ETSI – TS 103 199 – Life Cycle Assessment of ICT Dr. Anders S.G. Andrae

ETSI – TS 103 199 – Life Cycle Assessment of ICT

Dr. Anders S.G. Andrae

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT equipment, networks and services: General methodology and common requirements

© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI

3

Introduction – Problems addressed

ISO 14040, ISO 14044 and the ILCD Handbook are recognized as normative LCA knowledge documents for “any” applicationBased on the ISO standards, numerous LCA results for ICT with different quality and inconsistent result presentations have been provided – EU requirement on improvementStandardization of LCA of ICT IS DEFINATELY NEEDED!ETSI has responded to the gapWork started in 2008-2009 and will finish in 2011The ETSI standard for ICT LCA is intended to be more specific than ISO 14040/ISO 14044, but less specific than, e.g., Japanese Product Category Rules for, e.g., notebooks


4

Features of the new ETSI LCA standard

Based on ISO 14040, ISO 14044 and the ILCD HandbookLifetimes – DefinedFunctional units (f.u.) – Basic f.u. defined System boundaries – Life Cycle Stages and Unit Processes Identified and Classified as Mandatory or Optional -The level of detail is relativelely high good guidance for usersRules for Cut–off if they cannot be avoidedData quality evalution – Qualitative requirements defined for all life cycle stages and unit processesAllocation methods – Specified. E.g., 50/50 allocation prefereed between Raw Matr. Aquisition and Metal recycling.Detailed reporting instructions (diagrams, tables) ...will help, e.g., 3rd party reviewers


5

General requirements - Life cycle stages

• A. Equipment Raw material acquisition which is composed by• Raw material extraction (A1)• Raw material processing (A2)

• B. Production which is composed by• ICT Equipment production (B1)• Support Equipment production (B2)

• C. Use which is composed by• ICT Equipment Use (C1)• Support Equipment Use (C2)• Operator activities (C3)• Service Provider Activities (C4)

• D. Equipment End of Life Treatment• Re–use (D1)• ICT specific EoLT (D2)• Other EoLT (D3)


7 categories of Re-occuring GenericUnit Processes, e.g.,

Transportation, Energysupply

7 categories of Re-occuring GenericUnit Processes, e.g.,

Transportation, Energysupply

6

General requirements - Lifetime

Lifetime is (always) critical for the interpretation of the results of (ICT) LCAs

Operating lifetime: The duration of the actual use period (consisting of both active and non–active periods) for the first user. Storage time is not included in operating lifetime.

Operating lifetime shall always be reported and be based on available information on actual product use.


7

Goal&Scope Definition - Intro

Any ICT Equipment which can be part of a Network delivering voice and/or data lies within the scope of the ETSI LCA standard.


8

Goal&Scope Definition – Functional Unit

The number of users/subscribers supported shall be specified and the traffic profile shall be considered where applicable.

MANDATORY BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNITS

Annual ICT Equipment use (per one year of ICT Equipment use) or Total ICT Equipment use per lifetime of ICT Equipment.

Annual Network use

Annual Service use.


9

Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries


System boundary

A: EQUIPMENT RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITIONA1. Raw material extractionA2. Raw material processing

G1. TRANSPORTS&TRAVEL

B: PRODUCTIONB1. ICT Equipment productionB1.1 Parts productionB1.2 Assembly

B1.3 ICT manufacturer support activities

B2. Support Equipment productionB2.1 Support Equipment manufacturingB2.2 Site construction

C: USEC1. ICT Equipment useC2. Support Equipment useC3. Operator activitiesC4. Service provider activities

D: EQUIPMENT END-OF-LIFE TREATMENTD1. Re–use of ICT Equipment D2. ICT specific EoLTD2.1 Disassembly/Dismantling/ShreddingD2.2 RecyclingD3. Other EoLT

G2. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

G3. FUEL SUPPLY

G4. OTHER ENERGY SUPPLY

G5. RAW MATERIAL AQUISTIONG5.1. Raw material extractionG5.2. Raw material processing

G6. END-OF-LIFE TREATMENTG6.1 EHW treatmentG6.2 Other waste treatment

G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING

10

Goal&Scope Definition – System BoundariesClassification “Table 1” within your product system


Tag Life cycle stage Unit process Class

ICT Equipment Network Service

A Equipment Raw Material Acquisition

A1 Raw material

extraction

Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory

A2 Raw material

processing


B Production

B1 ICT equipment production

B1.1 Parts production

(for further details

refer to Annex N1)


B1.2 Assembly Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory

B1.3 ICT vendor

activities

Optional Optional Optional

B2 Support equipment production

B2.1 Support

Equipment

manufacturing*

Optional (Mandatory if

Support Equipment is

included in the Scope)

