Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building

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The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century: Background The Growth of State Power Social Changes in the Renaissance The Impact of Printing Prelude to Reformation

Christian Humanism Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Problems in the Church View of ordinary people

REFORMATION

What does that word mean? Look at the next 3 slides. What do you think was

one of the criticisms of the Catholic Church?

Christ punishing money lenders Pope writing indulgences for $

Martin Luther

1483-1546

Luther’s 95 Theses (1517) Response to indulgences and other church policies Supposedly nailed 95 theses (statements) on door of

Wittenberg church Not yet interested in breaking away from Catholicism; he

was just being critical ***Printed copies spread quickly (European printing

press invented just 60-70 years earlier)***• ***Bible’s production marked the beginning of the mass

production of books in the West

95 Theses Excerpt 36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of

penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon. 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the

blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon.

38. Nevertheless, the remission and participation [in the blessings of the Church] which are granted by the pope are in no way to be

despised, for they are, as I have said, the declaration of divine remission.

43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;

Basic teachings of Luther

Faith alone (Sola fide)

Religious truth & authority lie only in the Bible (Sola scriptura)

Simplified church doctrine & rituals Leaders: “Ministers” Worship in vernacular, not Latin Baptism & Lord’s Supper only sacraments People physically close to minister during service

Priesthood of ALL believers Clergy not only ones that could/should do ministry

Permitted the clergy to marry

Reformation Map

Look at this painting…How does it illustrate many of Luther’s basic beliefs?

Importance of sermon in services

Baptism & Lord’s supper as the only sacraments

Simple interior of churches

Believers physically closer to minister

AND NOW…

Henry VIII (I am): 1491-1547 English (British) king 6 Wives: Problem producing a male heir to the throne (a

cause of earlier War of the Roses). (BTW, whose fault is it if a male heir is not produced?)

Catherine of Aragon (“Bloody” Mary) 1509-1533: ***divorce***-not granted by the Pope

Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth)1533-1536: Beheaded Jane Seymour: (Edward) 1536-1537: Died after

childbirth; produced only male heir Anne of Cleves: 1540-1540: Divorced “Flanders Mare,”

6 month marriage Kathryn Howard: 1540-1542: Executed, was 19 when

she married 49 yr. Old Henry Katherine Parr: 1543-1547: Wife @ Henry’s death

http://www.mezzo-mondo.com/arts/mm/holbein/index_a.html

Tower of London

Henry VIII Reformation Legacy Church of England-----Anglican Church---

Episcopal Church: All trace history back to Henry VIII wanting a legal divorce

Early differences in Church of England & Catholicism: Very few Worship services in vernacular Pope not the authority

Queen Elizabeth I vs. King Edward VI Who lived longer?

Elizabeth, by 53 years Who saved England from religious wars and the Spanish Armada?

Elizabeth Who had two U.S. states named after him/her?

Elizabeth Who was the daughter/son of Anne Boleyn?

Elizabeth Who did Henry like?

Edward Who did the English people like?

Elizabeth

Winner: ELIZABETH

Luther vs. Henry VIII?

EuropeReformation Map

Did most people in Western Europe remain Roman Catholic?

YES!!!

1540s: Ambitious reform program begins Is this BEFORE or AFTER the

Reformation achieved some success? Why?

(A) Council of Trent (1545-1563)• Purpose: to define official doctrine, esp. teachings

challenged by Protestants• (Kept): Salvation still faith & works• (Kept):Latin Vulgate: only acceptable translation• (Kept): Church hierarchy alone to determine

interpretation of Bible• (Changed): Forbade selling of indulgences• (Changed): Seminaries (training schools) established to

properly educate priests

Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent

Results of the Reformation Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, etc. remained

(Protestant churches survived) Expanded education (Calvin, Jesuits, etc.) Promoted individualism Promoted nationalism (churches became

symbols of countries) Strengthened secular rule (Kings/Queens could

confiscate church land, etc.)

. . .In truth, the Jews, being foreigners, should possess nothing, and what they do possess should be ours…

. . .In the first place, their synagogues should be burned down and what does not burn must be covered with mud. This must be done for the honor of God and Christianity, so that God may see that we are Christians and we have not simply tolerated or approved that His Son and His Christians have been subjected to lies, curses, and slander.

In the second place, their houses should be pulled down and destroyed. They must be housed in stables like gypsies, so that they realize they are not masters in our country, as they proudly say, but unfortunate prisoners, so they will complain to God continuously.

Third, their books should be taken from them. Fourth, rabbis should be forbidden to give any more lessons on pain of death. Fifth, they should not be allowed to move around freely. Let them stay home. Sixth, they should no longer be allowed to charge interest. The money that is taken from them should be spent to help Jews who agree to be baptized. Seventh, they should be put to work.

Martin Luther

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Calvin and Calvinism

John Calvin (1509-1564)• Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536• Doctrine of predestination• Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation (cont.’d) Anabaptists

Radical reformers Believed in separation of church and state

The Social Impact of the Reformation New views of the family

Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560

Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Huguenots Ultra-Catholics War of the three Henries, (1588-1589) Henry IV, (1589-1610) Edict of Nantes, (1598)

Philip II and Militant Catholicism Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598)

• Strict conformity to Catholicism / Strong monarchical authority• Problems with the Spanish Netherlands• Battle of Lepanto, 1571, against the Turks

Problems with the Netherlands The England of Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII The Spanish Armada

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Europe in the Seventeenth Century

Economic and Social Crisis: Witchcraft Mania

Italy became an economic backwater Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to 85

million in 1600; decline after 1650, especially in central and southern Europe

Witchcraft Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted Poor most likely to be accused More than 75 percent were women

Economic Trends in the Seventeenth Century Mercantilism International commerce New forms of commercial organization

Joint-stock companies 80 percent of Europeans involved in agriculture

Seventeenth Century Crises: Revolution and War

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman

Empire Peace of Westphalia, 1648

A Military Revolution? New technologies and tactics The growing expense of war

The Practice of Absolutism France under Louis XIV

Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King• Important to control of central policy-making machinery• Versailles served three purposes:• Greatest danger came from the high nobility• King has authority over the traditional areas of monarchial power• Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)• Wars

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe Brandenburg-Prussia

• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) • Frederick I, First king of Prussia, 1701

Austria• Territorial expansion• Monarch never becomes highly centralized

From Moscow to Russia Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)

First to take the title tsar Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy

Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar

Peter the Great (1689-1725) Trip west, 1697-1698 Plans to westernize Russia Reorganize army and navy Divided Russia into provinces Hoped to create a sense of civic duty

England and Limited Monarchy

Revolution and Civil War James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625) of

England Charles I (1625-1649) Monarchy abolished Republic, 1648-1660

Oliver Cromwell and military rule Dispersed Parliament by force After Cromwell’s death, monarchy restored

Restoration and a Glorious Revolution Charles II (1660-1685)

Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings Declaration of Indulgence, 1672 Charles forced to suspend the declaration

James II (1685-1688) Open and devout Catholic Religion once again area of conflict Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife

Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II Bill of Rights

European Culture Art: The Baroque

Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Art: Dutch Realism

Judith Leyster (c. 1609 – 1660) A Golden Age of Literature in England

Called the Elizabethan Era William Shakespeare(1564-1614)

Discussion Questions

What were the social and political consequences of the Reformation

What steps did French kings take in the seventeenth century to concentrate power in the central government?

Describe English government before and after the events of the seventeenth century.

How did seventeenth-century art reflect larger historical developments?