EUROPEAN CITIES’ SYSTEM: BETWEEN HIERARCHIES AND SPECIALIZATION

Prof. Céline Rozenblat Institute of Geography - University of Lausanne – Switzerland

Celine.rozenblat@unil.ch

IGC – Urban Commission August 27th 2012

Denise Pumain, University of Paris 1 Marie-Noelle Comin, University Paris 1 Patricia Cicille, UMR ESPACE – Aix-Marseille Ludovic Halbert, UMR LATTS – Paris Didier Peters, IGEAT-ULB – Bruxelles

Datar project (France)

2 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Chronology of European cities comparative studies

-  Brunet, R. (1989). Les villes européennes, Paris, Documentation française. Reclus.

-  Rozenblat C., Cicille P. (2003). Les villes européennes. Analyse comparative, Paris, La

Documentation Française

-  ESPON 1.4.3. (2007). Study on Urban function. – Final Report, program 253

-  ESPON FOCI (2011). Future Orientations of cities. Final Report

-  BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung) (2011). Metropolitan areas in Europe

-  DATAR (Halbert, Cicille, Rozenblat) (2012). Analyse comparative des métropoles européennes, Paris, La Documentation Française, publication September 2012

3 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

Plan

European cities’ system: hierarchy and specialization

1- Properties of metropolises

2- Data

3- Scaling laws (cities’ size effect)

4- Typology of cities (specializations)

5- Removing hierarchical effects

6- Conclusion

4 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

History of the main trends of the concept of metropolization 1950-1960: second globalization (Wallerstein, 1974) -  Decreasing of trade tariffs -  Transport, telecommunication developments ⇒  Concentration of wealth and powers ⇒  J. Gottmann : “Megalopolis” (1961) - NW United States ⇒  P. Hall: “World cities” (1966) - London, Paris, Amsterdam, New-York, Moscow

2000: Diffusion of globalization: 30 to 40 cities form a global network (Sassen, 2002) ⇒  hypothesis of the decrease of the National States’ roles ⇒  P. Taylor “HinterWorld” (2004): Hypothesis of the decrease of local geographical relations

1990: Globalization (Dunning, 1993) ⇒  domination of finance (advance services), increase of information economy ⇒  S. Sassen “The Global City: New-York, London, Tokyo”(1991) ⇒  M. Castells “informational city” (1996): space of places v/s space of flows

1970-1980: New international division of Labor (Vernon, 1966) ⇒  Distinction production / decision power ⇒  J. Friedmann “World city hypothesis” (1986) – hierarchy of cities (central, semi-peripheral, peripheral)

5 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Enlargement of the concept of metropolization De-industrialization of cities centers - Social, political, spatial dualities: ⇒  gentrification, social segregation (Sassen, 1991; Mollenkopf, Castells, 1991) ⇒  Political fragmentation (Harvey, 1973; Castells, 1986; Sassen, 1991) ⇒  Local accessibility (Graham, Marvin, 2001)

Network studies: ⇒  Social/economic networks (physical, economic, social) (Grabher, 1998, …) ⇒  Innovation (Bochma, 2000…) ⇒  Circulation of elites, diasporas (A. Saxenian, 1994) ⇒  Multiscale Networks (Ley, 2004; Rozenblat, 2004, 2010, 2012; Hall, Pain, 2006)

NEG: New Economic Geography: ⇒  P. Krugman (1991): positive externalities of agglomeration ⇒  innovative capabilities of «Global city-regions» (Scott, 1996) ⇒  Transactional costs linked to non codified information (Scott, 2001): Buzz (Storper, Venable, 2004),« local buzz, global pipelines »(Bathelt et al., 2004) ⇒  Profit V/S non-profit interactions (Storper, Christopherson, 1987) ⇒  Increasing role of culture in Urban economics (Scott, 2004)

Growing cities in the «South» - Critics to the occidental economic thinking: ⇒  Critics of the center-peripheral model (Robinson, 2002) ⇒  More «cosmopolite» approach: multiplicity of urban dynamics

