SCHOOL OF DIVINITY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

ACADEMIC SESSION 2013-2014

HI 1022 EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

15 CREDITS 12 WEEKS

PLEASE NOTE CAREFULLY:

The full set of school regulations and procedures is contained in the

Undergraduate Student Handbook which is available online at your

MyAberdeen page. Students are expected to familiarise themselves not only

with the contents of this leaflet but also with the contents of the Handbook.

Therefore, ignorance of the contents of the Handbook will not excuse the

breach of any school regulation or procedure.

You must familiarise yourself with this important information at the earliest

opportunity.

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR/COURSE TEAM

Course coordinator: Professor A.J. Heywood

Office hours: see departmental webpage

Telephone: 01224-272640

Email: t.heywood@abdn.ac.uk

Lecturing staff and seminar leaders: see the course webpages

Discipline Administration:

Mrs Barbara McGillivray/Mrs Gillian Brown

50-52 College Bounds

Room CBLG01

01224 272199/272454

history-ug@abdn.ac.uk

TIMETABLE

Lectures: two one-hour lectures per week throughout the half session except

week 7, total 22 hours

Tutorials: one-hour session in each of teaching weeks 3-6, 8-11, total 8 hours.

See your portal or MyAberdeen for the times and locations.

Students can view the University Calendar at

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/students/13027.php

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course provides an introduction to the history of Europe in the twentieth

century. A comprehensive treatment of this enormous subject is obviously

impracticable within the space of one semester, and so we aim to highlight a

selection of six major themes covering some of the key political, social,

economic and other developments. The themes selected for this session are:

1. Tsarist Russia and Soviet Russia, 1914-24: Change or Continuity?

2. Interwar Europe – Stability or instability? Britain, Weimar and Spain

3. European integration: Britain in Europe?

4. Emigration and Immigration: push or pull?

5. Science, technology and medicine: political or apolitical?

6. Why did the Soviet bloc collapse in 1989-91?

INTENDED AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

The course aims to introduce students to the complexities of twentieth-

century European history by focusing on a selection of six key themes.

By the end of the course students should be able to:

- demonstrate a knowledge of major structures and events in 20th-century

European history

- appreciate different historiographical approaches

- understand the interaction between social, economic, political and cultural

historical developments

- analyse historical primary and secondary sources

- reach informed judgements and coherent conclusions in written and oral

work

- practise basic IT skills, and writing, presentation and numeracy skills

- make an informed choice about honours-level History courses in particular in

the area of modern and contemporary European History

LECTURE/SEMINAR PROGRAMME

The lectures are focused on our selection of six themes. The lecture

programme is:

Week 1

1. Introduction to the course

2. Europe in the 20th Century: Overview and Key Themes

Week 2

1. Research resources

2. Theme 1 Tsarist Russia on the eve of WW1

Week 3

1. Theme 1 Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-17

2. Theme 1 From Lenin to Stalin, 1917-1924

Week 4

1. Theme 2 The Weimar republic

2. Theme 2 Britain in the inter-war years

Week 5

1. Theme 2 Inter-war Spain

2. Theme 3 Post-war reconstruction

Week 6

1. Theme 3 European integration

2. Theme 3 Britain and Europe

Week 7 READING WEEK

Week 8

1. Theme 4 Emigration from Europe in the 20C

2. Theme 4 Immigration and immigrants in 20C Britain

Week 9

1. Theme 4 Homecoming: issues in return migration

2. Theme 5 Race and medicine

Week 10

1. Theme 5 The Bomb – part I

2. Theme 5 The Bomb – part II

Week 11

1. Theme 6 The Stalinist system

2. Theme 6 Permanent crisis? The Soviet bloc, 1953-85

Week 12

1. Theme 6 Final crisis and collapse, 1985-91

2. Modernisation in 20C Europe

The tutorials are designed to develop basic research skills and your familiarity

with historical debate, with some of the lecture topics used as specific

examples.

