Europe in the middle ages

Section 1: Peasants, Trade, and Cities

 

Population: doubled in England during the High Middle

Ages Led to a need for increased food production –

Climate change and ideal growing conditions. New improvements in farm technology: Heavier Plow:

-Cistercian Monks -Carruca

Horse Power More land:

- Cistercian Monks

The New Agriculture:

Three field crop rotation: Old 2 field system 800

Planted: Fall – grains (rye & wheat) harvested in the summer. Second field in the spring grains (oats & barley) and vegetables (peas & beans) harvested in the fall.

Result – increase in food and a healthier diet

The New Agriculture:

Feudalism: Landholding Nobles: - Military elite – need leisure time to pursue the

Art of War. Manors - Peasants – Serfs –legally tied to the land Serfs: - - Had to provide: Labor Services:

Working the Lords land Building barns, digging ditches and other

manual labor requested by the Lord

Manorial System:

Pay rents: A share of every product raised Paid the lord for the use of ……. Peasants also had to pay a tithe Subject to Lord’s control: Serfs:

Lords permission Lords: Political Authority

Manorial System:

Life was simple: Cottages Cycle of Labor: Labor based on the

cycle of the seasons Harvest time: August and September New Cycle:

October November February and March Early summer

The Peasant Household

Days off: Feast Days 3 great feast days:

1. Christmas 2.Easter 3. Pentecost 4. Other days contact with the village church - Priests

Peasant Women: Food and drink: - Diet

The Peasant Household

Growth of towns led to the revival of trade: Venice Towns of Flanders (coast of present day

Belgium and Northern France) Hanseatic League Fairs: - People come to the towns for religious activities Trade:

- gold and silver coins Money Economy Commercial Capitalism

The Revival of Trade

The Growth of the Cities Revival of trade = growth of the Cities:

More food-more people 1200 –Vince, Milan and Florence /Paris /London /Typical size

Old and New Cities Towns people not fitting into classic molds :

New Social Class Burgh Burghers Bourgeoisie.

Towns and the Lords authority of the Lords Rights

City Governments Patricians

City Life Women

The Growth of the Cities

Organizations: Guilds

Merchant Guilds (1st Guilds) Craft Guilds

Skilled Artisans Guild Functions: standards, Fixed prices, and Dues Training New Workers: - The Hall

apprentice Journeyman Masterpiece Master

 

Industries and Guilds

Section 2: Medieval Christianity

1. Papal States 2. Church 3. Monks will adopt stricter rules

- 910 – Monastery at Cluny – founded by the Duke of Aquitaine not for personal wealth and power

4. Reformers and Abuses - Reformers want to purify the church – remove king and

lord control -Rid the church of 3 Conditions:

1. End marriage of priests 2. Stop Simony 3. End Lay Investiture

The Papal Monarchy

Pope Gregory VII –carried out aims of the reform movement Lay Investiture

Henry German Bishops (all invested by him) Pope responds with his own letter to the Bishops and he excommunicates Henry

Showdown Pope vs. Emperor Key is who will the German Bishops side with? Henry wants forgiveness – Travels to Canossa (Small Italian Village in the

Alps) Solved nothing – Gregory dies in 1085 and Henry in 1106 1122 – City of Worms (Vawrms) Concordat of Worms

The Church Supreme Popes power over the kings Pope Innocent III

Excommunication Interdict

sacraments

The Age of Faith

Reform the Papacy

A new Activism Cistercians -1098 –group of monks were unhappy with the

lack of discipline at their own Benedictine Monastery. Women in Religious Orders

Hildegard of Bingen Franciscans and Dominicans Dominicans

Dominic de Guzman Franciscans St. Francis of Assisi

The Inquisition War against heresy Experts to find heretics and judge them 1225- Popes sent the experts throughout Europe to

find heretics

New Religious Order

The church was an important part of people’s lives The sacraments Saints Use of Relics Pilgrimage Others –Rome (remains of Peter and Paul), many site for Mary and in Spain, Santiago de Compostela.

Religion in the High Middle Ages

Section 3: Culture of the High Middle Ages

Architecture Churches rose in new style Church wealth 1000-1100 towns built massive churches Types of architecture:

Romanesque Huge doors Rounded arches Heavy roofs Thick Walls Rows of pillars Painted in bright colors

Architecture

Romanesque

Architecture

Gothic Suger (Soo-zhay) Abbot of the Monetary of

Saint Dunis (Sahn duh-nee) - his vision Goal 3 Keys to Gothic Architecture:

Pointed ribbed vaults Narrow bands of stone called ribs Stained glass windows

Flying Buttresses Pointed Arches

1163 –Paris – Tallest church in Christendom – Notre Dame – 114 feet tall

Architecture

Gothic

Architecture

Architecture

Architecture

Universities University – Group of scholars not the building they meet in 1100’s – Paris, France, Bologna, Italy, and Oxford, England Students middleclass families Goal of Education Degrees:

Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree At the start teachers could teach anywhere in Europe because

everyone spoke Latin Scholars rediscover Greek writings

Greek writings– Trade Greek translated into Latin

Universities

Pagans vs. The Church New teachings not based on the Bible but on reasoning – Leads to debates

Example: Aristotle Most important class at the University: Theology will be

influenced by Scholasticism Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek Philosophers

Thomas Aquinas Will link faith and reason – saw no conflict between the

two Summa Theologica Others:

John Duns Scotus William Ockham 1260’s – Pope Clement IV asked Roger Bacon to write an

encyclopedia , Opus Majus,

Universities

Vernacular Literature Latin was the universal language Used in church and schools Vernacular – the language of everyday speech

in a particular region – Spanish, French, English, or German

New market for vernacular literature Popular Vernacular Literature:

Troubadours poetry Chanson de Geste

Song of Roland

Vernacular Literature

Section 4: The Late Middle Ages

1300’s – Europe will face crop failures, disease, war and plague

Example: Barcelona Spain Why?

Famine Climate change –

1000-1300’s – Temps warmer than average

1300’s – Temps. Drop – “Little Ice Age”

The Late Middle Ages

Black Death Plague that struck Europe in the 1300’s 1347 – Genoese ship Condition:

High fever Black swellings around neck and joints Most died within a 24 hour period Doctors are helpless – didn’t know the cause Cause – flees on rats

Social and Economic Impact God had sent it as a punishment Extreme reactions;

Anti-Semitism – hostility toward Jews. Jews were blamed Germany

Lack of population meant that there were fewer workers Serfdom began to disappear and the Manor economy began to die out

England 1381 Also in France, Italy and Belgium Peasants did not win “Ideal Society”

Black Death

Black Death

Pope Boniface VIII King Philip IV

Unam Sanctum – Two powers – Temporal – Earthly and Spiritual –

Heavenly Kings must always obey the Pope!!!!!

King Philip IV In 1305 – Philip the Fair convinced the cardinals to

appoint a French pope – Clement V – Stated that there was too much violence in Rome

England, Germany, and Italy Babylonian Captivity Avignon

Decline of church Power:The popes of Avignon

Pope Gregory XI The College of Cardinals in Rome

Pope Urban VI – “keep the papacy in the city (Urban)” Robert of Geneva – Pope Clement VII Two popes – Both excommunicated the other

French – Avignon – Clement VII Italian – Rome – Urban VI

This division or split is known as the Great Schism Great Schism:

Support French – Avignon England, Germany, & Italy – Rome

Problems Political issues Damaged the church Church council will bring the Schism to an end in 1417

John Hus   

The Great Schism

War in short: Four stages: 1337 – 1360 – King Edward of England (Duke of Gascony and a vassal to the French

King) 1361- 1396 – French reconquer all of what the English had taken 1397 – 1420 – English invade again and took the Northern part of France 1421-1453 – French rallied; 1429 inspired by Joan of Arc; Forced the English out of

France except for Calais. New Weapons and Tactics Change Warfare: Crecy and Agincourt: King Henry V

Fighting for a Nation –State 1415 – Battle of Agincourt – 8, 000 English vs. 5,000 French

Joan of Arc: Joan of Arc – 17 – heard heavenly voices that told her she needed to get rid of the

English and reestablish the throne for Charles VI son, “Charles the Dauphin the King”

May 7, 1429 – Joan will lead the French army into battle Orleans and Joan led the charge Charles VII on July 17, 1429

Her demise Did the English no good

The Hundred Years War

The Hundred Years War

The new monarch will replace the feudal kings

New monarchs had 3 important sources of power: Control of Taxes Professional Army Professional officials

Political RecoveryNew Monarchies (1450 -1500)

France Charles VII (Joan of Arc)

Taxes – Taille – tax on land and Gabelle – tax on salt Louis XI

Charles son Spider King Solidified the King of France as a king with unlimited power

England War of the Roses

Splits England – 1455 – civil war Two branches of English Royalty claimed the crown

Duke of York – White Roses Duke of Lancaster – Red Roses

Disrupts the reign of 3 kings Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 Henry Tudor – Henry VII – Tudor Dynasty – 1485-1509

Justice of the Peace –Long tradition of local government Feudal Dues and “Tonnage and poundage” No wars – Peace – People loved it Parliament– nobles lose power Court of the Star Chamber

France & England

Spain Isabella and Ferdinand Spain –Re-conquest – By 1400 Muslims only held Granada a Kingdom Spain split into 5 – kingdoms – Granada – Muslim/ Portugal, Navarre, Castile, and

Aragon – Christian Castile and Aragon are the largest Castile – Isabella and Aragon – Ferdinand 1482- Conquer last Granada – 10 years 1492 No longer religious toleration – “One king, one law, one faith” Heresy – Jews and Muslims Spain united by 1516 – modern borders Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire) Germany divided Hapsburg Dynasty in Austria Eastern Europe

Poland – nobles elected their kings – weakened the monarchy Hungary – nobles lost power to a well-organized central administration Russia

Spain & Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire)