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Eukarya
• Eukarya includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells
• Examples:– plants– animals– fungi– algae– single-celled animal-like protozoa
Protists• Eukaryotic; but comprises its own Kingdom Protista
– Algae - aquatic, photosynthetic organisms– Diatoms– Dinoflagellates– Protozoans – Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, Ciliates
• Single and multi-cellular
Unicellular Algae• Green Algae
– Mostly freshwater and terrestrial– 10% of species are marine
• Brown Algae– Almost all species are marine– Sargassum (Sargasso seaweed)– Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)
• plants grow up to 300 ft• can grow 20”/day • form kelp beds or kelp forests• Harvested for Algin (used in cosmetics and ice cream).
• Red Algae– Agar and carrageenan: gelling and thickening agents
Diatoms• Extremely diverse and distinct
members of marine phytoplankton– Unicellular
• Diatom structure– Enclosed in a box-shaped
organic cell wall with silica (SiO2), called a frustule
– Holes in cell wall allow cholorplast to capture light and dissolved gases to enter.
Dinoflagellates– Unicellular protists with 2 flagella (used for motility) – Globular, plated outer “shell” that is made of cellulose– Photosynthetic, but also can absorb nutrients – Most are planktonic (primary producers)– Can be bioluminescent – Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico (pg. 97)
• Red tides – produce toxin in water when in Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
Amoeboid Protozoans• Unicellular Protists• All have an organelle called a pseudopod—an extension of the
cell surface that can change shape and is used for locomotion and food capture
• Are heterotrophs consuming bacteria and other small organisms
Amoeboid Protozoans• Foraminiferans (forams)– have branched pseudopods that form elaborate,
net-like structures used to: • snare prey• crawl• reduce sinking rate (pelagic)
– consume bacteria and diatoms– some harbor symbiotic green and red algae and
zooxanthellae– Have shell (test) made from CaCO3
– Bottom of the ocean (benthic)
Radiolarians• Unicellular protists • Planktonic (primary producers)• Shells make of silica (glass)• Contains a needle-like pseudopodia• Dead remains cover large portions of the
ocean bottom as radiolarian ooze.
Ciliates• Ciliates– protozoans that have cilia (hair-like growths) for
locomotion and for gathering food• membranelles—tufts or long rows of fused adjacent cilia• Heterotrophs – cytostome—an organelle serving as a
permanent site for phagocytosis of food– planktonic major links in marine food chains– form symbiotic and parasitic relationships– Paramecium
Fungi• General features of fungi– eukaryotes with cell walls of chitin– filamentous fungi grow into long, multi-cellular
filaments called hyphae that can branch to produce a tangled mass called a mycelium
– Important to marine ecosystems as heterotrophic decomposers that recycle organic material
Maritime Lichens
• Lichens: mutualistic associations between a fungus and an alga– fungi are usually ascomycotes– algae are usually green or blue-green bacteria
• The fungus provides attachment, general structure, minerals, moisture
• The alga produces organic matter through photosynthesis
Marine Viruses• Viruses are diverse and are more abundant than
any other organism in the sea• Have significance for marine food webs,
population biology and diseases of marine organisms
• Viruses of marine eukaryotic hosts first reported in the 1970s
Biodiversity and Distribution of Marine Viruses
• 10 times more abundant than marine prokaryotes, may reach 1010 virons per liter of seawater, 1013 per kilogram of sediment
• Estimated 100 to 10,000 genotypes• Most planktonic viruses are icosahdral or binal
bacteriophages (“bacteria eaters”) with lytic life cycles
• Sediment viruses are typically helical and lysogenic
Marine Microbes
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TmHlcMDIOQ