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EuropeEurope
History and Cultural History and Cultural GeographyGeography
CrusadesCrusades 1096-1291 (almost 200 yrs)1096-1291 (almost 200 yrs) Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076Muslims captured Jerusalem in 1076 Pope Urban II made a speech to a Pope Urban II made a speech to a
crowd in Clermont, France, calling for crowd in Clermont, France, calling for Christians to reclaim Jerusalem:Christians to reclaim Jerusalem: "Christians, hasten to help your "Christians, hasten to help your
brothers in the East, for they are brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be If you are killed your sins will be pardoned."pardoned."
RenaissanceRenaissance ““rebirth,” “to be born again”rebirth,” “to be born again” Renewed interest in learning based Renewed interest in learning based
on classical (Ancient Greek and on classical (Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman) sourcesAncient Roman) sources
Began in Florence, ItalyBegan in Florence, Italy Medici family = wealthy banking family Medici family = wealthy banking family
in Italyin Italy Medicis used money and influence to Medicis used money and influence to
promote art, science, and learning in promote art, science, and learning in Florence.Florence.
Leonardo di VinciLeonardo di Vinci
Vitruvian Man, circa 1487
Mona Lisa, 1503-1516
Right: View from the entrance to the Sistine Chapel (Part of the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City)
Left: The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 1502-1512
Sistine Chapel: Rome, ItalySistine Chapel: Rome, Italy
The Birth of Venus by Botticelli 1486
Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts Structures that Structures that
carry water for carry water for long distanceslong distances
Have to Have to maintain a maintain a certain slope certain slope for very long for very long distances to distances to workwork
ReformationReformation Beginning - 1517: Beginning - 1517: The Ninety-Five The Ninety-Five
Theses, Theses, criticized….criticized…. The PopeThe Pope Corruption in the clergyCorruption in the clergy Devotion to saintsDevotion to saints Indulgences (rewards forIndulgences (rewards for pious behavior, pious behavior,
good deeds)good deeds) Monasticism Monasticism
Ended in 1648 with the Treaty of Ended in 1648 with the Treaty of WestphaliaWestphalia
FeudalismFeudalism Political system in which powerful Political system in which powerful
lords (land owners) give plots of land lords (land owners) give plots of land in exchange for military servicein exchange for military service LordLord = land owner = land owner VassalVassal = person who enters into an = person who enters into an
agreement with the lord: (land and agreement with the lord: (land and protection from enemies) in exchange for protection from enemies) in exchange for military servicemilitary service
FiefFief = the plot of land granted to the = the plot of land granted to the vassal by the lordvassal by the lord
The HolocaustThe Holocaust Holocaust = “sacrifice by fire”Holocaust = “sacrifice by fire” 1933-1945 1933-1945 In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted
Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, and the disabled for Witnesses, Catholics, and the disabled for persecution. Anyone who resisted the persecution. Anyone who resisted the Nazis was sent to forced labor or Nazis was sent to forced labor or murdered. murdered.
Estimated the 11 million people (6 million Estimated the 11 million people (6 million Jews) were murdered during the HolocaustJews) were murdered during the Holocaust
Holocaust: Quick TimelineHolocaust: Quick Timeline 1933:1933: Nazis call for a boycott of Jewish Nazis call for a boycott of Jewish
businessesbusinesses 1935:1935: Nuremberg Laws (laws excluding Nuremberg Laws (laws excluding
Jews from public life)Jews from public life) Nov 9-10, 1938:Nov 9-10, 1938: KristallnachtKristallnacht (“Night of (“Night of
Broken Glass”), approximately 30,000 Broken Glass”), approximately 30,000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration Jews arrested and sent to concentration campscamps
1939:1939: Jews forced to wear yellow star of Jews forced to wear yellow star of David on their clothingDavid on their clothing
19411941: Jews forced to live in ghettos: Jews forced to live in ghettos Largest – Warsaw GhettoLargest – Warsaw Ghetto Nazis would order deportations from ghettos, Nazis would order deportations from ghettos,
loading Jews onto trains to go to campsloading Jews onto trains to go to camps
How could this happen?How could this happen?
“The Jew: The inciter of war, the prolonger of war."
Auschwitz: “Work Makes You Auschwitz: “Work Makes You Free”Free”
Berlin WallBerlin Wall