Tutorial programme:

Week 3 Orientation – schedule and agenda; the research process;

essay/research questions

Week 4 Interpretations in historical research and writing

Week 5 Essay writing: building an argument; why and how to reference

Week 6 Research sources – types of source, where to find them, how to

build a bibliography

Week 8 Source analysis I: Using and abusing the web

Week 9 Source analysis II: Tsarist and Soviet Russia

Week 10 Source analysis III: European integration

Week 11 Source analysis IV: Emigration and Immigration

READING LIST

See the course website for a separate handout detailing the reading required

specifically for the tutorial classes.

SECONDARY READING

Selectivity is one of the skills we have to learn as historians. It is impossible to read properly even a small proportion of the books that are available on 20th-century European history. So, don’t even try! Instead, aim to study several aspects in depth, starting in each case with a good (that is, recent and analytical) overview. Major strands of historiography, with major authors being represented, should also become discernible. The following list consequently does not even attempt to be ‘complete’. We have tried instead to identify useful starting points for all subjects covered. Supplement this with reading you find from the bibliographies of the recent books indicated, and from your own research. We will show you how to build your own bibliography during the course, and you can always ask your tutor. A note about Wikipedia (and similar general websites, and of course YouTube etc): Wikipedia is not a ´quotable´ source for historians because for the most part its material has not been properly checked. Hence, academic work largely based on this type of web resource cannot hope to achieve the levels of sophistication and professionalism that are required in University work. By contrast, academic books and journal articles are published only after careful scrutiny by fellow academics, usually on an anonymous basis, to ensure that they comply with the profession’s high research standards. These sources are the ones to use. How to do research You might find Barzun, Jacques/Graff, Henry F., The Modern Researcher (1992), or similar guides, useful.

GENERAL

Bartlett, C. J., The Global Conflict, 1870-1970. The International Rivalry of the Great Powers (1985)

Calvocoressi, P., Resilient Europe. A Study of the Years 1870-2000 (1991)

Hobsbawm, E. J., Age of Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (1994)

Hobsbawm, E. J., Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Programme, Myth, Reality (1990)

Landes, D., The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (1998)

Lee, S. J., European Dictatorships 1918-1945 (2000)

Mazower, M., Dark Continent. Europe’s Twentieth Century (1998)

Pugh, M., ed., A Companion to Modern European History 1871-1945 (1997)

Bernard Wasserstein’s Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in our Time (2007)

STATISTICS, MAPS, REFERENCE WORKS

Chambers’ Biographical Dictionary

Cook, C., & Paxton, J., European Political Facts 1918-84 (1986)

Flora, P., et al., State, Economy and Society in Western Europe. A Date Handbook, 2 vols. (1983 / 1987)

Macmillan Dictionary of British and European History Since 1914 (1991)

Mitchell B. R., European Historical Statistics 1750-1975, 2nd ed. (1980)

Polley, M., An A-Z of Modern Europe Since 1789 (2000)

The New State of the World Atlas

The Times Atlas of the Twentieth Century

SELECTED WORKS IN RELATION TO THE COURSE THEMES 1. Tsarist and Soviet Russia, 1914-24 Acton, E., Rethinking the Russian Revolution (1990)

Chamberlin, W.H., The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 (1935)

Davies, R.W. (ed.), From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy: Continuity and Change in the Economy of the USSR (1990)

Debo, R., Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1917-18 (1979)

Figes, O., A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891 – 1924 (1996)

Fitzpatrick, S., The Russian Revolution, 1917-1932 (1982)

Fitzpatrick, S. et al (eds), Russia in the Era of NEP: Explorations in Soviet Society and Culture (1991)

Frankel, E.R. et al (eds), Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 (1992)

Heywood, A.J., Modernising Lenin’s Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade and the Railways (1999)

Holquist, P., Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914-1921 (2002)

Koenker, D. et al (eds), Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History (1989)

Lincoln, W.B., Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914-1918 (1986)

Malle, S., The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918-1921 (1985)

Mawdsley, E., The Russian Civil War (1987)

McCauley, M., The Soviet Union Since 1917 (1981)

McDermott, K and Agnew, J., The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin (1996)

Nove, Alec, An Economic History of the USSR (1992)

Pipes, R., The Russian Revolution, 1899 – 1919 (1990)

Pipes, R., Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919 – 1924 (1994)

Rabinowitch, A., The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd (2007)

Read, C., From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and their Revolution, 1917-21 (1996)

Service, R., A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (1998)

Service, R., Lenin: A Political Life, 3 vols (1985-95)

Wade, R., The Russian Revolution, 1917, 2nd edn (2005)

journal: Revolutionary Russia

2. Inter-war Europe Abraham, David, The Collapse of the Weimar Republic. Political Economy

and Crisis (1981)

Aldcroft, Derek, From Versailles to Wall Street 1919-1929 (1977)

Balderston, Theo, The Origins and Course of the German Economic Crisis, November 1923 to May 1932 (1993)

Eksteins, Modris, Rites of Spring. The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (1989)

Hall, Peter, Cities of Tomorrow : an Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century (2002)

Hobsbawm, E. J., Age of Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (1994)

Jerram, Leif, Germany's other Modernity : Munich and the Making of Metropolis, 1895-1930 (2007)

Lee, S. J., European Dictatorships 1918-1945 (2000)

Mazower, M., Dark Continent. Europe’s Twentieth Century (1998)

Payne, Stanley, A History of Fascism 1914-1945 (1995)

Peukert, D., The Weimar Republic. The Crisis of Classical Modernity (1991)

Preston, Paul, The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution and Revenge (2006)

Blackbourn, David/Eley, Geoff, The Peculiarities of German History.

Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (1984)

Eksteins, Modris, Rites of Spring. The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (1989)

Feldmann, Gerald D., Great Disorder. Politics, Economics and Society in the German Inflation, 1914-24 (1994)

Hobsbawm, E. J., Age of Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (1994)

Kindleberger, C., The World in Depression 1929-1939 (1973)

Maier, Charles, Recasting Bourgeois Europe. Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (1975)

Payne, Stanley, A History of Fascism 1914-1945 (1995)

Skidelsky, Robert, John Maynard Keynes 1883-1946. Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (2005)

Temin, P., Lessons from the Great Depression (1989)

3. European integration Cameron, Fraser, An introduction to European Foreign Policy. Routledge

(2007)

Dinan, D., Europe Recast: A History of European Union (2004)

Flora, Peter et al., State, Economy, and Society in Western Europe 1815-1975 : A Data Handbook in Two Volumes (1983-87)

Gillingham, John, European Integration 1950-2003. Superstate or New Market Economy? (2003)

Griffiths, Richard T., The Economic Development of the EEC (1997)

Hill, C. and Smith, M., International Relations and the European Union, (2005)

Hogan, Michael J., The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (1987)

James, Harold, Europe Reborn. A History, 1914-2000 (2003)

Kaiser, Wolfram, Using Europe, Abusing the Europeans. Britain and European Integration, 1945-63 (1996)

Maier, Charles S., Bischof, G., The Marshall Plan and Germany : West German Development Within the Framework of the European Recovery Program (1991)

Milward, A. S., The European Rescue of the Nation State (1992)

Milward, A. S., The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945-51 (1984)

Nicoll, William, Salmon, Trevor, Understanding the European Union (2001)

Nugent, Neill, The government and politics of the European Union (2010)

Salmon, Trevor, Nicoll, William, Building European Union. A Documentary History and Analysis (1997)

Schulze, M. S., ed., Western Europe. Economic and Social Change since 1945 (1999)

Stirk, Peter M., A History of European Integration since 1914 (1997)

Urwin, Derek, The Community of Europe (1991)

Wurm, Clemens, Western Europe and Germany. The Beginnings of European Integration 1945-1960 (1996)

4. Emigrants and immigrants Baines, Dudley E., Emigration from Europe, 1815-1930 (1991).

Chamberlain, Mary ‘Family narratives and migration dynamics: Barbadians to Britain’, Immigrants and Minorities, 14: 2 (1995), 153-69.

Coan, Peter Morton, Ellis Island Interviews. In their Own Words (1997).

Cohen, Robin, Global Diasporas (1997).

Constantine, Stephen, ‘Waving Goodbye? Australia, assisted passages, and the Empire and Commonwealth Settlement Acts, 1945-72’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, xxvi: 2 (May 1998), 176-95.

Constantine, Stephen, ‘The British government, child welfare, and child migration to Australia after 1945’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 30: 1 (January 2002), 99-132.

Constantine, Stephen, ‘British emigration to the empire-commonwealth since 1880: from overseas settlement to diaspora? Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 31: 2 (May 2003), 16-35.

Delaney, Enda, Demography, State and Society: Irish migration to Britain, 1921-1971 (2000).

Glynn, Sean, ‘Irish immigration to Britain, 1911-1951: patterns and policy’, Irish Economic and Social History, vol. 8 (1981).

Harper, Marjory, and Stephen Constantine, Migration and Empire (2010).

Harper, Marjory, ‘“Personal contact is worth a ton of text-books”: educational tours of the empire, 1926-39, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 32: 3 (September 2004), 48-76.

Harper, Marjory, ‘A Century of Scottish emigration to New Zealand’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 29: 2 (July 2011), 220-39.

Holmes, Colin (ed.), Immigrants and Minorities in British Society (1978).

Holmes, Colin, John Bull’s Island. Immigration and British society, 1871-1971 (1988).

Immigrants and Minorities, 4: 2 (1985) special issue: ‘Race and Labour in Twentieth-Century Britain’.

MacRaild, Donald R., ‘Explorations in the comparative history of immigration’, review article in Immigrants and Minorities, 14: 1 (1995), 86-93.

Saunders, David, ‘Aliens in Britain and the Empire during the First World War’, Immigrants and Minorities, 4: 1 (1985), 5-27.

Smith, Mark M., ‘Windrushers and orbiters: towards an understanding of the “official mind” and colonial immigration to Britain 1945-51’, Immigrants and Minorities, 10: 3 (1991), 3-17.

Taylor, P.A.M., ‘Ethnic success: Boston’s Italians’, Immigrants and Minorities, 2: 1 (1983), 64-77.

Wyman, Mark, Round Trip to America: the immigrants return to Europe, 1880-1930 (1993).

Wyman, Mark, ‘Emigrants returning: the evolution of a tradition’ in Marjory Harper (ed.), Emigrant Homecomings. The Return Movement of Emigrants, 1600-2000 (2005), 16-31.

Websites www.ellisisland.org [Ellis Island Immigration Museum]

www.abdn.ac.uk/emigration [The Scottish Emigration Database]

www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/asian/journeys/journeys.htm

http://www.aemi.dk/home.php3 [The Association of European Migration Institutions]

http://www.qub.ac.uk/cms [The Mellon Centre for Migration Studies]

http://www.canadianwarbrides.com/ [Canadian war brides]

www.pier21.ca/ [Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21]

5. Science, medicine and technology

Race and medicine

George J. Annas and Michael A. Grodin (eds.), The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code (1992)

Susan Bachrach and Dieter Kuntz (eds.), Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race (2004).

Edwin R. Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race (2004).

Michael Burleigh, Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide (1997)

Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance: ‘Euthanasia’ in Germany c. 1900-1945 (1994)

Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 (1991)

Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (eds.), Medicine in the Twentieth Century (2000) (thematic essays and general background)

*John Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists: Science, War and the Devil’s Pact (2004). See especially: chapters 5, 6 (eugenics and race); chapters 10, 11 (medicine under Hitler).

