EUROPE AND CHRISTENDOM500-1300 CEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PszVWZNWVA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

The eastern half of the old Roman Empire = Byzantine Empire. Continued tradition of the RE until they will

be conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

Constantinople Form of Christianity known as Eastern

Orthodox

The western half of the old RE simply became Western Europe (Latin Christendom) Falling apart – roads, cities decayed Fragmented, decentralized Far more rural

Eastern Empire

Greece The Balkans Anatolia Syria Palestine Egypt Northeast Africa

Constantinople Emperor Constantine Ottoman Turks In 1453 a Turkish sultan brought a powerful army,

equipped with artillery purchased from the West, against the city, which fell after two months. By 1461, the Turks had conquered most of the Balkans, bringing Islamic power further into eastern Europe than ever before. Constantinople was responsible for the Balkan peninsula, the northern Middle East, the Mediterranean coast, and north Africa. Istanbul

Inherited Roman Infrastructure Roads & Bridges Imperial Institutions Access to Black Sea Stronger army, navy

Eastern Christendom

Byzantium Empire has no clear starting point – simply a continuation of the RE 330 CE Constantine established capital Far wealthier than West Sought to preserve the classical legacy of

the RE

Justinian

527-565 The Sleepless Emperor Intelligent & Strong Willed Excellent Education Ambitious Builder The BE reached its greatest extent under

Justinian Although for several centuries Latin was

the court language, Greek was the common tongue, and after Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, it became the official language.

The Work of Justinian

Law The Justinian Code-

systematizing the Roman legal code.-Helped to provide order and unite the empire.

Conquest- With the aid of a brilliant general, Belisarius, new gains were made in north Africa and Italy. The Byzantines hoped to restore north Africa to its role as grain producer for the Mediterranean world. His ambitions had weakened the empire in its own sphere. Persian forces attacked in the northern Middle East, while new Slavic groups, moving into the Balkans, pressed on another front. All of this caused health problems which contributed to his death in 565 C.E.

Church & StateEastern Orthodox Christianity

The Role of the Emperor Often intervened in Church Disputes Often called church conferences Appointed the Patriarchs Caesaropapism

The Authority of the Emperor Political, Military, Judicial Financial, Religious

The Emperor

The Appearance of the Emperor Heavily jeweled Crowns Magnificant Silk Robes

Dark Purple The Approach of the Emperor

Prostration Ceremonial Kisses

Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas

The end came in 1453 when the Turkic Ottoman Empire – “sword of Islam” finally took Constantinople.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity Theological issues about the Trinity and

the relationship of God and Jesus engaged all people – especially ordinary.

Division – Latin (Western) Christianity v. Orthodox (Eastern) Christianity Teaching of Jesus Bible Sacraments Patriarchs – bishops and priests Intolerance toward other religions

Replaced by awareness of difference, competition, and outright hostility that even a common fear of Islam couldn’t overcome.

Illustrates the political separation and rivalry between emerging kingdoms in Europe and BE

Difference in TheologyRift grew – 7th century on…

Nature of Trinity Source of Holy Spirit Original sin Relative importance of faith and reason Western priests shaved and after 1050 to

remain celibate. Eastern priests beards grow long and marry 1054 – both churches mutually

excommunicated each other = not true Christians.

The 11th Century: Differences Between The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

Eastern Orthodox (The Correct Belief)

Services are conducted in Greek or in the vernacular

Did not use Icons in their daily worship

The patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group

The 11th Century: Differences Between The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

The emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire

Priests are allowed to be married

Divorce is allowed under certain conditions

Maintained supremacy of the Father in the Trinity

The 11th Century: Differences Between The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

Roman Catholic (Universal Belief)

Services are conducted in Latin

The pope has authority over all other bishops

(Petrine Doctrine)

The pope claims authority over all rulers

The 11th Century: Differences Between The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

Priests may not marry

Divorce is not permitted

Believed in Icons

Veneration of the Saints

Accepted the view that the Holy Spirit combines

both the Father and The Son

Byzantium and the World

Close proximity with Persia – conflict weakened both of them which allowed Arab armies a foothold.

Greek fire BE power delayed for many centuries the

Islamic advance into southeastern Europe. Trade – gold coin (bezant), jewelry, gemstones,

silver silk Scientists, philosophers, theologians Spread religious culture into Balkans and Russia

Silk Road Revival

Revived Trade with China Silk and Porcelain

Trade with India: Spices Persia: Carpets: “Persian Rugs” Western Europe: wool Russia: timber, furs, honey, amber slaves

Western Christendom

Removed from trade routes Europe’s geography made political unity

difficult – 5 major peninsulas and 2 large islands.

Moderate climate, rainfall, fertile soils Agriculture could support growing

population

Western Europe 500-1000

RE collapse in 476 CE – German general Odoacer Symbolized weakness, decline, no

centralized rule Disease, warfare Urban and rural life diminished (at its height Rome = 1 million pop, by 10th

century = 10,000) Literacy lost ground

Germanic peoples (barbarians) emerged as the dominant peoples. However, still influenced by Roman culture and style Goths Visigoths - Spain Franks - France Lombards - Italy Angles - England Saxons - England

Charlemagne768-814

Wanted to re-create unity of the RE Occupied France, Belgium, the

Netherlands, and parts of Germany and Italy began to act like an imperial ruler

Christmas Day 800 CE crowned as a new Roman emperor by the pope

Otto I of Saxony – became known as HRE Indicate the appeal of the classical age…

Feudalism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV7CanyzhZg&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Fragmented, decentralized society Thousands of independent, self sufficient

landed estates Landowning lords, knights Slavery gave way to serfdom

Dark Ages = European Early Middle Ages the concept of a period of intellectual

darkness and economic regression that supposedly occurred in Europe following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

476-1000 CE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZrE1m

VcB2k&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Filling the vacuum left by the collapse of the RE, the Church (Roman Catholic) Wealthy Conversion of Europe’s pagan population Missionaries Churches built Christian holy day = Dec. 25 Jesus Bday

and Winter Solstice Blend of many elements

Change = 1000-1300

The West had been plagued with invasion after invasion: Muslim armies into Spain Magyar armies from the East Viking conquest from the North

By 1000, invasions had be halted **High Middle Ages***

High Middle Ages

Expansion and growth Europe’s population grew from 35 to 80

million by 1340. London – 40,000 Paris – 80,000 Venice – 150,000 (Constantinople – 400,000, Song Dynasty –

1 million, Tenochtitlan – 200,000)

Between 1000 and 1300 women’s role in society expanded = new opportunities Weaving, brewing, mid wifery, small scale

retailing, spinning and, you guessed it, prostitution…

By the 1400s such opportunities were declining.

Many turned to religious roles

“Medieval Expansion” of Western Christendom

Byzantine world was under pressure from three areas – west, Arab invasion, and Turkish conquest

Now the west was on the rise and the east in decline.

As trade networks grew, western economies grew – merchants, travelers, diplomats, and missionaries had more contact with the distant world of Asia.

By 13th and 14th centuries, western Europe had contact with India, China, and Mongolia

Expansiveness through CRUSADES A series of “holy wars” that captures the imagination of

Western Christendom for more than 4 centuries. Began in 1095

Undertaken as God’s command and authorized by the pope. Required participants to swear a vow and in return offered an indulgence, which removed the penalties for any confessed sins, as well as various material benefits.

The core of the Crusades is centered in religion – providing securities against mortal enemies threatening the spiritual health of all Christendom and all Christians.

Drew upon Christian piety and warrior values of the elite.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-niTeTY7pw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Most famous Crusades were aimed at taking Jerusalem back from Islamic control and returning them to Christendom.

1095, wave after wave of Crusaders from all walks of life and many countries flocked to the East

Demonstrated capacity for organization, finance, and transportation.

Also demonstrated considerable cruelty. Jerusalem – 1099

Slaughter of Muslim and Jews as the Crusaders made their way through the streets littered with corpses and ankle deep in blood.

Little lasting impact religiously However, interaction with the Islamic world has

very significant long term consequences – Constantinople was weakened by crusades which

left them vulnerable to the Turks in the coming years.

Stimulation for Asian goods Opened channels of trade, technology transfer, and

intellectual exchange The rift between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman

Catholicism deepened further and remains to this day a fundamental divide in Christianity.

Make sure to read pages 445-453… Catching up Pluralism Reason and faith