6 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Properties of the processes of metropolization

a. Concentration of resources Gravitational attractiveness: long range exchanges favor large cities b. Urban complexity “accumulation is not only an addition, it is also complexity : The structure of activities and of societies tend to be as much diversified and interconnected as cities are larger” Cattan, Pumain, Rozenblat, Saint-Julien, 1999, p. 152 c. Urban diversity ⇒  context of uncertainty: favors the diversified environments

d. Economies of agglomeration - «classical» definition (Ohlin, 1933; Hoover, 1937): economies of scale, economies of location, economies of urbanization - Interpretation in terms of complex systems: ⇒  Size and diversity: “quantity” becomes “quality” of renewal (Duranton, Puga, 2001, 2004) e. Dynamics of networks: multiplicity of scales Links systems at different scales ⇒  mobilization of multi-localized resources

7 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Properties of the processes of metropolization Definition in terms of networks-circulations

a metropolis has got -  a heavy weight (demographic) -  control of global production networks -  Diversity of activities -  production and circulation of knowledge -  interface of capital -  immigration (cosmopolitism), -  population in temporal circulation -  geodiplomatics international networks The networks not always overlap (Castells, 2010)

Hierarchy

Specialization

Networks

8 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

Definition of cities: Functional Urban Areas – FUA 20% of commuters

D. Peters, DATAR/ESPON, 2011

French, German, Swiss borders Centralized cities (ex: Basel)

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

9 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

357 Functional Urban Areas with more than 200’000 inhab.

D. Peters, DATAR/ESPON, 2011

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

10 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Properties of the processes of metropolization Definition in terms of networks-circulations

a metropolis has got -  a heavy weight (demographic) -  control of global production networks -  Diversity of activities -  production and circulation of knowledge -  interface of capital -  immigration (cosmopolitism), -  population in temporal circulation -  geodiplomatics international networks

Hierarchy

Specialization

Networks

11 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Framework of the data

THEMATICS Hierarchy Specialization Network

Territorial development

Mobility

Economic influence

Culture - Tourism

Knowledge - innovations

Political organisms

⇒ 76 comparative indicators

12 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

D. Peters, DATAR/ESPON, 2011

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Source: DATAR, ACME, 2012 + High significance + Secondary significance

26 comparative indicators for a typology of European cities 1/3

13 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Source: DATAR, ACME, 2012 + High significance + Secondary significance

26 comparative indicators for a typology of European cities 2/3

14 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Source: DATAR, ACME, 2012 + High significance + Secondary significance

26 comparative indicators for a typology of European cities 3/3

15 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

Scaling laws to identify the cumulative effects

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

log VARIABLE = β log POPULATION + α If β > 1 : Cumulative effects If β < 1: non-cumulative effects Cultural Places

(LOG-LOG) FP6 Invest. (LOG-LOG)

⇒  Absolute variable ⇒  Relative variable

Rozenblat, Pumain, 2012

⇒  Relative variable ⇒  Absolute variable

16 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

First two axes of a principal component analysis with 26 variables on 357 European Urban Areas

Rozenblat, Pumain, 2012

17 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Specializations of European Areas for Metropolitan functions

Rozenblat, Pumain, 2012

18 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Coordinates of European Urban Areas on a metropolization factor (F1) according to their population

(LOG-LOG)

Rozenblat, Pumain, 2012 (LOG)

(LO

G)

19 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

Relative specialization in metropolitan functions after removing population size effects

(residuals of the two models)

Rozenblat, Pumain, 2012

20 Celine ROZENBLAT et al. EUROPEAN CITIES' SYSTEM

1- Properties 2- Data 3- Scaling laws 4- Typology 5- Hierarchical effect 6- Conclusion

CONCLUSION Specialization Different types of metropolises in Europe ⇒  Distinct for Central Europe ⇒  Integration in progress through networks Hierarchy 2 different models: ⇒  Western Europe ⇒  Eastern Europe (more hierarchized)

Relative specialization -  Positive positions: capital-cities effect (Eastern Europe) -  Negative positions: Medium cities in Spain, South Italy, GB, industrial zones on central

Europe PERSPECTIVES -  Comparing with other methodologies -  Evolution indexes -  Simulations (MAS)

CITADYNE Website CITies And DYnamics of Networks

IGUL/Recherche/Etudes urbaines/CITADYNE http://www.unil.ch/igul/page76265.html

Thank you for your attention… Celine.rozenblat@unil.ch

CITADYNE – BLOG http://www3.unil.ch/wpmu/citadyne-news/