Mandatory Mandatory i

B2.2 Site construction Optional Mandatory Mandatory

11

Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries


C Use

C1 ICT

equipment

use


C2 Support

equipment

use

Optional

(Mandatory if

Support Equipment

is included in the

Scope)

Mandatory Mandatory

C3 Operator

activities*

Optional Mandatory Mandatory

C4 Service

provider

activities

Not applicable Optional Mandatory

D Equipment End of Life Treatment

D1 Re–use of

ICT

Equipment


D2 ICT

specific

EoLT


D2.1 Storage/Disassembly/Dismantling/

Shredding


D2.2 Recycling Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory

D3 Other

EoLT


12

Goal&Scope Definition – Support activities

• The term Support activities refers to, e.g., offices including ICT use for marketing, sales and R&D, and also to business travel, commuting and service vehicles.

• Support activities are optional to include but should be included where possible.

• The extent in which Support activities and other Optional activities are included for different parts of the life cycle shall be clearly described in the study report.


13

Goal&Scope Definition – Raw Material Acquisition


System boundary

A1. Raw material extraction

A2. Raw material processing

B. PRODUCTION


14

Goal&Scope Definition – Production


15

Goal&Scope Definition – Use


System boundary

C3. Operator activities

D. EoLT

B.PRODUCTION

C2. Support Equipment Use

C1. ICT Equipment use

C4. Service provider activities

16

Goal&Scope Definition – End-of-Life


System boundary

D3. Other EoLT

C. USE

D1 Re–use of ICT Equipment

D2 ICT specific EoLTD2.1 Storage/Disassembly/Dismantling/ShreddingD2.2 RecyclingD2.2.1 Battery recyclingICT specific metal/mechanical parts/fractions EoLTD2.2.2 PCBA recyclingD2.2.3 Cable recyclingD2.2.4 Mechanics recyclingD2.2.5 Other ICT recycling


17

Goal&Scope Definition – Networks System Boundaries


• For the Network under study applicable types of nodes and infrastructure, as well as amounts of these, shall be defined.

• Functional Block diagrams (HW and SW) essential for showing study scope

• The impact from software development shall be included.

• The Network shall be defined in terms of ICT equipment, Support Equipment and infrastructure.

• Operator activities (mainly installation, maintenance and de-installation) shall always be included

18

Goal&Scope Definition – Services System Boundaries


• In order to calculate the impact of a Service, it is necessary to first assess the Network

• Most often (i.e., in a multi–service situation) an allocation of an appropriate amount of the Network impact to the Service under study is needed

• Service software development, Service use of consumables, Service sales and logistics infrastructure, Service associated travels and transports

• Data centers are key

• Service provider activities • Positive and negative impacts

19

Goal&Scope Definition – Cut-off rules


• Cut–offs shall be avoided as far as possible!• Table 1 constitute a significant share for typical

product systems in ICT LCAs • The intention is that all Mandatory life cycle

stages/unit processes of Table 1 shall be included• Model unavailable data based on known data• Mandatory to:a) motivate clearly eventual cut–offs of mandatory life

cycle stages/unit processes from Table 1 b) describe clearly the cut–off criteria used within a

study c) consider unit processes/flows that have been cut–off

for the sensitivity analysis.

20

Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements


• Generic data: Data from any relevant data source which need not be specific for ICT applications and processes. Generic data is always secondary.

• Specific data: Data emerging from, in this case, ICT specific applications and processes. This data could be either primary or secondary.

• Primary data: Data collected/estimated/measured by a researcher, specifically for the LCA project; for example, pilot studies or customer or producer surveys.

• Secondary data: Data that has been collected for another purpose, but can be analyzed again in a subsequent study; for example, LCA estimates by academia, government, or industry organizations.

21

Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements onTable 1


Tag Life cycle stage Unit process Type of data

Equipment Network Service


A1 Raw material

extraction

Generic data Generic data Generic data

A2 Raw material

processing

Generic data Generic data Generic data

B Production

B1 ICT equipment production

B1.1 Parts production (for

further details refer to

Annex M2)

Specific data Specific data Specific data

B1.2 Assembly Specific data Specific data Specific data

B1.3 ICT vendor activities Specific data Specific data Specific data

B2 Support equipment production

B2.1 Support Equipment

manufacturing

Specific data:

Amounts etc

Generic data:

processes

Specific

data::

Amounts etc

Generic data:

processes

Specific

data::

Amounts etc

Generic data:

processes

B2.2 Site construction Specific data:

Amounts etc

Generic data:

processes

Specific

data::

Amounts etc

Generic data:

processes

Specific

data::

Amounts etc

Generic data:

processes

22

Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements on Table 1 cont


C Use

C1 ICT equipment use Specific data Specific

data

Specific

data

C2 Support equipment

use

Specific data Specific

data

Specific

data

C3 Operator activities Specific data Specific

data

Specific

data

C4 Service provider

activities

Not

applicable

Specific

data

Specific

data

D Equipment End of Life Treatment

D1 Re–use of ICT

Equipment


data

Specific

data

D2 ICT specific EoLT Specific data Specific

data

Specific

data

D2.1 Disassembly/Dismantling/

Shredding


data

Specific

data

D2.2 Recycling Specific data Specific

data

Specific

data

D3 Other EoLT Generic

data

Generic

data

Generic

data

23

Life Cycle Inventory – Data collection


• The LCA practitioner shall report for which processes transports/energy supplies have been added separately and for which they are “hidden”.

