop the Germans□

Balkans occupied by CPPrior Balkan = POWERKEG

Take Istanbul□Improve ties to Russia□Free Balkans□

British devise plan to capture the straits (Bosporus and Dardanelles)

1915□Disaster for the Allies□Took 1 year□Huge casualties□British retreat□

Battle of Gallipoli

War on the Balkan Fronto

Britain and the French seize German colonies in Africa

British colonel□Nickname: "Lawrence of Arabia"□Organized Arab nationalists□Led guerrilla raids against the Turks□

T. E. Lawrence

War on the African and Mid‐Eastern Fronto

Seesaw in the beginning□Russians & Serbs vs. Germans, A‐H, Turks□Few decisive results□

Baltic Sea to Black Sea

unprepared□Russians were poorly equipped

1914□East Prussia□Russians destroyed□

Battle of Tannenburg

Bulgaria joined by Central PowersSerbians overrun by Germans and BulgariansRussians save Allied cause

Russia withdrew from war□

Russia gave up land♦Russia quit war♦

Treaty of Brest‐Litovsk□

1917

War on the Eastern Fronto

Allies are allowed to put troops there♦German fortifications banned from Rhineland1)

Rhineland occupied by the Allies for 15 years2)

Aviation forbidden♦Conscription forbidden♦

Limited German military size3)

PROVISIONSPeace of Versailleso


Artillery forbidden♦Submarines forbidden (no navy)♦

Germans so mad, they destroyed their own ships♦Allies took over German fleet4)

War damages♦33 billion dollars♦

Reparations5)

Germany was responsible for starting WWI♦War Guilt Clause6)

US never joined♦League of Nations7)

Redrew the mat of Europe□Alsace‐Lorraine to France1)

Very rich in coal♦Saar Valley to France for 15 years2)

German colonies turned over to League of Nations3)

Britain: Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine♦France: Lebanon, Syria♦Japan, Australia and New Zealand: German Asian colonies♦

Mandates in Middle East4)

Austria and Hungary separated (never to be joined again)♦Czechoslovakia♦Yugoslavia♦

Gave Poland water rights►Polish Corridor established◊

Poland♦

O.E broke up◊Turkey♦

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania♦Finland♦

Port at the end of Polish Corridor◊Any country can trade◊

Danzig = free city♦

Memel = free city♦Dardanelles under international control♦Italian, Romanian, and Bulgarian borders expanded♦

New Countries5)

TERRITORIAL CHANGES

Loss of territory♦Reparations♦War Guilt♦Limits of military♦Polish Corridor♦

Germany hated□

Loss of territory♦Land locked♦Very weak♦

Austria upset□

Self‐determination not perfect♦Lacked experience with democracy♦

New countries□

UNPOPULAR


Still felt insecure♦Wanted more revenge♦

France□

Felt cheated♦Denied colonies in Africa♦Granted only a little land in the north♦

Italy□

Lost more territory than Germany♦Suffered 48% of all casualties♦Excluded from the peace conference♦

Russia□

Preferred isolationism♦Rejected League of Nations♦

United States□

Cause: Russian revolution, struggle for poweroReds vs. Whiteso

Communists

Very well organized, because of Trotsky •Red Army

Led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks Fighting to preserve the cause of the revolution

Redso

Central Asia, Siberia

Royalists, and supporters of democracyLacked order and organization

Anti‐Semitic

Defeated by the Reds•Had 150,000 troops•

General Anton Denikin

Whites o

World’s 1st communist nation established (USSR)Reds won (long term)o

Russian Civil War (1918 ‐ 1922) -

Cause: struggle for power in SpainoDress rehearsal for WWIIoRight vs. Lefto

Fascists ‐ dictatorship○Nationalists○Conservatives○Army○Church○Nobles○Phalange ○

Righto

Spanish Civil War (1936 ‐ 1939)-


Led by Francisco Franco ○

Republicans○

Loyal to present gov.Loyalists○

Liberals, aka "Popular Front"○Socialists○Communists○Anarchists○Unions○

Lefto

Right winso

Franco = dictator of Spain○Long‐term:o

Cause: aggression and appeasement; Hitler invaded Polando

Led to Munich Conference ‐ Hitler said that he does not want anymore territory○Invasion of the Sudetenlando

September 1, 1939○September 3, 1939 GB and France declared war on Germany○Excuse/Lie: Poles attacked German fortifications on the border○

War strategy of Hitler"Lightning war"Every force hits at the same time (1.7 million)

Blitzkrieg○

Poles fought back○Poland fell within a few days○GB and France waited, did not act○

Invasion of Polando

Russian offensive○Winter, 1939○

EstoniaLatviaLithuaniaFinland

Stalin attacked○

Wanted to gain back territories○USSR kicked out of League of Nations○No military action from allies○

Winter Waro

War in the west○6 months nothing happened○"Sitzkrieg"○

Hitler attacked Norway and DenmarkDenmark falls immediatelyNorway fights back, but doesn't succeed

April, 1940○

Hitler later attacks○

Phony Waro

World War II (1939 ‐ 1945) -


Belgium, Netherlands, LuxembourgWins very fast

May 1940

Through the Arden Forest□Went around the Maginot‐Line

Uses the blitzSurrounds allied forces on coast of Dunkirk

Hitler attacks France○

Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, FranceHitler invades○

Allied soldiers surrounded on the coast○British people took their boats and crossed English Channel to save the soldiers○350,000 troops saved○Left equipment on the shore○