Ute Deichmann, Biologists under Hitler (1996)

Götz et al., Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (1994)

M. A. Hasian, Jr, The Rhetoric of Eugenics in Anglo-American Thought (1996).

D. J. Kevles, ‘Eugenics in North America’, in Peel, R. A. (ed.), Essays in the History of Eugenics (1997).

Kristie Macrakis, Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (1994)

Robert Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (2000)

David Oldroyd, Darwinian Impacts (1983)

Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (1998)

Robert N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (1999)

Robert N. Proctor, ‘Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy’ at: http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp

Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker, Science, Technology and National Socialism (1994)

Ulf Schmidt, Hitler’s Doctor, Karl Brandt (2001)

Ulf Schmidt, Justice at Nuremberg: Leo Alexander and the Nazi doctors’ trial (2004)

Weiss, Sheila Faith., ‘The Race Hygiene Movement in Germany’, Osiris second series, 3 (1987): 193-236.

The following website gives some examples of ‘Medical experiments of the holocaust and Nazi medicine’: http://www.remember.org/educate/medexp.html

Nuremberg Physicians Trial 1946 is treated in: In the Shadow of the Reich: Nazi Medicine (1997) [Video, available on Amazon]

Big Science, War and ‘The Bomb’

*John Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists: Science, War and the Devil’s Pact (2004). See especially chapters 7, 8, 9, 22, 23, 24 (physics and ‘The Bomb’)

D. E. H. Edgerton, ‘Science and war’, in Olby et al. (eds.), Companion to the History of Modern Science (1990)

Michael Frayn, Copenhagen (1998). This play recreates the famous and controversial meetings said to have taken place between nuclear physicists Bohr and Heisenberg at various points during the Second World War. Was Heisenberg looking for ideas on making the ‘Nazi atom bomb’ – or was he trying to tell Bohr that such a project, under his control, would not receive sufficient support to make it viable? Frayn’s play explores the uncertainties surrounding these issues in a controversial intervention of literature into historical interpretation.

Jeff Hughes, The Manhattan Project: Big Science and the Atom Bomb (2003)

Jena Medawar and David Pyke, Hitler’s Gift: Scientists who fled Nazi Germany (2000).

Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986)

Paul Lawrence Rose, Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project: A Study in German Culture (1998).

Margit Szöllösi-Janze (ed.), Science in the Third Reich (2001)

M. Walker, ‘National Socialism and German Physics’, Journal of Contemporary History, 24 (1989): 63-89.

6. The collapse of the Soviet bloc

Stalinism

Conquest, R., The Great Terror: A Reassessment, revised edn (1990)

Davies, S. and Harris, J., Stalin: A New History (2005)

Fitzpatrick, S. (ed.), Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931 (1978)

Fitzpatrick, S., Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (1999)

Getty, J. Arch, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938 (1985)

Getty, J. Arch and Manning, Roberta T., Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (1993)

Gill, G., The Origins of the Stalinist Political System (1990)

Haigh, R.H. et al., Soviet Foreign Policy, the League of Nations, and Europe, 1917-1939 (1986)

Haslam, J., Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (2011)

Hoffmann, D.L. (ed.), Stalinism: The Essential Readings (2003)

McDermott, K and Agnew, J., The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin (1996)

McNeal, R., Stalin: Man and Ruler (1988)

Mawdsley, E., Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941-1945 (2005)

Merridale, C., Ivan’s War: The Red Army, 1939-1945 (2005)

Read, C. (ed.), The Stalin Years: A Reader (2003)

Service, R., Stalin (2004)

Tucker, R. (ed.), Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation (1977)

Ward, C., Stalin's Russia (1993)

Ward, C. (ed.), The Stalinist Dictatorship (1998)

After Stalin

Adelman, J.R and Palmieri, D.A., The Dynamics of Soviet Foreign Policy (1989)

Borhi, L., Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956: between the United States and the Soviet Union (2004)