• For many products (especially end–user equipment), periods of idling and power off are important to model the usage profile and shall be considered.

24

Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules


• Generic processes (G1–G7) shall be allocated as a whole to the life cycle stage in which they are used

• Support activities…• Facilities…• Transports shall be allocated based on chargeable

weight• Recycling: The 50/50 method shall be used to allocate

use of recycled Raw Material between A1-A2 and D.• If used LCI data (e.g., for gold production) do not

reveal the scrap% of metal, the 100/0 method is allowed. No metal recycling in EoLT allowed with 100/0.

25

Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules – 50/50


26

Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules – 100/0


27

Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for Equipment data to Networks


• End–user equipment (e.g., PCs, smart phones) which is accessing more than one Network (e.g. 3G, WLAN) shall be allocated to these Networks based on use time

• Impact from shared Network resources (e.g., transmission equipment, core nodes and data centers) shall be allocated to an access network based on data traffic

28

Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for Network data to Services


• Data for End–users– and home/CPE equipment: • to be allocated based on active use time of the

Service• Data for transport equipment:

• to be allocated based on data traffic• The data center(s), where the Service is operated, as well

as the Service provider activities shall be allocated based on number of subscriptions and Service users

29

Life Cycle Impact Assessment


The baseline model of 100 years of the IPCC (GWP100) LCIA method is mandatory (shall) as mid–point impact assessment indicator for climate change.

For other mid-points Impact Assessment Categories than Climate Change and Ozone Depletion there are several Category indicators developed. If these mid–points are included in the study scope the ILCD Handbook shall be followed as close as possible.

Also for best End-point assessment practise the ILCD Handbook for LCIA shall be consulted.

30

Life Cycle Interpretation - how robust are the results and conclusions?


The challenge of the completeness check is to overcome the paradox of evaluating the degree of completeness of the product system when not knowing 100% of it.

If two or more ICT Equipment, Networks or Services LCA results do not differ significantly there is a risk of erroneous interpretations.

The significance is determined for instance by magnitude in difference, modeling assumptions, and LCA software program calculation algorithm.

31

Comparative LCA between ICT and business as usual (BAU) systems - reduction potential


LCAs with the same goal&scope, system boundaries and functional unit need to be performed for both the ICT Service and the BAU Service it replaces

Especially as identical as possible system boundaries for the Raw Material Acquisition and Production Phases.

For the BAU Service the associated environmental impacts shall be estimated according to travel and infrastructure first order effects. The first order effects are those directly attributable to the Services. The reduction potential is the second order effect. Rebound effects are outside the scope.

32

Comparative LCA between ICT and business as usual (BAU) systems - Example


Travel Paper usage Buildings PCs Data centers

BAU Service 30,000 200 0 0 0

ICT Service 15,000 100 0 200 200

Reduction potential = ICT Service – BAU Service

15,000–30,000 = –15,000 tons/year

–100 tons/year

0 tons/year +200 tons/year

+200 tons/year

TOTAL reduction potential

–14,700 tons/year

33

Reporting


Common ways of reporting increase transparency and a proper basis for interpretation of results.

The following shall be transparently reported and motivated:

• Operating lifetime• Cut–off• Allocations• Data sources

34

Reporting – ICT Equipment


Raw materialacquisition*

Production* Use EoLT*

kg CO2e / year (20##)

This kind of results cannot be compared between studies unless equal assumption and modelling applies, e.g. the resulting values are very sensitive to operating life time assumptions

*) The life cycle stage has been divided by life time to produce a yearly figure

Total result: <X kg CO2e/year>Study year: <20##>Operating life time: < # years>

Production:Assembly location:< Global average>Transports <Included>Support activities <Included>

Use:Use location: < Global average>Transports: <Included>Support activities <Included>

Infrastructure: <included/excluded>

35

Reporting – ICT Equipment


-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Raw materialsacquisitions

Production Use EoLT

Other EoLT

ICT specific EoLT

Support equipment use

ICT equipment use

Operator activities

Transports

Site construction

Support equipment production

ICT vendor activities

Assembly

ICT equipment parts production

Raw materials processing

Raw materials extraction

kg CO2e / year

This kind of results cannot be compared between studies unless equal assumption and modelling applies, e.g. the resulting values are very sensitive to operating life time assumptions

