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Europe
Introduction
Hearth of Western civilizationGlobal imperialism Industrial revolution
History of fragmentation and integrationNationalism: Nation-stateRegional integration: E.U.
Environmental Geography
Landform The European
Lowland
The Alpine Mountain System
Central Uplands
Western Highlands
The European Lowland
Support high population density
Major riversPorts in estuaries
Glacial forces north of the Rhine River deltaaffects soil fertility and land forms (eg. moraines)
The Alpine Mountain System
The northward movement of the African Plate against the Eurasian Plate
Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathian Mountains, Dinaric Alps, and Balkan Ranges
Central Uplands
Between the Alps and the European Lowland
Raw materials for Europe’s industrial areas
Steel industry in Germany and France
Western Highlands Portugal – Northwestern British Isles – Scandinavia
Fjords A long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between steep slopes Western coastline of Norway
Shield landscape Oldest rock formation by the erosion of ice sheets Fenno-Scandian Shield
Plate movement Plate movement east-west trending mountain chain east-west trending mountain chain Pleistocene glaciation Pleistocene glaciation glacial land forms glacial land forms
Cs
DfCf
Climate controls
Why is western Europe warmer than comparable latitudes?
Mild North Atlantic current
Seas
Baltic Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea
Skagerrak & Kattegat
Strait of Gibraltar
Bosporous Strait & Dardanelles
Rivers Rivers of the European Lowland
Loire, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, and Vistula River Flow into Atlantic and Baltic Sea
Danube River Longest river in Europe Connects between central and eastern Europe
In general, Europe is a region of navigable rivers connected by canals and locks
Ports
Developed at the mouths of rivers Transshipment points for inland waterway Bordeux, Le Havre, London, Rotterdam, Hambur
g, and Gdansk
Polders Protected and reclaimed landscapes (diked agricult
ural settlements) in the Netherlands Windmills are used to pump water from low-lying
wetlands
Environmental issues
Environmental protection in western Europe
Environmental problems cross national boundaries Formation of E.U. aided in addressing problems
Heightened environmental sensitivity“Red-Green Coalition” in GermanyGreenhouse gas emission reduction
Environmental protection in eastern Europe
Legacy of Soviet economic planning (1945-90)
Post-1990 economic and political transition
Acid rain and forest death
Bohemia, Czech Republic
Settlement and Population
Population density in the Core and Periphery
Population pattern is linked to areas of early industrialization
Urban-industrial core is characterized byLow natural growth ratesTarget area for migrants
Continued slow natural growth
Why?
Highly urbanized and industrialized population in western Europe
Labor shortage after WWII in eastern Europe need for female labor government promotes family planning and birth control
Migration into Europe
So far, industrialized countries in Europe have received many immigrants because of
Open-door immigration policy to alleviate labor shortage during the postwar period (eg. guest works in Germany)
Influx of migrants from former European colonies Flight from post-1989 economic and political turmoil
Migration into Europe
Schengen Agreement
EU declaration of intent to reduce border formalities for travelers moving between western Europe (1985)
Resulted in strict border controls between EU and non-EU countries – “Fortress Europe”
Urban landscapes Contemporary landscape expresses different historical
periods Medieval period (900-1500)
Narrow, winding streets, and crowded masonry buildings with little setback from the street
Renaissance-Baroque period (1500-1800) Urban planning, high stories girdled by city walls
Industrial period (1800-present) Industrial districts clustered along transportation lines, often
outside the fortifications
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
Language Major Indo-European language (90%)
Germanic language German, English, Dutch, Flemish, Scandinavian, and Icelandic
Romance language Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Moldavian
Slavic language Polish, Czech, Slovakian – Latin Alphabet Serbo-Croatian, Bularian, Macedonian, Slovenian – Cyrillic Alphabet
Language Minor Indo-European language
Celtic language - Breton, Welsh, Scots Gaelic, Irish Hellenic language - Greek Baltic language - Lettish, Lithuanian
Non-Indo-European language Uralic language - Magyar (Hungarian), Finns, Estonian Altaic language - Turkish minorities in southeastern Europe Etc… - Basque
Religion
Historical geography of religious complexity is essential to understanding today’s cultural tension such as
Cultural borders in eastern Europe and Balkans Northern Ireland Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
Historical geography of religion Adoption of Christianity
Edict of Tolerance (A.D. 313) Hierarchical diffusion
Schism between western and eastern Christianity Official split of the eastern church from Rome (1054)
Conflicts with Islam Presence of Ottoman Empire in southeastern Europe (16c ~ early
20c) Muslim incursion into Spain (8c ~ 15c)
Historical geography of religion Protestant Revolt (16c)
Creates north-south boundary between Protestant and Catholic Europe
Geography of Judaism Forced dispersal of Jews from Palestine during the Roman
Empire Mediterranean cities Iberian Peninsula (10c) “Jewish
Pale” in eastern Europe (15c) North America (19c~) Israel (1948~) Germany (1990~)
Patterns of contemporary religion
Roman Catholics (250 million) in southern half except for Ireland and Poland
Protestants (100 million) in northern half
Secularization in western Europe after WWII
Geopolitical Framework
From Empire to Nation-State Legacy of the Roman Empire (B.C 300 - A.D.400)
Cities connected by highway (eg. London, Paris, Frankfurt)
Feudal territories (9c - 15c) Urban power of a merchant class (eg. Hamburg, Venice) Rural polity based on feudalism (formal relation between a super
ior and a vassal)
Nation-states (15c - 18c) Geopolitical entity fostered by ethnic and cultural nationalism Congruence between a shared culture and political space
Redrawing the map in 20th century
WWI
1914-18
Redrawing the map in 20th century
WWII C.W.
1939-45
1945-89
Scale of tensions in the Balkans Local/regional tensions
Provinces of Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo
Tensions between Yugoslavia and its neighboring states Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, and Slovenia
Relations with the rest of Europe E.U., NATO
Global implications U.N.
Fragmented geopolitical processes involved with small-scale independence movements and the phenomenon of mininationalism as it develops along ethnic fault lines
Ethnicity in the Balkans
The diverse and complicated mosaic of ethnic diversity in the Balkans has led to geopolitical fragmentation in recent decades
Geopolitical issues in Europe
Economic and Social Development
Birthplace of industrial revolution Economic integration – E.U. Chaotic economic transition in eastern Europe
Industrial revolution
Human labor replaced by machine Machines powered by inanimate energy sources
Began in England between 1730 and 1850 eg. Wool Textile manufacturing by steam-powered
mechanized looms
Locational factors of early industrial areas
Access to coalfieldsCoke replaced charcoal as a fuel to make iron and steeleg. The English Midlands, The Ruhr, Saar-Lorraine
Exceptions to this areLondon, and Po Plain
Industrial regions of Europe
Economic integration in the West ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) in 1952
Coordinate coal and steel production by a supranational authority
EEC (European Economic Community) in 1957 Foster the free movement of goods, labor, and capital
EC (European Community) in 1965 Add political union to the economic community
Economic integration in the West
EU (European Union) in 1991Aimed at
Single currency through the European Monetary UnionCommon foreign policiesMutual security agreements
Currently 15 members11 Euroland members adopt a common currency (2002)
The European Union
Economic transition in eastern Europe
The Soviet Plan (1949-1989)CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)Command economy
Transitions since 1991Discontinuation of subsidiesPrivatization of industry
Regional disparities between western and eastern Europe
Regional disparities within eastern EuropeCzech Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, and Poland
Global linkages and regional disparities