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CHAPTER 19
Europe Expands Overseas
“Imperialism”
What is imperialism?
The extension of power by one country over another country.
Why might a country want to exercise power over another?
Was imperialism good or bad?
For the countries with power? For the countries being dominated?
Extension of European Culture
Emigrant – departure
Immigrant – arrival
U.S. expands westward
Louisiana Purchase 1803800,000 square miles west of the Miss.
River.Almost doubled the size of the U.S.
U.S. expands westward
Southwestern U.S.Mexican-American War 1846-1848Gold in California 1849Alaska purchased 1867Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines
(conquest)
Another kind of expansion U.S. expanded in
number of people with suffrage
Universal manhood suffrage
Sectional Differences
North: urban, industrial, favored high tariffs, little slavery, desire to develop the west to open more markets
South: rural, agrarian, opposed to high tariffs, slavery, desire for west to allow slavery to balance representation in Congress
Period of compromise (1820-1850)
Industrial Expansion Causes of rapid
industrial expansion (North)Hardworking
American spiritAbundance of raw
materialsNew inventionsExpansion of
railroadsLarge labor force
(immigrants)
Isolation in Foreign Affairs Monroe Doctrine:
Once the Latin American nations had become independent from their “mother countries,” the European powers were not to be allowed to “recolonize” in the western hemisphere.
Isolation to Imperialism (U.S.)
Trade agreements Spanish-American
WarCuban independencePuerto Rico – a U.S.
possessionThe Philippines – a
U.S. possession until 1948.
Isolation to Imperialism (U.S.) Intervention in Dominican Republic Intervention in Haiti Intervention in Columbia/Panama Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. claims the
right to intervene in Latin American countries to “help” them get their affairs in order.
British Colonies granted independence Late 19th Century:
“The sun never sets on the British Empire.”
British Colonies granted independence Canada
Seven Years’ War – British took French territory
Quebec Act 1774 – British granted French Canadians the right to keep their language, law, customs, and Roman Catholic religion.
British North America Act 1867 – created a Canadian federation of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
British Colonies granted independence Australia
Captain James CookPenal colonyCheap land, gold,
wool industry1901 Commonwealth
of Australia formed
British Colonies granted independence New Zealand
Escaped convicts from penal colonies in Australia
Deserters from naval and merchant vessels
Maoris – Native New Zealanders
1907 New Zealand was allowed to govern itself.
British Colonies granted independence South Africa
Dutch colonists “Boers” South Africa taken by
Britain during the Napoleonic Wars
Boers flee and form Transvaal & Orange Free State
Diamonds Boer War (1899-1902):
Boers v. British Unite in 1910 as part of
British empire
Latin American independence Latin America
8 million square milesLarger than U.S. &
Canada combinedHomes of major
Amerindian civilizations
Spanish & Portuguese dominated
Latin American independence Why is it called “Latin” America?
Latin American independence Tightly controlled by rulers appointed by
the kings of Spain & Portugal Peninsulares – Spaniards born and
raised in Spain (arrogant rulers) Criollos – Spaniards born in the New
World (resentment) Mestizos – Those of mixed
Spanish/Indian blood (abused) Blacks – Of African ancestry (abused)
Latin American independence Triggers for revolt
Discontent with Spain & Portugal (political/economic)
Influence of Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau
Example of North American independence
Napoleonic Wars in Europe
Latin American independence Simon Bolivar – “The
Liberator” led the freedom movement in Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador
Jose de San Martin – helped liberate Chile and Peru with help of Argentina
Dom Pedro - Brazil
Pattern of independence in Latin America Gain independence Leaders fight among themselves Military leaders (caudillos) take power Dictatorship
Obstacles to self-government in Latin America Political Instability – little experience with
self-rule Monopoly of land and wealth by a few –
no strong middle class Power influence of Roman Catholic
Church – land and education, politics Racial disunity – whites, blacks, Indians,
mixed ancestry
Obstacles to self-government in Latin America
Squabbling among countries – border wars
Economic weakness – agricultural economies, little industry
European & U.S. interference in Latin American affairs – Mexico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Colombia, etc.
Extension of European Power
Question: In the 16th and 17th centuries, why did countries seek to gain colonies?
Answer: Mercantilist nations wanted colonies from which to gain natural resources and new markets so they could produce more products and sell them for gold.
What is imperialism?
The extension of power by one country over another country.
Imperialism led to fierce rivalries which would eventually lead to World War I.
Four Reasons for Imperialism 1. Expansion of industrialism -
demand for raw materials & new markets
2. Intense nationalism (1870-1914) 3. Humanitarianism – “share the fruit of
western culture,” arrogant 4. Spread of Christian missions
Imperialism in Asia
India Seven Years’ War –
India sided with France, British win.
British East India Company rules & dominates India.
Sepoy Mutiny – Native Indian troops working for the British East India Company revolt 1857.
British government takes control of Indian affairs.
India
British East India Company – not friendly toward missionaries
William Carey – “Father of Modern Missions”
The British East India Company didn’t want the Indians to get ideas about equality and liberty from the Christian teachings, so they tried to exclude them.
William Carey – Father of Modern Missions
Expect great things from God.Attempt great things for God.
Some Benefits of British Colonialism in India Improved sanitation & medical care Built roads & railroads Built factories Brought western thought & culture As a result, Indians began to desire self-
government.
Imperialism in China
Manchu Dynasty – closed China (except Canton) to foreigners
Britain wanted to trade. Opium Wars – British sell opium to
China in exchange for tea and silks; China resists.
Treaty of Nanking 1842 – British take Hong Kong and open some Chinese ports to trade.
Imperialism in China Extraterritoriality –
Westerners who break Chinese law are tried in western courts, not Chinese.
The proud and independent Chinese are NOT happy.
Imperialism in China Sino-Japanese War
1894-1895 - Japan takes land from China.
Boxer Rebellion – Chinese seek to rid themselves of western influences.Attack missionaries,
diplomats, businessmen.
Imperialism in China Hudson Taylor
China Inland MissionAdopt Chinese cultureSpeak ChineseDress ChineseReach Chinese with
the gospel
Imperialism in Japan Commodore
Matthew Perry, 1853 Demands Japan
open its ports under threat of assault by U.S. warships.
Gives the Japanese 6 months to respond to his ultimatum.
Tokugawa Shogun
Treaty of Kanagawa First treaty Japan
ever signed with a Western nation.
Meiji Period (1868-1912) Japan westernized & industrializes.
Western constitution
Japan expands Japan began to
compete with western nations for territory & influence in Asia.
War with China 1894-1895
War with Russia 1905-1905
Imperialism in SE Asia
Independent: Siam (Thailand) Dutch: DEI (Indonesia) France: Indochina (Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia) British: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma (See map page 506)
Imperialism in Africa
What were the three major African civilizations before 1500?MaliSonghaiGhana
Imperialism in Africa
From trading partners to subjects A mixture of exploitation and
humanitarian impulseSlave tradeChristian missions
Which European country began the slave trade by taking Africans to Europe?Portugal
When and where were slaves first used on a large scale?After Spaniards arrived in Latin AmericaSlaves were initially Indians.Then black slaves from AfricaBecame common in the New WorldTraders from many nations
Slave Trade
Most trading between 1700-1850 (80%) 9.5 million African slaves Most from west Africa Captured by enemy tribes & sold to
traders Sold to pay tribute Slave raids on villages
Slave Trade Triangular Trade
Molasses, Rum, Slaves
Branded¼ to ½ survived the
voyage
Missions
David Livingstone – African interiorPreached the gospelExplored Africa’s interiorWanted to end the slave tradeInspired many others to go to Africa as
missionaries
Missions
Mary SlessorCalabar, West AfricaSpread the gospelHelped stopped the custom of killing
newborn twinsTook the Gospel message to cannibal
villagesThirty-nine years of service
David Livingstone
Mary Slessor with children
Imperialism in Africa
Between 1880 and 1914, European powers raced for African territory.
By the beginning of WWII in 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent.
British Dominion
Britain – Suez Canal Took control of Egypt
Imperialism in Africa
Cecil John Rhodes – “the empire builder”
Advanced British interests in Africa Wanted British control of Africa from
“Cape to Cairo”Rhodesia (today Zambia & Zimbabwe)Rhodes Scholarship
Imperialism in Africa
France – controlled northern and much of western Africa
French Foreign Legion
Imperialism in Africa
Belgium – Congo, Central Africa Germany – German East Africa
(Tanzania)
Imperialism in the Balkans & Middle East Decline of Ottoman Empire Russia – control straits from Black Sea
to Mediterranean
Imperialism in the Balkans & Middle East Crimean War 1854-1856 Russia – Afghanistan & Persia to
Persian Gulf British intervene. Anglo-Russian Entente 1907 -- Divided
Persia into 3 zones, British influence remained in Afghanistan.
Russia – Manchuria (lost in Russo-Japanese War 1905)
Imperialism Bad or Good? Exploitation Greed Abused peoples Divided people
groups
Produced strife Looked down on
native cultures Created resentment
toward western nations
Imperialism Bad or Good? Road and railroads Democratic
government systems
Civil order Attitudes of social
and political equality Schools and
colleges Orphanages
Hospitals, medical clinics
Modernization Human rights Missionary efforts Written languages Bible translation