Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maden (Elazig-Turkey)

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 469– 486

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

journa l h o me page: www.elsev ier .com/ locate / je thpharm

thnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maden (Elazig-Turkey)

gur Cakilcioglua,∗, Selima Khatunb, Ismail Turkogluc, Sukru Haytad

Elazig Directorate of National Education, Cumhuriyet Mah. Malatya Cad. No: 50, Elazig 23119, TurkeyUGC Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, IndiaDepartment of Biology, Firat University, Elazig 23100, TurkeyDepartment of Biology, Bitlis University, Bitlis 13000, Turkey

r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 10 March 2011eceived in revised form 27 May 2011ccepted 30 May 2011vailable online 15 June 2011

eywords:thnobotanyedicinal plants

raditional medicineraditional usesICVaden

urkey

a b s t r a c t

Aim of the study: This study aimed to identify wild plants collected for medical purposes by the localpeople of Maden County, located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and to establish the uses andlocal names of these plants.Materials and methods: Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 years (2008–2010).During this period, 131 vascular plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics of par-ticipants, local plant names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were investigated andrecorded. In the scope of the study, the plant species were collected; herbarium materials were prepared;and the specimens were entitled. The Zazas are of the major ethnic group in the region. In addition,the relative importance value of the species was determined and informant consensus factor (FIC) wascalculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.Results: A total of 88 medical plants belonging to 41 families were identified in the region. 4 plants outof 88 were recorded to be used for curative purposes for the first time. It was determined that the localnames of four different kinds of plants used in Maden were same as the different kinds of plants usedin different regions. The most encountered medicinal plant families were Urticaceae (>21%), Rosaceaeand Lamiaceae (>17% of use-reports), Asteraceae (>13%), Fabaceae (>8%), Brassicaceae (>7%), Poaceae(>4%); the most common preparations were decoction and infusion. Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata,Rosa canina L. and Urtica dioica L. was the plants most used by the local people. Anthemis wiedemannianaFisch. and Mey., Bunium paucifolium DC. var. brevipes (Freyn & Sint.) Hedge & Lam., Tchihatchewia isatideaBoiss., Thymus haussknechtii Velen. were found to be the endemic plants used for medical purposes inMaden, Turkey. The medicinal uses of Bunium paucifolium DC. var. brevipes (Freyn & Sint.) Hedge & Lam.,Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. caucasica Roussi, Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss., Ixiolirion tataricum (Pallas)Herbert subsp. montanum (Labill.) Takht. were recorded for the first time.Conclusion: Herbal treatment has become a tradition for the residents of the study region. These plants,which are used in the treatment of many diseases. Comparison of the data obtained in this study from theplants growing in Maden with the experimental data obtained in the previous laboratory studies provedmost of the ethnobotanical usages. Literature review showed that curative plants of Maden are used indifferent parts of the world in the treatment of the same or similar diseases. If a plant is used to treatthe same disease in different places across the world then its pharmacologic effect could be accepted. Itwould be beneficial to conduct pharmacologic studies on such plants. These plants, used in the treatment
of many different diseases, are in this region at abundant amounts. Drying enabled local people to usemedicinal plants during all seasons of the year. This study identified not only the wild plants collectedfor medical purposes by local people of Maden County in the Eastern Anatolia Region, but also the usesand local names of these plants. It is tried to generate a source for persons studying in ethnobotany,pharmacology and chemistry sciences by comparing knowledge gained from traditionally used herbs
studi
with previous laboratory Crow
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 506 793 66 09; fax: +90 424 22 42795.E-mail addresses: [email protected] (U. Cakilcioglu),

helly selima [email protected] (S. Khatun), [email protected] (I. Turkoglu),[email protected] (S. Hayta).

378-8741/$ – see front matter. Crown Copyright © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltoi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.046

es.n Copyright © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Turkey has a very extraordinary rich flora and a great knowledgeof folkloric medicines, and consequently represents a potentialresource for such studies (Hudson et al., 2000). Turkey is one of therichest countries in the world in terms of plant diversity. To date

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pproximately 10,500 plant species have been identified withiner borders and 30% of these are endemic (Davis, 1965–1985;üner et al., 2000). Endemism is one of the most important indi-ators to evaluate environmental value of an area. In Turkey, theate of endemism in plant species is relatively high when com-ared with other European countries (Ugulu et al., 2008). Medicalolklore researches about diseases in which herbal drugs are usedolloquially in Turkey, their effects and names have been going onncreasingly since Republican period (1923) (Baytop, 1999).

East Anatolia has a rich flora, due to its variable climate andigh number of ecological zones. This diversity in flora provides aich source of medicinal plants, which has long been utilized bynatolian cultures, and hence accounts for the accumulation ofemarkable medicinal folk knowledge in the region (Özgökc e andzc elik, 2004).

Documentation of the indigenous knowledge through ethnob-tanical studies is important for the conservation and utilization ofiological resources (Muthu et al., 2006). Therefore, establishmentf the local names and indigenous uses of plants has significantotential societal benefits (Bagcı, 2000).

Majority of the Turkish people living in rural areas traditionallyse plants. Generally, they use plants for nourishment and medicalurposes. As the case in the other countries of the world, in recentears, the plants – used traditionally for curative purposes – havettracted attention of the researchers (Ekici et al., 1998; Yes iladat al., 1999; Tuzlacı and Tolon, 2000; Dogan et al., 2004; S ims ekt al., 2004; Uzun et al., 2004; Kargıoglu et al., 2008; Kültür, 2008;ıldırım et al., 2008; Koyuncu et al., 2009; Cansaran and Kaya, 2010;

akılcıoglu et al., 2010; Tuzlacı et al., 2010; Bulut, 2011; Günes andzhatay, 2011; Öztürk and Ölc ücü, 2011).

This study identified not only the wild plants collected for med-cal purposes by local people of Maden County in the Easternnatolia Region, but also the uses and local names of these plants.lso, with a view that chemical researches about herbs used in tra-itional medicine are valuable in terms of treatment, we tried toreate a source for researchers in ethnobotany, pharmacology andhemistry science by comparing the knowledge we gained withthnobotany and previous laboratory studies in Turkey and world.

. Materials and methods

.1. Study area

Study area was located on the east of Anatolian diagonal, inhe skirts of South-Eastern Taurus Mountains (C akılcıoglu et al.,008), in the Upper Euphrates Region of the Eastern Anatolia RegionS engün, 2007). Maden (Fig. 1) belongs to the Iran-Turan Planteography Region and falls within the B7 grid square according

o the Grid classification system developed by Davis (1965–1985).Maden County has always witnessed continuous interstate con-

icts; it changed hands for a short time, as the Dicle Valley wheret is located has always been one of the most important routes, andtill constitutes a border between Mesopotamia and Anatolia. Theistrict has therefore fallen under domination of many nations andosted their civilizations and cultures (Yigit, 1995).

According to the data obtained from the website ofaden County Administration (http://www.maden.bel.tr/,

ttp://www.maden.gov.tr/), The history of Maden County datesack 2000 B.C. In 1450 B.C., the region was dominated by theitanni Kingdom AD followed in 30 B.C. to 180 AD by the Roman

mpire and in 1077 AD by the Seljukians. In 1515, the region was
nnexed to the Ottoman Empire. Maden County was governed as
district governorship of Diyarbakır until 1889, as a lieutenantovernorship between 1889 and 1924, and as a governorshipetween 1924 and 1927. After 1927 the county became the District

armacology 137 (2011) 469– 486

Governership of Elazıg. Copper deposits in Maden County wereexplored by Asurians in 2000 B.C. However, it was reported thatmankind first explored copper in 7000–8000 B.C. between theEuphrates and the Dicle Valleys, namely in the field of our study(Tarring and Cordero, 1958).

Maden County is bounded to the east by Ergani and Dicle, tothe west by Sivrice and Elazıg, to the south by Ergani, C ermikand C üngüs and to the north by Palu and Alacakaya. It is situatedbetween longitudes 39–40◦ east and latitudes 38–39◦ north. Thecounty is 1054 m above sea level. The county is located on theslope of Mount Mihrap (1755 m). Mount Keyil (2052 m), MountSuvar (2046 m), Mount Mihrap (1773 m), Mount Rute (1824 m) andMount Runik (1807 m) are main highest mountains of the county.Behramaz and Gezin plains are located within the boundaries ofthe county. Today, the county serves as the center for 37 villages.As the county is situated between Elazıg and Diyarbakır, it has arich culture, influenced by both cities.

The Zazas are of the major ethnic group in the region, withsmall minorities of Turkish and Kurdish groups in the county. TheZazas’ native language is Zazaki, which belongs to the Iranian groupof the Indo-European family of languages. The Zazas mostly livein the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey (Arakelova, 1999–2000).Turkey’s population is 70.586.256 as of the date of 31th Decem-ber 2007 (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/18.05.2008). As Turkish Republicrecognizes only religious minorities about ethnicity of population,there exists a difficulty to access official and precise datum. Peo-ple of Turkish origin are approximately 50 million and people ofKurdish and Zazaish origin are about 12 million 600 thousand(Demirtas , 2008). Today, the precise population number of peo-ple of Zazaish origin is not known (Kuzu, 2010). Zazaish peopleare a community who honorably preserved their own identity andadopted being neither Turkish nor Kurdish. However a significantpart of Zazaish people adopt Kurdish upper identity today (Önder,1999).

A floristic study was initially conducted to determine the floraof our study area (C akılcıoglu and Civelek, 2011). In this study, 63families, 284 types and 506 species and subspecies-level of taxonswere identified. The number of endemic taxons was 45, with a ratioof 8.9% to the total flora.

Study permit was obtained from the Maden County Adminis-tration and Gendarmerie for the questionnaire administered to thecitizens of the towns and villages affiliated to Maden.

2.2. Interviews with local people

A questionnaire was administered to the local people, throughface-to-face interviews (Appendix A). Mean age of the respondentswas 62 years (in 32–92 years range). Interviews were made onthe busy hours of the common areas (bazaars, tea houses, farms,gardens etc.) visited by the citizens of Maden County and its vil-lages. The respondents of the questionnaire are Turkish citizens. Aswe think that young people are not suitable for an ethnobotanicalstudy, the questionnaire was only administered to people over 30who know about medicinal plants. The people who had knowledgeof plants were visited at least for two times; one of these visitsis particularly paid to their houses. During the interviews, demo-graphic characteristics of the study participants, and local names,utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were recorded.The people who participated in the study were requested to indi-cate the wild plants they used. These plants were collected from
the work book.
Residents that only spoke the native language were interviewedwith the help of pharmaceutical technician Menan Artan and thestatistical calculations were made by botanist Selima Khatun.

http://www.maden.bel.tr/

http://www.maden.gov.tr/

http://www.tuik.gov.tr/18.05.2008

U. Cakilcioglu et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 469– 486 471

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Fig. 1. Geographical

.3. Plant materials

Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2ears (2008–2010). During this period, 131 vascular plant spec-mens were collected. The plants were pressed in the field andrepared for identification. Plants were identified using the stan-ard text, “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands” (Davis,965–1985; Davis et al., 1988) and were compared with the spec-

mens in Fırat University Herbarium (FUH). The names of plantamilies were listed in alphabetic order. Scientific names of plantpecies were identified according to the International Plant Namendex (IPNI: http://www.ipni.org). In addition whether the namesf the local plants are Turkish or nor was checked from the web pagef Turkish Language Association (TLA) (http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/).fter the taxon names were identified, instances of endemism andazard categories (Ekim et al., 2000) were specified.

We examined whether the plants used in had literature recordsr not. Primarily the domestic studies and then foreign studies werenalyzed.

.4. Calculations

1) Informant consensus factor (Trotter and Logan, 1986):it was calculated according to the following formula:FIC = Nur − Nt/Nur − 1, where Nur refers to the number of usecitations in each category and Nt to the number of the speciesused.

This method is to check homogeneity of the information:FIC values will be low (close to 0 value) if plants are cho-sen randomly or if informants do not exchange informationabout their use and values will be high (close to 1 value) ifthere is a well-defined selection criterion in the communityand/or if information is given between the informants (Akerele,1988; Afifi and Abu-Irmaileh, 2000; Kloutusos et al., 2001; Abu-Irmaileh and Afifi, 2003). In other words, the medicinal plantsthat are presumed to be effective in treating a certain diseasehave higher FIC values (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007).

Informant consensus factor was abbreviated as “FIC” and
“ICF” in the previous articles (Gazzaneo et al., 2005; Al-Qura’n,2009; Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010; Okello et al., 2010;Rokaya et al., 2010; Upadhyay et al., 2011). We chose to usethis factor as “FIC”.
on of the study area.

(2) The use value (Trotter and Logan, 1986), a quantitative methodthat demonstrates the relative importance of species knownlocally, was also calculated according to the following formula:UV = U/N, where UV refers to the use value of a species; U tothe number of citations per species; and N to the number ofinformants.

The current use of medicinal plants as conventional and mod-ern drugs shows that they are actively used. There may be someplants which are currently not used for medicinal purposes butwhich may actually have medicinal effects (Kaya, 2006). Know-ing the use value of a kind may be useful in determining theuse reliability and pharmacological features of the related plant(Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Demographic characteristics of study participants

Demographic characteristics of the respondents were deter-mined and recorded through face-to-face interviews. Of theparticipants who took part in the questionnaire, 15 were betweenthe ages of 32 and 40, 23 were between the ages of 41 and 50, 63were between the ages of 51 and 60, and 42 were over the ageof 61. Of the participants, 31 were residing in the region for lessthan 10 years; 112 were residing in the region for 11 years andabove. A total of 121 were living in villages, 22 were living in MadenCounty. Of the participants, 98 were male, 45 were female. A totalof 82 of the participants were primary school graduate, 22 weresecondary school graduate, 29 were high school graduate and 10were university graduates.

3.2. Interviews with locals and literature review

The experiences of the local people were recorded during theinterviews. Some of the information obtained were compared tothe previous studies. Therefore, the comments made were tried tobe confirmed. The researchers were accompanied during the ques-tionnaire study by pharmaceutical technician Menan Artan andclass teacher Mustafa C ic ek.

Menan Artan is an inhabitant of Maden County and works atC akılcıoglu Pharmacy and knows the native language very well.She indicated that drinking daisy (Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch.and Mey.) infusion three times a day is used to treat urinary tract

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nfections. Also, it was reported that Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch.nd Mey, which is an endemic taxon of Turkey, showed antimicro-ial, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity (Gilani et al., 2005;ıvcak et al., 2007; Temraz and El-Tantawy, 2008). Enes Artan, therother of Menan Artan, is a type-I diabetes patient. Their mothertated that his pre-prandial blood glucose level decreased from30 mg/dl to 170 mg/dl when he drank 1 glass of absinthium teaArtemisia vulgaris L.) on an empty stomach.

Mustafa C ic ek is 51 years old and from the Tekevler village ofaden County. He indicated that he dried plenty of mint (Mentha

picata L. subsp. spicata), rosehip (Rosa canina L.) and thyme (Ori-anum vulgare L. – Thymus haussknechtii Velen.) plants in summernd kept them in fabric sacks; in winter, he gave dried herbs to hiseighbors, which were beneficial in times of cold or flu. The prepa-ations including thyme extract alleviate cough following commonold (Büechi et al., 2005) and decrease the severity and duration ofronchitis symptoms (Gruenwald et al., 2005). It was reported thatosa canina L. showed anti-diabetic effect and antioxidant activityÖzcan, 2003; Orhan et al., 2009).

Birkan Aslan, aged 47 years, specified that 3–5 cups fresh nettleUrtica dioica L.) tea before meals helped weight loss. The nettle issed in Maden to treat colds and flu, diabetes, rheumatism and for

osing weight. Previous studies showed that U. dioica results in anal-esic and antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic activity (Bnouhamt al., 2003; Gülc in et al., 2004).

We recorded that residents of Tekevler village used the anti-ussive and analgesic effect of Hedera helix L. decoction. Itas also reported that this herb showed hypoglycemic effect

nd leishmanicidic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activitiesMajester-Savornin et al., 1991; Ibrar et al., 2003; Mandade et al.,010).

In Maden, locals roast the matured fruit of Pistacia terebinthus. and drink it as coffee. This coffee is also used as in urinarynflammations. Essential oils of Pistacia species were proved toave antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory effects and trigger gastricnd duodenal anti-ulcer activity (Al-Said et al., 1986; Magiatis et al.,999; Giner-Larza et al., 2001; Alma et al., 2004).

In Maden and Sivrice (Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010), a gar-ish of Rhus coriaria L. is used to give a bitter taste in salads andishes. It is also used as an antiseptic against minor injuries. R. cori-ria extracts were reported to have strong antimicrobial effects andntioxidant activitiy (Dıgrak et al., 2001; Özcan, 2003).

Hanifi C ic ek, aged 55 years, said he used the decoction of Rheumibes L., that he picked from the high mountains of Maden, to lowerholesterol and also used the infusion of Crataegus monogyna Jacq.ubsp. monogyna for cardiac disorder. Rheum ribes is traditionallysed in province of Kars to reduce cholesterol (Günes and Özhatay,011). In a previous study, the antimicrobial activities of Rheumibes extracts growing in Elazıg were analyzed, and were foundo inhibit the growth of tested microorganisms at different ratesKırbag and Zengin, 2006).

S engül Kara from Küc ükova village, aged 38 years, indicated thathe had spastic colon and gastritis and was in continuous pain. Sheaid tea she made from Teucrium polium L. is very effective for suchains. In addition, she prepares a meal with yoghurt, Malva neglectaallr. that grows near the croplands, and M. neglecta, which is

ood for hemorrhoids. Malva neglecta L. was stated to have anti-lcerogenic activity (Gürbüz et al., 2005). Teucrium polium L. extractas shown to induce hypoglycemic, antipyretic and intestinalotility activities (Autore et al., 1984; Yaniv et al., 1987; Gharaibeh

t al., 1988; Suleiman et al., 1988).We recorded that Hypericum perforatum L. is used as a seda-

ive in Hazar village. A comparative evaluation in the anxiety testsuggests sedative effects of H. perforatum (Coleta et al., 2001). More-ver, it was reported to have wound healing activity (Öztürk et al.,007).

armacology 137 (2011) 469– 486

The antispasmodic activity of Achillea millefolium L. was invivo demonstrated by a research on its aqueous-methanol extract(Yaeesh et al., 2006). Previous laboratory studies conducted inMaden and other parts of the world indicated the activity ofsome medicinal plants, which were also reported by the currentstudy: Achillea wilhemsii C. Koch. (antihypertensive and hypolipi-demic) (Asgary et al., 2000), Achillea aleppica DC. subsp. aleppica(anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and moderate antimicrobialactivities) (Is can et al., 2006), Anthemis tinctoria L. (antibacterialactivity) (Akgül and Saglıkoglu, 2005), Carum carvi L. (antibacterialand hypoglycemic activity) (Lacobellis et al., 2005; Eidi et al., 2010),Reseda lutea L. (antibacterial activity) (Kumarasamy et al., 2002),Hypericum scabrum L. (antibacterial activity) (Kızıl et al., 2004).

We encountered Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss., Hippophae rham-noides L. subsp. caucasica Roussi, Ixiolirion tataricum (Pallas) Herbertsubsp. montanum (Labill.) Takht. and an endemic Bunium pauci-folium DC. var. brevipes (Freyn & Sint.) Hedge & Lam., which wefound out during the interviews in the present study to be used formedical purposes, in some of floristic studies conducted in areasclose to our area (Tatlı et al., 2002; Yıldız et al., 2004; Altıok andBehc et, 2005; Kurs at et al., 2005). There is no detailed informationwithin the literature on the medical use of brevipes.

These plants, used in the treatment of many different diseases,are in this region at abundant amounts.

3.3. Medicinal plants and associated knowledge

The family, scientific name, local name, preparation and uti-lization methods of the medical plants used in Maden are givenin Table 1.

Interviews with the local people living in Maden country andvillages indicated that 88 plants were used for curative purposesin the study area. The most common families are: Asteraceae (13plants), Lamiaceae (9 plants), Rosaceae (8 plants), Brassicaceae (5plants), Fabaceae (4 plants), Poaceae (4 plants), Caryophyllaceae(3 plants), and Polygonaceae (3 plants). In a study close to thestudy area (C akılcıoglu and Türkoglu, 2008), Asteraceae (18 plants),Rosaceae (11 plants), Fabaceae (6 plants), Lamiaceae (8 plants),Polygonaceae (4 plants) families similarly took the first place inour study. In a study carried out in Izmir, it was seen that plantsbelonging to the families of Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae (Uguluet al., 2009); Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae in C atalca (Genc andÖzhatay, 2006); Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae in Merzifon (Ezerand Arısan, 2006) are used commonly by the people of the regions.

The medicinal plant families most commonly encountered inthe study area were Asteraceae (>16% of use-reports), Urticaceae(>15%), Rosaceae and Lamiaceae (>13%), Fabaceae (>7%), Poaceae(>6%); the most common preparations were decoction and infu-sion. Local people were recorded to make medicinal preparationsby using wild plants for curative purposes via simple methods.The preparation methods included decoction, infusion, removal oflatex, roasting of the fruit and brewing of the plant like coffee andcrushing of the seeds. Local people used medical plants most fre-quently for the treatment of diabetes disease (13% of use-reports),colds and flu (10%), diuretic (7%), urinary inflammations (6%), hem-orrhoids and constipation (5%), antispasmodic (4%), (Table 1).

Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata, Rosa canina L. and Urtica dioicaL. was the plants most used by the local people. Mentha spicataL. subsp. spicata was used antispasmodic and colds and flu; Rosacanina L. was used antiseptic, colds and flu, and diabetes disease;Urtica dioica L. was used colds and flu, joint pain, diabetes dis-ease, and rheumatism. Bellis perennis L., Fragaria vesca L., Malva
neglecta Wallr., Rheum ribes L., Thymus haussknechtii Velen. plantswere other commonly used plants for curative purposes. Anthemiswiedemanniana Fisch. and Mey., Bunium paucifolium DC. var. bre-vipes (Freyn & Sint.) Hedge & Lam., Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss.,


Table 1List of wild medicinal plants investigated with their related information.

No. Family Plant species(voucherspecimen)

Vernacularname of Maden

Plant part(s)useda

Preparationsb Utilizationmethodc

Use UV Recordedliterature usesd

1 Amaryllidaceae Ixioliriontataricum(Pallas) Herbertsubsp.montanum(Labill.) Takht.UC-12

Baharc ic egi Flo In Dpe Astringent 0.27 Not reported

2 Anacardiaceae Pistaciaterebinthus L.subsp.palaestina(Boiss.) Engler.UC-138

C edene Mat Tc Dot For urinaryinflammations

0.32 Antiseptic,diuretic, heartdisease, heatstroke,stomach ulcers,urinaryinflammations(8, 13, 16, 59)

3 Rhus coriaria L.UC-29

Sumak Mat In Doc Antiseptic,diarrhea

0.20 Antiseptic,digestive,hemorrhoids,rheumatism (9,13, 17)

4 Apiaceae Buniumpaucifolium DC.var. brevipes(Freyn & Sint.)Hedge & Lam.Endemic, lowerrisk (leastconcern).UC-61

Boyvas Rhi – Raw For urinaryinflammations

0.02 Not reported

5 Carum carvi L.UC-40

Keraviye See Ts Raw Appetizer,digestive

0.12 Antidote infood poising,contraceptiveskin diseases,digestive,purgative (42,48)

6 Araliaceae Hedera helix L.UC-127

Sarmas ık Lea De Doc Analgesic,antitussive

0.08 Abortifacient,analgesic, anti-inflammatory,antitussive,asthma,astringent,bronchitis,cough,diabetes,diarrhea,dysmenorrhea,emmenagogue,rheumatism,spasmolytic,wounds (26,28, 50)

7 Asteraceae Achilleaaleppica DC.subsp. aleppicaUC-58

Yılan c ic egi Flo, Lea De, In Dam, Ext Diuretic, forurinaryinflammations

0.17 Antiseptic,appetizer,diuretic,urinaryinflammations(13, 37)

8 Achilleamillefolium L.UC-8

Herezan Lea De Dot Antispasmodic 0.44 Antianemic,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,antispasmodic,appetizer,digestive,diuretic,dysentery,emollient,hemorrhoids,kidney,toothache (13,38, 42, 48, 50,56)

474 U. Cakilcioglu et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 469– 486

Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



9 Achilleawilhemsii C.Koch. UC-103

Civanperc emi Lea In Dam Forhemorrhoids

0.46 Digestive, forhemorrhoids,highcholesterol (13,37)

10 Anthemistinctoria L. var.tinctoria UC-17

Sarıpapatya Flo De Doc Antispasmodic,diabetesdisease

0.04 Cancer,diabetesdisease, hepaticdiseases,icterus,indigestion,throat diseases(13, 28, 41)

11 AnthemiswiedemannianaFisch. and Mey.Endemic, lowerrisk (leastconcern).UC-21

Papatya Flo De, In Dat Antispasmodic,sedative, forurinaryinflammations

0.37 Antiseptic,antispasmodic(14)

12 Artemisiavulgaris L.UC-115

Pelinotu Aer De Dam, Ext Antiseptic,diabetes,roborant

0.18 Anti-inflammatory,appetizer,emmenagogue,intestinalworms, skindiseases (22,42, 50)

13 Bellis perennisL. UC-11

Papatya Flo De Dot Antispasmodic,sedative

0.21 Carminative,diarrhea,diuretic,purgative (13,35)

14 Crepis foetida L.subsp.rhoeadifolia(Bieb.) Celak.UC-124

Koyun otu Aer In Dte Vasodilators 0.09 Vasodilators(13)

15 Gundeliatournefortii L.var. tournefortiiUC-81

Kenger Lat lr Ape Diarrhea 0.16 Diarrhea,mumps, vitiligo(13, 35, 46)

16 Onopordumtauricum Willd.UC-101

Es ek dikeni Fru De Doc Demulcent 0.36 Cholagogue(13)

17 Taraxacumofficinale Web.UC-48

Hindiba Flo, Lea De Dam, Ext Arthralgia,diuretic

0.31 Analgesic,anorexia,appetizer,astringent,bitter,depurative,digestive andurinarydisorders,diuretic (48,50)

18 Tragopogonpterocarpus DC.UC-140

Yemlik Aer – Raw Intestinal colic 0.24 Treat worms(15)

19 Tussilagofarfara L. UC-24

Öksürük otu Flo De, In Dam Antitussive 0.10 Anti-inflammatory,antitussive,coughs,emollient,expectorant,pulmonarydisorders (13,33, 50, 56)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



20 Berberidaceae Berberisvulgaris L.UC-51

Sarı c alı Fru – Raw Digestive 0.14 Anti-inflammatory,antiseptic,astringent,diarrhea,digestive,disorders,diuretic,dysentery,expectorant,hemorrhoids,heart disease,internalwounds,intestinal colic,jaundice,stomachic (8,22, 50)

21 Boraginaceae Anchusa azureaMill. var. azureaUC-33

Guruz Flo, Lea In Dte Instomach-ache

0.11 Diaphoretic,diuretic,stomach-ache,rheumatism,wound healing(13, 34, 38)

22 Echium italicumL. UC-47

Engerek Aer De Dam Diuretic 0.18 Demulcent,diaphoretic(13)

23 Brassicaceae Brassicaoleracea L.UC-37

Karalahana Lea De Dgo For urinaryinflammations

0.23 Diuretic,rheumatism(26, 43)

24 Capsellabursa-pastoris(L.) Medik.UC-71

C obanc antası Aer In Dte Astringent 0.07 Astringent,diabetes,emmenagogue(5, 13, 52)

25 Raphanusraphanistrum L.UC-97

Yabani turp Lea, Roo – Raw Appetizer 0.04 Appetizer, liverprotecting,muscular pains(13, 33)

26 Sinapis arvensisL. UC-59

Hardal Who De Ext Rheumatism 0.21 Cough, eczema,rheumatism,stomach-ache(20, 31, 57)

27 Tchihatchewiaisatidea Boiss.Endemic,vulnerable.UC-92

Gelin c ic egi Flo, Roo De Dpe Antitussive 0.07 Wound (52)

28 Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigraL. UC-62

Mürver Flo De, In Dtt Throat diseases 0.21 Asthma,bronchitis,expectorant (7,14, 52)

29 Caryophyllaceae Agrostemmagithago L.UC-82

Katır c ic egi Roo, See De, In Doc Expectorant 0.12 Expectorant,forconstipation(13)

30 Silene vulgaris(Moench)Garcke var.vulgaris UC-94

Cıvrıncık Aer De, In Doc For urinaryinflammations

0.08 Urinaryinflammations(13)

31 VaccariapyramidataMedik. var.grandiflora(Fisch. ex DC.)Cullen UC-54

Sabunotu Aer De, In Ext Rheumatism 0.32 Diaphoretic(13)

32 Convolvulaceae Convolvulusarvensis L.UC-26

Tarla sarmas ıgı Roo – Raw Instomach-ache,forconstipation

0.13 Cathartic, forconstipation,laxative (13,39)

33 Cupressaceae Juniperusexcelsa Bieb.UC-86

Ardıc See De Dam Kidney stones 0.09 Antitussive,diuretic,pulmonary,rheumatism(28, 38)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



34 Dipsacaceae Scabiosaargentea L.UC-137

Uyuz otu Who De Ext Used in scabies 0.23 Diuretic,wound healing(57)

35 Elaeagnaceae Hippophaerhamnoides L.subsp.caucasicaRoussi UC-96

Pis ot Fru – Raw Antitussive,aphrodisiac

0.39 Not reported

36 Equisetaceae Equisetumarvense L.UC-65

At kuyrugu Who De Dam Kidney stones 0.06 Antiseptic,depurative,diuretic, renaldisorders (43,50)

37 Euphorbiaceae EuphorbiamacrocladaBoiss. UC-114

Sütlegen Lat lr Lex Curing warts,forconstipation

0.30 Constipation,curing warts,eczema, forarthritis, fungalinfection,wound (13, 37,38, 52, 58)

38 Fabaceae Astragalusgummifer Lab.UC-91

Geven Lat lr Lae Throat diseases 0.16 Throat diseases(39)

39 Melilotusofficinalis (L.)Desr. UC-52

Yonca Aer De Dam Kidney stones 0.27 Anti-inflammatory,antiseptic,aphrodisiac,arthritis,astringent,depurative,diuretic, gut,hepatitis, hep-atoprotective,joint pain,leucorrhoea,renal lithiasis,uterinedisorders,wound healing(13, 38, 50, 56)

40 Trifoliumpratense L. var.pratense UC-87

Yonca Flo, Lea De, In Dte Astma 0.12 Abdominalcolics,analgesic, anti-inflammatory,antitussive,asthma, cough,diarrhea,emollient,expectorant,rheumatism(13, 50)

41 Trifolium repensL. UC-99

Yonca Aer, Flo De Dte Demulcent 0.28 Antiseptic,antispastic,colics,febrifuge, flu,leucorrhoea(50)

42 Fagaceae Quercus cerris L.var. cerrisUC-83

Mes e Bra De Dte Diarrhea 0.20 Hemorrhoids(53)

43 Fumariaceae Fumaria asepalaBoiss. UC-41

S ahtere Flo, Lea De Com Forhemorrhoids

0.08 Allergy,eczema (57)

44 Fumariaofficinalis L.UC-130

S ahtere Flo In Dtt Instomach-ache

0.02 Antiarrhythmic,anti-inflammatory,cardiac,depurative,diaphoretic,digestive,diuretic,purgative (50)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



45 Geraniaceae Erodiumcicutarium (L.)L’Hérit. subsp.cicutariumUC-64

C obanignesi Flo, Lea In Dat Forconstipation

0.17 Anti-inflammatory,diuretic, forconstipation,haemostatic,urinary andgenitaldisorders (13,50)

46 Hypericaceae Hypericumperforatum L.UC-27

Kantaron Flo In Dpe Sedative 0.32 Abrasion,anthelmintic,anti-inflammatory,astringent,bronchitis,burn,demulcent,depurative,depression,diarrhea,diuretic,dyskinesia,enterocolitis,gastric ulcer,genitourinarydisorders,hemorrhoids,hepatitis,neurosis,rheumatism,sedative,wound healing(10, 13, 42, 50)

47 Hypericumscabrum L.UC-122

Mayasıl otu Who In Com Forhemorrhoids

0.37 Hemorrhoids,purgative (13,37)

48 Iridaceae GladiolusatroviolaceusBoiss. UC-36

Bahar C ic egi Flo In Dpe Colds and flu 0.18 Not reported

49 Iris sari Schottex BakerUC-132

Nergıze Aer In Ext Antipyretic 0.23 Cold (52)

50 Juglandaceae Juglans regia L.UC-56

C eviz, goz Fru – Raw Highcholesterol

0.19 Antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,antiseptic,astringent,demulcent,depurative,diarrhea,eczema, fungalinfection,headache,rheumatism,uterinedisorders, skindisorders (26,28, 38, 48, 50,52)

51 Lamiaceae Melissaofficinalis L.UC-30

Ogulotu Flo De Dpe Sedative 0.20 Allergy,anxiety,asthma,disinfectant,epilepsy,gastrit,muscular pains,rheumatism,sedative,tranquillizer(10, 13, 17, 29,33, 38, 52)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



52 Menthalongifolia (L.)Hudson subsp.typhoides(Briq.) Harleyvar. typhoidesUC-70

Yarpuz Lea De Dat Antispasmodic 0.30 Abdominalpain, asthma,cough,digestive,hemorrhoids,rheumatism,sedative,wounds (26,29, 38, 52, 56)

53 Mentha spicataL. subsp.spicata UC-3

Nane, pune Aer, Lea De Dam Antispasmodic,colds and flu

0.56 Colds and flu,diuretic,digestive,gastralgia,hemorrhoids,roborant,stomach-ache(13, 26, 32, 42)

54 Origanumvulgare L.UC-135

Kekik Lea De Dte Colds and flu,for urinaryinflammations

0.38 Epilepsy, coldand flu,digestive,diuretic, forcolic, uterinedisorders (38,45, 48, 52)

55 Salvia officinalisL. UC-113

Adac ayı Flo, Lea De, In Doc Colds and flu 0.12 Alzheimer,cough,digestive, flu,tonsillitis (4,45)

56 Saturejahortensis L.UC-32

Kekik Lea In Dgo Antispasmodic,colds and flu,for urinaryinflammations

0.27 Stomach-ache(54)

57 Teucriumpolium L. UC-85

Ürper Flo, Lea De Doc Diabetesdisease, instomach-ache

0.21 Antipyretic,cold, diabetes,gastrointestinaldisorders, liverdisorders,inflammation,stomachic,wounds (5, 13,21 38, 49, 52)

58 ThymushaussknechtiiVelen.Endemic, lowerrisk (nearthreatened).UC-142

Dag kekigi,kekik

Lea De Dam Colds and flu,highcholesterol

0.41 Highcholesterol,respiratorytract problem(11, 13)

59 ThymuskotschyanusBoiss. & Hohen.var.kotschyanus.UC-73

Kekik Lea De Dpe Colds and flu,highcholesterol

0.23 Abdominalailments, colds,diabetes (58)

60 Liliaceae Eremurusspectabilis Bieb.UC-57

Gullik Roo De Doc Rheumatism 0.09 Gastrointestinal,rheumatism(38)

61 Loranthaceae Viscum album L.UC-133

C ekem Lea De Dam Cardiacdisorder

0.14 Antihypertensive,atherosclerosis,cardiotonic,convulsivecough,coronaryvasodilator,cytostatic,excitation,hypertension,sedative (50)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



62 Malvaceae Malva neglectaWallr. UC-121

Ebegümeci Aer De Dat For urinaryinflammations,hemorrhoids

0.52 Abscesses, anti-inflammatory,antitussive,colds and flu,diuretic, forurinaryinflammations,hemorrhoids,tranquillizer(13, 19, 23, 28,35, 38, 42)

63 Moraceae Morus alba L.UC-34

Dut Fru De Doc Hypoglycaemic,forconstipation

0.10 Antidiabetic,antiseptic,astringent,cicatrising,constipation,diabetes,diarrhea,digestive ulcer,gastritis, hypo-glycaemiant,insectrepellent,intestinalworms, oil forburn,purgative,respiratoryinfections,vermifuge (26,28, 48, 50)

64 Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeasL. UC-23

Gelincik Aer, Flo In Doc Antitussive,sedative

0.37 Antidysenteric,anti-inflammatory,antispasmodic,antitussive,cough,diabetes,emollient,expectorant,insomnia,sedative,soporific (5, 10,13, 28, 38, 50,56)

65 Pinaceae Pinus nigra Arn.UC-2

C am Bra, Lea, Res In Ext, Inh Colds and flu,psoriasis

0.12 Corn, goiter,warts (19, 28)

66 Plantaginaceae Plantago majorL. subsp. majorUC-19

Bag yapragı Lea De Ext Forconstipation,hemorrhoids

0.31 Abscess,antitussive,bronchitis,common cold,constipation,diarrhea,diuretic,dysentery,hypertension,kidney stones,toothache,wound (1, 19,27, 36, 38, 47,50, 51, 52)

67 Poaceae Agropyronrepens (L.) P.Beauv. UC-110

Ayrıkotu Aer, Rhi De Doc Diuretic,kidney stones

0.04 Antimicrobial,antilithiasis,depurative,diabetes,digestive,diuretic,emollient,respiratorydisorders (13,50)

68 Avena sativa L.UC-45

Yulaf See De Doc Diuretic 0.26 Abscesses,diuretic,sedative (2, 13)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



69 Cynodondactylon (L.)Pers. UC-111

Ayrık Rhi De Doc Kidney stones 0.08 Asthma,depurative,diarrhea,diuretic, footedema, kidney(6, 27, 28, 38,39, 42)

70 Hordeumvulgare L.UC-14

Arpa, cev See De Dgo Kidney stones 0.12 Cathartic, forurinaryinflammations,fungalinfections,purgative,rheumatism(13, 18, 48)

71 Polygonaceae Polygonumaviculare L.UC-120

Kus ekmegi Lea De Dam Instomach-ache

0.28 Anti-inflammatory,astringent,cardiovasculardisorders,cicatrising,depurative,diarrhea,diuretic, gastriculcer, gut,rheumatism(50)

72 Rheum ribes L.UC-49

Is kın Aer De Dat, Raw Digestive,diuretic, forconstipation,highcholesterol,kidney stones

0.20 Antidiabetic,antiemetic,diabetes,digestive, forurinaryinflammations,hemorrhoids,purgative,stomach-ache,ulcer (13, 25,38, 52)

73 Rumexacetosella L.UC-35

Kuzukulagı Lea De Doc, Raw Diabetesdisease,diuretic

0.38 Analgesic,astringent,depurative,diarrhea,diuretic,hemorrhoidsparalysis,vitaminizing(13, 23, 50)

74 Ranunculaceae Ranunculusconstantinopo-litanus (DC.)d’Urv. UC-38

Dügün c ic egi Flo In Com Rheumatism 0.18 Rheumatism(19)

75 Resedaceae Reseda lutea L.var. luteaUC-63

Es ek turpu Roo – Raw Diuretic 0.07 Allergy,digestive,diuretic,eczema,tranquillizer(13, 17)

76 Rhamnaceae Paliurusspina-christiMiller UC-106

Dalıke Fru De Doc Diuretic,kidney stones

0.04 Abdominalpain, diabetes,diuretic, forconstipation,kidney stones(13, 54)

77 Rosaceae Amygdaluscommunis L.UC-1

Badem See Ts Raw Highcholesterol

0.27 For urinaryinflammations,highcholesterol (12,13)

78 Cerasusmahaleb (L.)Miller var.mahaleb UC-72

Mahlep Fru In Doc Diabetesdisease

0.15 Antidiabetic,for urinaryinflammations,throat diseases(13, 37)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



79 Crataegusmonogyna Jacq.subsp.monogynaUC-95

Alıc Flo, Mat In Dat Cardiacdisorder,vasodilators

0.20 Analgesic,cardiac nervousdisorders,cicatrising,respiratory,sedative, solewounds (28,50)

80 CotoneasternummulariaFisch. & Mey.UC-84

Mus mula Mat In Dam Expectorant 0.24 Expectorant(13, 14)

81 Fragaria vescaL. UC-117

C ilek Fru – Raw Diuretic, forconstipation

0.43 Analgesic,antiseptic,astringent,depurative,diarrhea,diuretic,enteritis,gastric andmenstrualpains, gut,urinarydisorders (50)

82 Rubus sanctusSchreberUC-134

Bögürtlen Fru, Lea In Dat, Ext Diuretic, forconstipation

0.32 Acne,astringent,diabetesmellitus,diuretic,hemorrhoids,stomach-ache,wounds (13,18, 26, 28)

83 Rosa canina L.UC-42

Kus burnu Mat De, In Doc, Ext Antiseptic,colds and flu,diabetesdisease

0.55 Anaemia,anorexia,aphrodisiac,anti-inflammatory,antiseptic,cardiacdisorders, coldsand flu, colitis,convulsive,depurative,diabetes,diarrhea,diuretic,emollient,gastritis, ulcers,vitaminizing(2, 3, 13, 16, 19,38, 42, 50)

84 Pyruscommunis L.subsp.caucasica (Fed.)Browicz UC-50

Ahlat, miroy Mat – Raw Diabetesdisease, forconstipation

0.27 Depurative,diabetes, mildlaxative (13,44)

85 Salicaceae Populus tremulaL. UC-5

Kavak Bra De Doc Diarrhea 0.16 Analgesic,diabetes (20)

86 Scrophulariaceae VerbascumdiversifoliumHochst.Endemic,vulnerable.UC-105

Sıgırkuyrugu Flo, Lea In Inh Antitussive 0.28 Anti-inflammatory,antitussive,bronchitis,cicatrising,emollient,expectorant,laryngitis,scars, wounds(50)


Table 1 (Continued)



Plant part(s)useda



87 Urticaceae Urtica dioica L.UC-25

Isırgan Lea, See De, In Dot, Dam Colds and flu,diabetesdisease, forlosing weight,rheumatism

0.59 Anthrax,antianaemia,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,antirheumatic,antiseptic,cancers, coldsand flu,diuretic,digestive,hypertension,liver diseases(3, 19, 24, 26,28, 30, 38, 42,50, 52, 60)

88 Zygophyllaceae Tribulusterrestris L.UC-16

Pıtırak Fru De Doc Diarrhea 0.05 Astringent,burns,cardiotonic,cicatrising,diarrhea,diuretic, gout,hemorrhoids,kidney stones,scars,stomatitis,wounds (27,39, 40, 50, 55)

a Plant part(s) used: Aer, aerial parts; Bra, branches; Flo, flowers; Fru, fruits; Lat, latex; Lea, leaves; Mat, matured fruits; Res, resin; Rhi, rhizomes; Roo, roots; See, seeds;Who, whole plant.

b Preparations: De, decoction; In, infusion; lr, latex is removed; Tc, the fruit is roasted and brewed like coffee; Ts, the seeds are crushed.c Utilization method: Ape, a piece of latex is eaten; Com, compress; Dam, drink a tot after meals; Dat, drink one tea glass of the plant after the meal; Dgo, drink one tea

glass of the plant before the meal; Doc, drink one cup of the plant on an empty stomach in the morning; Dot, drink one teacup after meals; Dpe, drink one cup of the plant inthe evening; Dte, drink one tea glass of the plant two times a day; Dtt, drink one tea glass of the plant three times a day; Ext, externally; Inh, inhalation; Lae, latex is sucked;Lex, latex is used externally; Raw, the plant is eaten raw.

d Recorded literature uses: (1) Afzal et al. (2009); (2) Akc ic ek and Vural (2003); (3) Akgül (2008); (4) Akhondzadeh et al. (2003); (5) Al-Qura’n (2009); (6) Ayyanar andIgnacimuthu (2011); (7) Bulut (2011); (8) Cansaran and Kaya (2010); (9) Cansaran et al. (2007); (10) Cornara et al. (2009); (11) C akılcıoglu and Türkoglu (2007); (12)C akılcıoglu and Türkoglu (2009); (13) C akılcıoglu and Türkoglu (2008); (14) C akılcıoglu et al. (2007); (15) C akılcıoglu et al. (2010); (16) Duran et al. (2001); (17) Everest andÖztürk (2005); (18) Ezer and Arısan (2006); (19) Ezer and Avcı (2004); (20) Genc and Özhatay (2006); (21) Ghorbani (2005); (22) Hamayun et al. (2006); (23) Kahraman andTatlı (2004); (24) Keskin (2008); (25) Kırbag and Zengin (2006); (26) Koca and Yıldırımlı (2010); (27) Koc yigit and Özhatay (2006); (28) Koyuncu et al. (2009); (29) Koyuncuet al. (2010); (30) Kültür (2007); (31) Lardos (2006); (32) Leporatti and Ghedira (2009); (33) Leporatti and Impieri (2007); (34) Mart and Türkmen (2008); (35) Özgökc e andÖzc elik (2004); (36) Özkan and Koyuncu (2005); (37) Öztürk and Dinc (2005); (38) Öztürk and Ölc ücü (2011); (39) Panhwar and Abro (2007); (40) Parveen et al. (2007); (41)Petkeviciute et al. (2010); (42) Pieroni and Giusti (2009); (43) Pieroni and Gray (2008); (44) Pieroni and Quave (2005); (45) Pieroni et al. (2005); (46) Sarper et al. (2009);( (2001( Vitalie

Tu

uppfs

twBHl(r

3

ki

47) Sezik et al. (1997); (48) Shah and Khan (2006); (49) Shakhanbeh and Atrouse

53) Tuzlacı and Erol (1999); (54) Tuzlacı et al. (2010); (55) Uysal et al. (2010); (56)t al. (1995); (60) Ziyyat et al. (1997).

hymus haussknechtii Velen. were found to be the endemic plantssed for medical purposes in Maden, Turkey.

It was found that local people living in Maden and in its villagessed 30% of these wild plants after drying. Drying enabled localeople to use medicinal plants during all seasons of the year. Localeople were recorded to use the aerial parts, branches, flowers,ruits, latex, leaves, matured fruits, resin, rhizomes, roots, seeds,tems, and branches of the plants.

84 plants were found to be used for medical purposes before inhe literature analysis of the plants used in our study, while 4 plantsere found to have no literature records. The medicinal uses of

unium paucifolium DC. var. brevipes (Freyn & Sint.) Hedge & Lam.,ippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. caucasica Roussi, Gladiolus atrovio-

aceus Boiss., Ixiolirion tataricum (Pallas) Herbert subsp. montanumLabill.) Takht. that we found they were used in our study area wereecorded for the first time.

.4. Data analysis

Literate people in the study area were found to be lessnowledgeable on the use of medicinal plants as compared tolliterate ones due to the higher level exposure of the former to

); (50) Tita et al. (2009); (51) Toksoy et al. (2010); (52) Tuzlacı and Dogan (2010);ni et al. (2009); (57) Yapıcı et al. (2009); (58) Yes il and Akalın (2009); (59) Yes ilada

modernization. Similar results were reported in the studies con-ducted in Ethiopia (Gedif and Hahn, 2003; Giday et al., 2009),Thailand (Wester and Yongvanit, 1995), and Turkey (Cakilciogluand Turkoglu, 2010).

According to the calculation made on the basis of the use-valueUV (Trotter and Logan, 1986); Urtica dioica L. (0, 59), Mentha spi-cata L. subsp. spicata (0.56), Rosa canina L. (0.55), Malva neglectaWallr. (0.52), Achillea wilhemsii C. Koch. (0.46), Achillea millefoliumL. (0.44), Fragaria vesca L. (0.43), Thymus haussknechtii Velen (0.41),and Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. caucasica Roussi (0.39) werereported to be of the highest use value (Table 1).

As calculated by the use-value UV (Trotter and Logan, 1986),Vitex agnus-castus L. (0.62), Viscum cruciatum Sieb et Boiss. (0.56),Urginea maritima Barker (0.55), Thuja occidentalis L. (0.52), Styraxofficinale L. (0.49) and Laurus nobilis L. (0.46) were reportedto be of the highest use value. As calculated by the use-value UV (Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010), Mentha spicata L.subsp. spicata (0.62), Malva neglecta Wallr. (0.55), Urtica dioica
L. (0.51), Astragalus gummifer Lab. (0.48), Gundelia tournefortii L.var. tournefortii (0.44), Hypericum perforatum L. (0.43) and Thymushaussknechtii Velen (0.43) were reported to be of the highest usevalue.

U. Cakilcioglu et al. / Journal of Ethnoph

Table 2FIC values of category of ailments.

No. Ailments Usecitations

All usecitations (%)

FIC

1 Rheumatism 7 4.9 0.582 Cardiovascular disorders 12 8.3 0.513 Hemorrhoids 6 4.2 0.484 Diabetes 11 7.6 0.405 Respiratory and throat diseases 31 21.5 0.366 Gastrointestinal diseases 19 13.2 0.317 Kidney stones and urinary diseases 33 22.9 0.298 Nervous and sleep diseases 6 4.2 0.28

tF

sSgprrtRwtfvv

tctfa0

(eitCscta

elpa

diI(

3

(it

9 Constipation 10 6.9 0.2610 Skin diseases 9 6.3 0.25

The reported ailments were grouped into 10 categories based onhe information gathered from the interviewees. Table 2 indicatesIC values of category of ailment.

Rheumatism had the highest FIC score (0.58). Eremuruspectabilis Bieb., Ranunculus constantinopolitanus (DC.) d’Urv.,inapis arvensis L., Urtica dioica L., Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. var.randiflora (Fisch. ex DC.) Cullen were reported to be among thelant remedies indicated for this use. Cardiovascular disorders wasecorded to have the second highest FIC value (0.51), hemorrhoidsecorded by its all images like the third group (FIC was 0.48), whilehe fourth level of FIC values (0.40) was recorded diabetes category.espiratory and throat diseases, were ranked as the fifth ailmentith FIC value of 0.36. An FIC value of 0.31 was recorded gastroin-

estinal diseases. The last citations of this ranking were reportedor plants used to treat kidney stones and urinary diseases, ner-ous and sleep diseases, constipation and skin diseases with FICalue of 0.29, 0.28, 0.26 and 0.25, respectively (Table 2).

There is no study conducted by people from our region, in whichhe FIC value is calculated. When the articles in which the informantonsensus factor (ICF or FIC) is calculated are examined, it is seenhat, for example in the study by Mesfin et al., the category: malaria,ever and headache have the highest 0.82 FIC followed by ascariasisnd diarrhea, and intestinal parasite and stomach-ache each with.78 FIC (Mesfin et al., 2009).

In the study by Akerreta et al., the FIC value was found to be 0.65Akerreta et al., 2007). It was stated that this value was high; how-ver, it is lower than the values obtained in the studies conductedn various areas of the Iberian Peninsula: 0.85 and 0.91 for a Por-uguese and a Catalan region respectively (Bonet and Valles, 2003;amejo-Rodrigues et al., 2003). When looked at these studies, it iseen that the FIC values are high. In other words, the FIC value islose to 1. The medicinal plants that are presumed to be effective inreating a certain disease have higher FIC values (Teklehaymanotnd Giday, 2007).

Al-Qura’n examined the diseases in 10 categories. In these cat-gories, the highest ICF value was reported to be 0.55 while theowest ICF value was reported to be 0.25 (Al-Qura’n, 2009). In theresent study, it was found that the FIC values range between 0.56nd 0.26.

ICF values obtained for the reported categories indicate theegree of knowledge shared regarding the use of medicinal herbs

n the treatment of the ailment. These categories recorded a lowerCF, which could be attributed to the civilization trend of the societyAl-Qura’n, 2009).

.5. Review of local plant names

As a result of the analysis in the Turkish Language AssociationTLA) web page (http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/), the plant names usedn Maden were found to be Turkish. As a result of the examina-ion of the plant names in TLA’s web page, it was seen that some

armacology 137 (2011) 469– 486 483

plant names were adopted from Persian (alıc , badem, civan, c oban,dut, kenger, mayasıl, mes e, mürver, s ahtere, and turp), from Arabic(hardal, hindiba, kimyon, lahana, mahlep, nane, sabun, and sumak)and from Greek (ahlat, kantaron, mus mula, papatya, pelin, andyulaf). The most of the plant names were found to be derived fromTurkish. The plants used in Maden are known by the same or differ-ent local names in various parts of Anatolia. For example, the localnames of Melissa officinalis, Tussilago farfara, Rosa canina in Yalova,Adana and Mersin, Rhus coriaria, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Sinapisarvensis, Equisetum arvense, Cynodon dactylon, Crataegus monogynain Adana and Mersin, Gundelia tournefortii, Malva neglecta, Urticadioica in Haymana, Rhus coriaria, Rumex acetosella in Bodrum, andMalva neglecta in Gediz (Yücel and Tülükoglu, 2000; Ertug, 2004;Everest and Öztürk, 2005; Koc yigit and Özhatay, 2006; Sarper et al.,2009) are the same with the local names used in Maden.

The local names used for Achillea millefolium (ayvadana) inGediz, Anchusa azurea (dindingana) in Bahc e and Hasanbeyli,Anchusa azurea (yılan dili) in Gölbas ı, Anchusa azurea (gıriz),Euphorbia macroclada (sütlü) Plantago major (damarotu) and Silenevulgaris (gıvıs gan) in S emdinli, Capsella bursa-pastoris (dögmec )and Euphorbia macroclada (sütlüce) in C ıldır, Hyperricum perfo-ratum (kantaron) in Tekirdag, Mentha longifolia (es eknanesi) inYalova, Paliurus spina-christi (karac alı), Plantago major (tugrak)and Teucrium polium (paryavs anı, hameri) in Gaziantep, Paliurusspina-christi (draga dikeni, karac alı) in Silivri, Teucrium polium (har-manotu, mayasılotu) and Mentha longifolia (it nanesi, dere nanesi)in Osmaneli, Pistacia terebinthus (menengic , c ıtlık) in Yanıktepe,Rumex acetosella (es ek kulagı) in Madra Mountain, Silene vul-garis (kıyıs ak) and Capsella bursa-pastoris (dag marulu) in Bodrum,Achillea wilhemsii (kedi tırnagı), Euphorbia macroclada (sütotu) inHaymana (Yücel and Tülükoglu, 2000; Abay and Kılıc , 2001; S ims eket al., 2001; Ertug, 2004; Malyer et al., 2004; Koc yigit and Özhatay,2006; Akgül, 2008; Mart and Türkmen, 2008; Satıl et al., 2008;Sarper et al., 2009; S ıgva and Sec men, 2009; Koyuncu et al., 2010;Bulut, 2011; Öztürk and Ölc ücü, 2011) are different from the localnames used in Maden.

Arat Mountain and Erzurum are close to our field of study.However, names of some local plants used in these areas are differ-ent. These are Cotoneaster nummularia (koyungözü, tavs anelması),Sinapis arvensis (mamanik) in Erzurum (Özgen et al., 2004), Anchusaazurea (guriz, dag darısı), Capsella bursa-pastoris (c ic ege gevr),Crepis foetida (s irok), Euphorbia macroclada (has ule deva) in AratMountain (Akan et al., 2008).

It was seen that the local names of some plants used in Madenwere the same as the local names of different plants used in otherregions were the same. Here it can be thought that the local namesof the plants are the same as they are similar to one another.

While Malva sylvestris L. plants is known as “ebegümeci” inBodrum, Adana and Mersin (Ertug, 2004; Everest and Öztürk, 2005),Malva neglecta Wallr. plant is known as “ebegümeci” in Maden.While Scorzonera semicana DC. is known as “yemlik” in Sivrice(Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010), Tragopogon pterocarpus DC. isknown as “yemlik” in Maden. Crataegus szovitsii Pojark. is known as“alıc ” in Haymana (Sarper et al., 2009) and Crataegus orientalis Pal-las ex Bieb. var. orientalis is known as “alıc ” in Sivrice (Cakilciogluand Turkoglu, 2010). Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna isknown as “alıc ” in Maden. While Gundelia tournefortii L. var. armataFreyn et Sint. is known as “kenger” in Arat Mountain (Akan et al.,2008), Gundelia tournefortii L. var. tournefortii is known as “kenger”in Maden.

4. Conclusions

In the research area, local people were found to use 88 plantsfrom 41 families for curative purposes. These plants, which are used

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n the treatment of many diseases. By drying infusions or decoctionsf these plants, local people use them during the whole seasonsf the year. Elderly population is in majority in our field of study.lder people have more information about herbs compared to theounger ones. Herbal treatment has become a tradition for the resi-ents of the study region. People residing in the region through longears are more knowledgeable about herbs than the ones residingor few years. Also, women know more about herbs than men.

Most commonly used plants are Mentha spicata L. subsp. spi-ata, Rosa canina L., Urtica dioica L., Bellis perennis L., Fragaria vesca., Malva neglecta Wallr., Rheum ribes L. and Thymus haussknechtiielen. Most commonly used parts of the plants were the leaves

30%), flowers (27%) and aerial parts (17%). Many plants are used forhe treatment of cardiovascular disorders, colds and flu, constipa-ion, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, kidney stones and urinaryiseases, respiratory and throat diseases etc. There was some con-istency in the use of local names between Maden and other regionsf Turkey. However, it was also found that several different speciesere referred to by the same local names in different regions. Rel-

tive importance value of plant species and informant consensusactor (FIC) for plants were calculated. The FIC values were foundo be too low in our calculations. Therefore, it can be thought thathe data obtained are not reliable.

Comparison of the data obtained in this study from the plantsrowing in Maden with the experimental data obtained in therevious laboratory studies proved most of the ethnobotanicalsages. Literature review showed that curative plants of Madenre used in different parts of the world in the treatment of theame or similar diseases. If a plant is used to treat the same dis-ase in different places across the world then its pharmacologicffect could be accepted. It would be beneficial to conduct phar-acologic studies on such plants. Therefore, it is suggested that

uch studies may make significant contributions to indigenous eth-obotanical knowledge as well as the studies of the sourcing ofaw materials for the development of commercial pharmaceuti-als. The endemic plant flora of Maden is threatened by such factorss grazing, expansion of new agricultural lands, and unsustainableicking of plants to generate income. Steps should be taken imme-iately to ensure the inclusion of relevant flora within conservationesignations.

cknowledgements

The authors thank, the head of 23rd Region of the Chamber ofharmacists; to Mustafa C ic ek grade teacher, and Pharmacy Tech-ician Menan Artan, for providing us valuable information andccompanying us during the interview process.

ppendix A.

1 Name and surname of the participant2 Age and sex of the participant3 Telephone and address of the participant4 Educational level of the participant5 Date of interview6 Place of residence of the participant7 Duration of residence of the participant8 What is the local name of the plant used?9 For which diseases do you use the plant?10 Which parts of the plant do you use? (root, stem, flower, leaves, fruit, etc.)11 How do you prepare the plant for use?
12 How and when do you use the plant?13 Approximately what dose do you use?14 How long does the convalescence period take?15 Did any complication occur from the plants you used?
armacology 137 (2011) 469– 486

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Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maden (Elazig-Turkey)