Crampton, R.J., Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After (1997)

Dawisha, K., The Kremlin and the Prague Spring (1984)

Fejto, F., A History of the People’s Democracies: Eastern Europe since Stalin (1971)

Garton Ash, T., We the People: The Revoltion of ’89 witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague (1990)

Gori, Francesca and Pons, Silvio, The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943-53 (1996)

Haslam, J., Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (2011)

Holloway, D., Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956 (1994)

Kemp-Welch, A., Poland under Communism: A Cold War History (2008)

Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943 to 1956 (1995)

Kull, S., Burying Lenin: The Revolution in Soviet Ideology and Foreign Policy (1992)

Laird, Robbin F., The Soviet Union, the West, and the Nuclear Arms Race (1986)

Lewin, M., The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation (1988)

Major, P., The Workers’ and Peasants’ State: Communism and Society in East Germany under Ulbricht, 1945-1971 (2002)

McCauley, M. (ed.), Khrushchev and Khrushchevism (1987)

Miller, J., Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of Soviet Power (1993)

Nogee, J.L. and Donaldson, R.H., Soviet Foreign Policy since World War II (1984)

Pearson, R., The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire (1998)

Prazmowska, A., Poland: A Modern History (2010)

Roberts, G., Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953 (2008)

Saxonberg, S., The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland (2005)

Swain, G. and Swain, N., Eastern Europe since 1945 (1998)

Zubok, V. and Pleshakov, C., Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (1996)

ASSESSMENT

1 two-hour written examination (50%) Continuous assessment (50%), consisting of:

1 essay of c. 2500 words (40%) active and meaningful class participation (10%)

Resit: 1 two-hour written examination (100%)

Click to view the discipline specific Common Assessment Scale (CAS)

descriptors.

ESSAYS

The essay should be about 2,500 words, including footnotes/endnotes but excluding the required bibliography. Help with essay writing will be given through the tutorials. The main criteria for assessing the quality of your work are:

a critical, questioning approach. Did this really happen as the source states? Are interpretations given by historians acceptable?

degree of own contribution (composition and thinking) as opposed to reproduction;

clarity of argument, use of historical evidence, and appropriate organisation;

degree and clarity of how question is addressed and answered, and put into general context;

choice of literature;

appropriate use of specialist historical vocabulary, concepts etc.;

language and style

Note that up to 3 marks will be deducted for failure to include references

(footnotes or endnotes) and a separate bibliography at the end.

LIST OF ESSAY/EXERCISE TOPICS

A list of essay titles will be posted on the course website in week 4.

ASSESSMENT DEADLINES

The essay is due in week 8, by 12 noon on the Thursday.

SUBMISSION ARRANGEMENTS

The Department requires ONE hard and ONE electronic copy of all assignments, as follows: COPY 1: One hard copy together with an Assessment cover sheet, typed and

double spaced – this copy should only have your ID number CLEARLY written on the cover sheet, with NO name and NO signature – and should be delivered to the History Department [Drop-off boxes located in CB008, 50-52 College Bounds].

COPY 2: One copy submitted through Turnitin via MyAberdeen.

EXAMINATION

The examination will take place in the January diet and will last for two hours.

It will cover all areas of the course. It will have six questions, each of which will

offer a choice of two questions. In other words, each of the six core themes

discussed in the lectures will be addressed by two exam questions, but you

must not attempt more than one question per theme. You will have the

opportunity not only to demonstrate knowledge about a range of historical

topics, but also the fundamental skills of a historian, viz. critical analytical

assessment. Examinations will be marked accordingly: although we cannot as

historians argue without knowledge, it is the argument, backed up by

evidence, that counts.

Past exam papers, which had a different format but covered similar ground,

can be viewed at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/learning-and-teaching/for-

students/exam-papers/.

TUTORIAL PARTICIPATION

Details on tutorial participation and additional, non-assessed exercises will be

given by tutors.