Miracle at Dunkirko

Defeatist psychology Fell in less than a month○

Germans occupy northern part of France○

Set up by the GermansCooperated with the Nazis; "puppet state"Led by Marshall PetainTraitors

Southern France = Vichy Regime○

Put up a fightGermans had to occupy

Northern France○

French patriots (led by Charles deGaulle)Left to EnglandWanted to overthrow the NazisWere working on a plan

Free French○

French patriotsStayed in FranceWorked "underground"Fought from the inside

Resistance○

France Fallso

"Operation Sea Lion"○Did not have a plan, because he thought that continent would take longer to invade○Hitler does not want to send ships○Hitler sent planes○

57 daysMajor cities

Germans bombed every day ○

Moral raisedVery angry

Did not soften the British○

Radar Deciphered German secret codeRAF (Royal Air Force) fought in the air = well trained High morale and production continued

British able to withstand○

Battle of Britaino


Prime MinisterSent troops to North Africa

Winston Churchill○

Due to attack on RussiaEventually Hitler abandoned this plan○

Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Greece

○Summer of 1940o

Bleakest year for Allies○Germany's peak○

1941o

Pacific○Russia○Africa○

1942 = turning pointo

Battle of Midway○June 1942○

Half way between CA and JapanWithin striking distance of Hawaii

Midway = American held island just NW of Hawaii○

In the airAmericans readyFighting done by carrier based torpedo planes and dive bombers

35/41 American planes shot down□4 large Japanese aircraft carriers sunk□

Heavy losses

Japanese never again went on the offensive

Japanese launched assault on Midway○

Island hoppingAmerican strategy after Midway○

PACIFICo

June 1941○

OilFood

Wants resources○

Had an allianceSurprise attack○

"Operation Barbarossa"○Fighting two‐front war○

Hitler uses BlitzkriegAs he moves eastward, Russians retreated○

2.5 years siege of Leningrad□Outside of Leningrad

Stop for the winter○

To get some oil□Main thrust at Stalingrad on Volga River

Spring 1942: Germans resume advance○

August 22, 1942Went on for 2 months

Battler of Stalingrad○

RUSSIAo


Russians refuse to surrenderLed by Marshall Georgi Zhukov

Germans surrender in early 1943○

Push back and win eastern EuropeImpose communism once they kick out Nazis

Russians go on offensive○

In EgyptBattle of El Alamein○

Fighting in the colonies○

No clear winnerSee‐saw‐(ed)○

Base: Libya

German tank commander□Leader of "Afrika Korps"□"Desert Fox"□

Command: General Erwin Rommel

Axis○

Base: Egypt

British□"Monty"□

Command: General Bernard Montgomery

Allies○

Americans landed in morocco and AlgeriaCaught Germans in the middle

"Ike"□Command: Dwight David Eisenhower

Caught in between Monty and Ike□Rommel

Fall 1942○

Axis surrendered○

AFRICAo

July 1943○Allies come through the South (Sicily)○British and American forces defeat Mussolini in Sicily○

Represented AlliesSouthern Part

Badoglio takes over○

Executed, hung up upside downMussolini flees○

Sept. 1943Move NorthFreed Rome in June 1944

Allies invade mainland○

Germans remain in control of mainland until spring of 1945○

Italy's Defeato

France○

Surprise for the GermansBeaches of Normandy○

Opened second front○June 6, 1944○Eisenhower = commander of Allied forces○

D‐Dayo


Bloodbath○

Start moving towards GermanyLiberate Paris in August 1944○

1943Factories, RR, Cities

Heavy bombing of Germany○

December 1944Belgium and LuxembourgFinal advance of the GermansFinal effort of GermansPushed Allies back temporarily

Battle of the Bulge○

Americans and Soviets approaching Berlin from both sidesRussians were first to go inHitler committed suicide

May 8, 1945□Germany surrendered

April 1945○

Allies advance / Defeat of Germanyo

No single peace conferenceo

East = Soviet Union, communistWest = United States, democraticNo "HOT" conflict"Battles" in the UN

Conflict between "East" and "West"o

Imaginary line that separated East from WestIron Curtain○

Military alliance□If one is attacked everyone helps□

NATO

With satellite states□Russia made them communist□

Warsaw Pact

Everyone was building up militaries

Khrushchev tried to open up communications with US□

Problem is how can this be verified•S.A.L.T. talks ‐ Strategic Arms Limitation Talks □

Détente ‐ "the thaw" (warming of relationships)

Arms Race

United States would help any nation that tried to stop communism

First used in Greece□Soviet Union was spreading communism

Based on containment

Truman Doctrine○

SU would make sure that satellite states adhered to communism○"Brezhnev Doctrine"○

PerestroikaGorbachev's major internal reforms○

Gorbachev and end of Cold War○

Cold War (1945 ‐ 1991) -


Restructuring of the economy□privatization allowed to a degree□

Openness □Freedom of speech and press□

Glasnost

Democratization ‐multi candidate electionsWEAKENED COMMUNIST PARTY ‐‐> led to collapse of SU

Improve connections/trade with the West

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Albany say goodbye to communism, but SU does not use force (1989)

□Abandoned Brezhnev Doctrine

Restrictions on nuclear weapons (SALT I and SALT II)Breaks down the Berlin Wall (1989)

Gorbachev's foreign policy○


Documents

European Warsahsanderson.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/7/7/13770485/apeurowars.pdf · End of religious wars ♦ Politically (can't join together) ♦ Physically (a lot of destruction) ♦