36

Reporting – Networks


0

10

20

30

40

50

End-userequipment

Homeequipment

Accessnetwork

C&Cnetwork

Operatoractivities

Datatransport

Datacenter(s)

Serviceprovider(s)

kg CO2e / year

Operation (electricity)

Operation (other energy / fuels)

Raw materials acquisition, production and EoLT

Operation (electricity)

Operation (other energy / fuels)

Raw materials acquisition, production and EoLT

Total result: <X kg CO2e/year>Study year: <20##>

37

Reporting – Networks


0

10

20

30

40

50

End-userequipment

Homeequipment

Accessnetwork

C&Cnetwork

Operatoractivities

Datatransport

Datacenter(s)

Serviceprovider(s)

kg CO2e / year

Service (all life cycle stages)

Specific to the service LCA

Total service result: <X kg CO2e/year>Study year: <20##>

38

Reporting – ICT Equipment, Network and Service


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

...

EUP [PO4(3-)e]

POCP [C2H4e]

ACP [SO2e]

ODP [CFC-11e]

GWP [CO2e] Raw materials acquisition and EoLT*

Production

Use

39

Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA of ICT equipment.


Part Mandatory set of

Part categories

Part unit processes

(for each Part

category)

Product

flow unit

Important issues

which influence

LCI data

B1.1.1 Batteries Lead batteries

Lithium batteries

Nickel—Cadmium

batteries

Raw Material

Acquisition,

Battery cell assembly,

Battery module

assembly

Piece,

energy

content,

mass

Size

B1.1.2 Cables Coaxial cables

Fiber cables

Power cables

Network/signal cables

Connectors

Raw Material

Acquisition,

Cable final assembly

(one unit process per

part category*)

Piece, mass Length

B1.1.3

Electro—mechanics

Connectors

Electric motors

Speakers

Microphones

Camera objectives

Hard Disc Drives

Lighting (lamps)

Raw Material

Acquisition,

Part final assembly

(one unit process per

part category*)

Piece, mass

40

Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA of ICT equipment - ICs


B1.1.4

Integrated

circuits (ICs)

Processors,

DSPs

ASICs

Memories

Microprocessors

Transistors and

diodes

Front–end:

Special IC

materials

production,

Wafer

production,

Chip production

(“the wafer

fab”)

Back–end: IC

encapsulation

Piece, front–end: good die area [cm2],

back–end: piece package type

Example1: A BGA289 package. Good

die area 0.166 cm2. Environmental Load

per BGA289 = ELU/good die area in

cm2 × 0.166 + ELU/piece BGA package

type back-end process

Example2: A “stacked chip” package.

Total Good die area 12 cm2.

Environmental Load (ELU) per “stacked

chip” package = ELU/good die area in

cm2 × 12 + ELU/piece “stacked chip”

package type back-end process

Transistors and diodes: Piece, mass

Yield in

chip

production

Business

activities

Factory and

machinery

41

Reporting - Reporting format for included life cycle stages, activities and generic processes


Ta

g

Life

cycle

stage

Unit

proces

s

Include

d

(Yes/N

o)

Electricity mix

(specific/country/w

orld average

Support

activitie

s

include

d

(Yes/N

o)

Transpo

rt

activitie

s

include

d

(Yes/N

o)

Other

generic

activitie

s

include

d

(Yes/N

o)

Motivation/Comm

ent


A1 Raw

material

extractio

n

A2 Raw

material

processi

ng

42

Reporting - Reporting format for raw materials


Total

input

(g,kg,

ton)

Recycled

input

(%)

Content

in

product

(%)

Recycling

of total

input*

(%)

Reference

Iron/Steel alloys

Aluminum alloys

Copper alloys

Silver

Gold

Equipment Raw materials (optional)

Raw material 1

Raw material …

Raw material n

Auxiliary Raw Materials(production materials etc.) (optional)

Auxiliary material 1

Auxiliary material …

Auxiliary material n

Packaging materials(optional)

Packaging material 1

Packaging material …

Packaging material n

43

Reporting - Reporting format for Parts production


Part

categories included

Part Unit

processes included

Handling of

special issues

B1.1.1 Batteries

B1.1.2 Cables

B1.1.3

Electro–mechanics

B1.1.4 Integrated circuits

(ICs)

B1.1.5 Mechanics /

materials

B1.1.6 Displays

B1.1.7 Printed circuit

boards

(PCBs)

B1.1.8 Other PBA

components

B1.1.9 Packaging

materials

B1.1.10 Black box

modules

[email protected]

© 2011 – Proprietary Information of ETSI44

Documents

ETSI – TS 103 199 – Life Cycle Assessment of ICT Dr. Anders S.G. Andrae