Etruscan Heritage Etruscan Heritage and theand the

Rise of the Roman Rise of the Roman RepublicRepublic

Moving WestIn the Mediterranean World

Etruscan Heritage and the Rise of Rome

I.I. Trade and the Rise of Trade and the Rise of the Western the Western Mediterranean WorldMediterranean World

II. The EtruscansII. The Etruscans– GeographyGeography– GovernmentGovernment– Society and CultureSociety and Culture

III. Roman SocietyIII. Roman Society– LegendsLegends– Family, Society, Family, Society,

ReligionReligion– Government Government

Development and Development and StructureStructure

Terms to be familiar with: •Etruria, Latium •Pietas, manus, paterfamilias, materfamilias, patrimonial, imperium, ancestor cult•Patrician, plebeian, nobiles, clientage •manumission, latifundia, & coloni.•Senate, Centuriate Assembly, Roman constitution, Consuls, Censors, Dictators, Struggle of the Orders, Twelve Tables

Trade and the Mediterranean World

6th Century BC

TradeTrade

Amphorae to transport wine

Trade inMinerals: silver, copper & tinPotteryPerfumesSpicesWine Oil and OlivesWheat

Map of Map of Ancient ItalyAncient Italy

To EtruriaTo Etruria

The Importance of TradeIts Impact on Culture and Society

Etrurian Government and Etrurian Government and SocietySociety

EtruscansEtruscansThe ImportanceOf Death

Barrows of Necropolis at Caere

Etruscan tomb interiors

Fresco from an Etruscan Tomb

The FuneralBanquet

Women in Etruscan SocietyWomen in Etruscan Society

Sculpture of Etruscan Woman

More Freedom than Greek Society• Not segregated from public• Evidence of matrilinealism

Italy

Places to be familiarWith: EtruriaApennine MountainsArno RiverTiber RiverLatiumRomeSicilyCarthage

Rise of Rome

The Early RomansThe Early Romans– LegendsLegends– Family and Society Family and Society – GovernmentGovernment

•Important terms: •Pietas, manus, paterfamilias, materfamilias, patrimonial, imperium, ancestor cult

•Patrician, plebeian, nobiles, clientage

•Manumission, latifundia, & coloni.

The Legend of RomeThe Legend of Rome

Romulus and Remus

Aeneas flees the sack of Troy Aeneas flees the sack of Troy carrying his father Anchises on his carrying his father Anchises on his

backback

Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii (1784)

Rise of RepublicRise of Republic

Mid 8Mid 8thth century BC- 509 BC: Rome Ruled century BC- 509 BC: Rome Ruled by Monarchyby Monarchy

509 BC 509 BC – Raids of Celts on Italy lead to expulsion Raids of Celts on Italy lead to expulsion

of kings and founding of Roman of kings and founding of Roman Republic.Republic.

– Rome distances itself from EtruriaRome distances itself from Etruria 392 BC- Fall of Etruria to Rome392 BC- Fall of Etruria to Rome

Family and Society in Rome

Social Organization– Tribe– Clan– Family

Paterfamilias: Father held absolute power imperium, patria potestas and manus

Materfamilias: Mother’s influence in household

Naming conventions– For males– For females

Rome as a Patrilineal Society

Naming your son:

Name of Individual:Gaius, GnaeusMarcus, Lucius, Titus, Publius, Marcus

Name of the Clan:JuliusLiciniusCornelius

Name of the Family:CaesarCrassusScipio

Your Son’s Name: Gaius Julius CaesarMarcus Licinius CrassusPublius Cornelius Scipio

Naming your daughter:

Name of Clan: Julius Name of daughter: Julia Second daughter: Julia

secunda

Family and Society in Rome

Social Hierarchy

Sculpted tomb of a family of ex-slaves[Note man holding tablets, pigeon, wife’s hairstyle. All indicate that family was both literate and stylish.]

Patricians: Landowning Elite

Plebeians: Commoner– Not necessarily poor

Nobiles: By 3rd Cent. BC, elite of Patrician & Plebian

Slaves: At least 1/3 of pop.– Household vs.Agricultural

Work latifundia: “broad fields” manumission: from manus Coloni: Tenant Farmers

– Serflike- tied to the land (bonded)

Ancestor CultAncestor Cult

Role of Pietas: “I sought to equal the deeds of my father”Role of Ancestor Cult, Wax Masks, Marble Busts, and Funeral Rituals

Virtues of Tradition and Respect

Dimensions of Family and Virtue

Marcus Porcius Cato (b. 234 BC) and his wife

Family Politics and MarriageFamily Politics and Marriage

Women move from protection of fathers to protection of husbands (per manus)

Usually with wealth came independenceFathers can act as agents to protect assets/dowry

Example: Tullia (daughter of Marcus Tullius Cicero)

Betrothed at 12, married at 16, widowed at 22Example: Cornelia (aristocratic woman)

Widowed/ intellectual/ bore 12 children3 children lived (2 boys and 1 girl)Sons: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus