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1Ethnologue
Ethnologue
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a comprehensive reference work cataloging all of theworlds known living languages. Since 1951, theEthnologue has been an active research projectinvolving hundreds of linguists and other researchers around the world. It is widely regarded tobe the most comprehensive source of information of its kind.
The information in theEthnologue will be valuable to anyone with an interest in cross-culturalcommunication, bilingualism, literacy rates, language planning and language policy, languagedevelopment, language relationships, endangered languages, writing systems and to all with ageneral curiosity about languages.
Language descriptions in theEthnologue
are organized by world area, UN region, and country indicate region of use within countries list alternate language and dialect names specify the three-letter code from ISO 639-3 estimate speaker populations give genetic classification of the language describe language use and viability identify writing scripts used cite availability of literature and other products of language development
Other key features of the site:
statistical summaries by world area, language size, language status, language family, andcountry
extensive bibliography of references cited over 200 color language maps
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2Ethnologue
SIL International
Ethnologue: Languages of the Worldis compiled and published by SIL International, a nonprofitorganization committed to serving ethnolinguistic minority communities worldwide and buildingcapacity for sustainable language-based development by means of research, translation, training
and materials development. Since its beginning in 1934, SIL Internationals linguisticinvestigation has exceeded 1850 languages spoken by over 1.2 billion people in more than 70countries. Its more than 5,000 workers come from over 60 countries. As a nongovernmental
organization, SIL has special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC) of the United Nations and with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It has also been designated by the International Organizationfor Standardization as the Registration Authority for the ISO 639-3 standard, which providesover 7,500 three-letter codes to uniquely identify every known human language, past andpresent.
Visit our web site at: www.sil.org
ISO 639-3
This is the home page for Part 3 of the ISO 639 family of standards, Codes for the representationof names of languages.ISO 639-3 attempts to provide as complete an enumeration of languagesas possible, including living, extinct, ancient, and constructed languages, whether major or
minor, written or unwritten.
ISO 639-3 is a code that aims to define three-letter identifiers for all known human languages. Atthe core of ISO 639-3 are the individual languages already accounted for in ISO 639-2. The largenumber of living languages in the initial inventory of ISO 639-3 beyond those already includedin ISO 639-2 was derived primarily from Ethnologue(15th edition). Additional extinct, ancient,historic, and constructed languages have been obtained from Linguist List.
SIL International has been designated as the ISO 639-3/RA for the purpose of processingrequests for alpha-3 language codes comprising the International Standard, Codes for therepresentation of names of languages - Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of
languages. The ISO 639-3/RA receives and reviews applications for requesting new language
codes and for the change of existing ones according to criteria indicated in the standard. Itmaintains an accurate list of information associated with registered language codes which can beviewed on or downloaded from this website, and processes updates of registered language codes.Notification of pending and adopted updates are also distributed on a regular basis to subscribersand other parties.
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3Ethnologue
This is the official site of the ISO 639-3 Registration Authority and thus is the only oneauthorized by ISO. If you have questions concerning ISO 639-3 please contact us at:
SIL International
ISO 639-3 Registrar
7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd.
Dallas, TX 75236
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: +1 972 708 7575
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4Ethnologue
Language Family
Language Name
Language Code Language Family Map Title
Afro-Asiatic East Birds Head-Sentani Mapudungu Sino-Tibetan
Algic East Geelvink Bay Mascoyan Siouan-Catawban
Altaic East New Britain Matacoan Skou
Amto-Musan Eastern Trans-Fly Maxakalian Somahai
Andamanese Eskimo-Aleut Mayan South Bougainville
Arafundi Eyak-Athabaskan Maybrat South-Central Papuan
Arai (Left May) Fas Misumalpan Tacanan
Arauan Guajiboan Miwok-Costanoan Tai-Kadai
Australian Guaykuruan Mixe-Zoquean Takelman
Austro-Asiatic Haida Mixed language Tarascan
Austronesian Harkmbut Mongol-Langam Tequistlatecan
Aymaran Hmong-Mien Mosetenan Tiniguan
Barbacoan Huavean Muran Tor-Kwerba
Bayono-Awbono Indo-European Muskogean Torricelli
Border Iroquoian Nambiquaran Totonacan
Bororoan Jabutian Niger-Congo Trans-New Guinea
Botocudoan Japonic Nilo-Saharan Tsimshian
Caddoan Jean Nimboran Tucanoan
Cahuapanan Jicaquean North Bougainville Tupian
Cariban Jivaroan North Caucasian Unclassified
Central Solomons Kamakanan Otomanguean Uralic
Chapacuran Karaj Paezan Uto-Aztecan
Chibchan Kartvelian Palaihnihan Wakashan
Chimakuan Katukinan Panoan West Papuan
Chinookan Kaure Pauwasi Wintuan
Chipaya-Uru Kaweskaran Piawi Witotoan
Chocoan Keresan Pidgin Yaguan
Cholonan Khoisan Pomoan Yanomaman
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Chon Kiowa-Tanoan Puinavean Yele-West New Britain
Chukotko-Kamchatkan Kwomtari Purian Yeniseian
Chumashan Lakes Plain Quechuan Yokutsan
Cochim-Yuman Language isolate Ramu-Lower Sepik Yuat
Constructed language Lencan Sahaptian YukaghirCoosan Lower Mamberamo Salish Yukian
Creole Maiduan Slivan Zamucoan
Deaf sign language Maipurean Senagi Zaparoan
Dravidian Mairasi Sepik
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Indo-European
+ Albanian (4) + Armenian (1) + Baltic (4) + Celtic (6) + Germanic (48) + Greek (6) + Indo-Iranian (312) + Italic (44) + Slavic (19)
- Albanian(4)o - Gheg (1)
Albanian, Gheg [aln] (A language of Serbia)o - Tosk (3)
Albanian, Arbresh [aae] (A language of Italy) Albanian, Arvanitika [aat] (A language of Greece) Albanian, Tosk [als] (A language of Albania)
- Armenian(1)o Armenian [hye] (A language of Armenia)
- Baltic(4)o - Eastern (3)
Latgalian [ltg] (A language of Latvia) Latvian, Standard [lvs] (A language of Latvia) Lithuanian [lit] (A language of Lithuania)
o - Western (1) Prussian [prg] (A language of Poland)
- Celtic(6)o - Insular (6)
- Brythonic (3) Breton [bre] (A language of France) Cornish [cor] (A language of United Kingdom) Welsh [cym] (A language of United Kingdom)
- Goidelic (3) Gaelic, Scottish [gla] (A language of United Kingdom) Irish [gle] (A language of Ireland) Manx [glv] (A language of Isle of Man)
- Germanic(48)o Hunsrik [hrx] (A language of Brazil)o - North (6)
- East Scandinavian (4) - Danish-Swedish (4)
- Danish-Bokmal (1)
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Norwegian [nor] (A language of Norway) - Danish-Riksmal (2)
- Danish (2) Danish [dan] (A language of Denmark) Jutish [jut] (A language of Denmark)
- Swedish (1)
Swedish [swe] (A language of Sweden) - West Scandinavian (2)
Faroese [fao] (A language of Denmark) Icelandic [isl] (A language of Iceland)
o - West (41) - English (2)
English [eng] (A language of United Kingdom) Scots [sco] (A language of United Kingdom)
- Frisian (3) Frisian, Northern [frr] (A language of Germany)
Frisian, Western [fry] (A language of Netherlands) Saterfriesisch [stq] (A language of Germany) - High German (21)
- German (19) - Middle German (10)
- East Middle German (4) German, Standard [deu] (A language of
Germany) Saxon, Upper [sxu] (A language of
Germany) Silesian, Lower [sli] (A language of Poland) Wymysorys [wym] (A language of Poland)
- West Middle German (6) German, Pennsylvania [pdc] (A language of
United States) - Eastern Franconian (1)
Frankish [frk] (A language ofGermany)
- Moselle Franconian (1) Luxembourgeois [ltz] (A language of
Luxembourg) - Rhenisch Franconian (2)
Limburgish [lim] (A language ofNetherlands)
Pfaelzisch [pfl] (A language ofGermany)
- Ripuarian Franconian (1) Klsch [ksh] (A language of
Germany) - Upper German (9)
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Mainfrnkisch [vmf] (A language of Germany) - Alemannic (4)
German, Colonia Tovar [gct] (A language ofVenezuela)
German, Swiss [gsw] (A language ofSwitzerland)
Swabian [swg] (A language of Germany) Walser [wae] (A language of Switzerland)
- Bavarian-Austrian (4) Bavarian [bar] (A language of Austria) Cimbrian [cim] (A language of Italy) Hutterisch [geh] (A language of Canada) Mcheno [mhn] (A language of Italy)
- Yiddish (2) Yiddish, Eastern [ydd] (A language of Israel) Yiddish, Western [yih] (A language of Germany)
- Low Saxon-Low Franconian (15) Frisian, Eastern [frs] (A language of Germany)
- Low Franconian (4) Afrikaans [afr] (A language of South Africa) Dutch [nld] (A language of Netherlands) Vlaams [vls] (A language of Belgium) Zeeuws [zea] (A language of Netherlands)
- Low Saxon (10) Achterhoeks [act] (A language of Netherlands) Drents [drt] (A language of Netherlands) Gronings [gos] (A language of Netherlands) Plautdietsch [pdt] (A language of Canada) Sallands [sdz] (A language of Netherlands) Saxon, Low [nds] (A language of Germany) Stellingwerfs [stl] (A language of Netherlands) Twents [twd] (A language of Netherlands) Veluws [vel] (A language of Netherlands) Westphalien [wep] (A language of Germany)
- Greek(6)o - Attic (5)
Cappadocian Greek [cpg] (A language of Greece) Greek [ell] (A language of Greece) Greek, Ancient [grc] (A language of Greece) Pontic [pnt] (A language of Greece) Yevanic [yej] (A language of Israel)
o - Doric (1) Tsakonian [tsd] (A language of Greece)
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- Indo-Iranian(312)o - Indo-Aryan (225)
Sanskrit [san] (A language of India) - Central zone (77)
Domaaki [dmk] (A language of Pakistan)
Powari [pwr] (A language of India) - Bhil (19)
Bareli, Palya [bpx] (A language of India) Bareli, Pauri [bfb] (A language of India) Bareli, Rathwi [bgd] (A language of India) Bauria [bge] (A language of India) Bhilali [bhi] (A language of India) Bhili [bhb] (A language of India) Chodri [cdi] (A language of India) Dhodia [dho] (A language of India) Dubli [dub] (A language of India)
Dungra Bhil [duh] (A language of India) Gamit [gbl] (A language of India) Garasia, Adiwasi [gas] (A language of India) Garasia, Rajput [gra] (A language of India) Mawchi [mke] (A language of India) Nahali [nlx] (A language of India) Noiri [noi] (A language of India) Pardhi [pcl] (A language of India) Rathawi [rtw] (A language of India) Wagdi [wbr] (A language of India)
- Dom (1) Domari [rmt] (A language of Iran)
- Gujarati (9) Aer [aeq] (A language of Pakistan) Gujarati [guj] (A language of India) Jandavra [jnd] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Kachi [gjk] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Parkari [kvx] (A language of Pakistan) Koli, Wadiyara [kxp] (A language of India) Saurashtra [saz] (A language of India) Vaghri [vgr] (A language of Pakistan) Vasavi [vas] (A language of India)
- Khandesi (3) Ahirani [ahr] (A language of India) Dhanki [dhn] (A language of India) Khandesi [khn] (A language of India)
- Panjabi (1) Panjabi, Eastern [pan] (A language of India)
- Rajasthani (18) - Marwari (10)
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Dhatki [mki] (A language of Pakistan) Dhundari [dhd] (A language of India) Goaria [gig] (A language of Pakistan) Godwari [gdx] (A language of India) Loarki [lrk] (A language of Pakistan)
Marwari [rwr] (A language of India) Marwari [mve] (A language of Pakistan) Merwari [wry] (A language of India) Mewari [mtr] (A language of India) Shekhawati [swv] (A language of India)
- Unclassified (8) Bagri [bgq] (A language of India) Gujari [gju] (A language of India) Gurgula [ggg] (A language of Pakistan) Haroti [hoj] (A language of India) Lambadi [lmn] (A language of India)
Lohar, Gade [gda] (A language of India) Malvi [mup] (A language of India) Nimadi [noe] (A language of India)
- Romani (7) - Balkan (1)
Romani, Balkan [rmn] (A language of Serbia) - Northern (5)
Romani, Baltic [rml] (A language of Poland) Romani, Carpathian [rmc] (A language of Czech
Republic) Romani, Kalo Finnish [rmf] (A language of
Finland) Romani, Sinte [rmo] (A language of Serbia) Romani, Welsh [rmw] (A language of United
Kingdom) - Vlax (1)
Romani, Vlax [rmy] (A language of Romania) - Unclassified (5)
Mewati [wtm] (A language of India) Parya [paq] (A language of Tajikistan) Sonha [soi] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Dangaura [thl] (A language of Nepal) Tharu, Kathariya [tkt] (A language of Nepal)
- Western Hindi (12) - Bundeli (1)
Bundeli [bns] (A language of India) - Hindustani (4)
Hindi [hin] (A language of India) Urdu [urd] (A language of Pakistan) - Sansi (2)
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Kabutra [kbu] (A language of Pakistan) Sansi [ssi] (A language of India)
- Unclassified (7) Bhaya [bhe] (A language of Pakistan) Braj Bhasha [bra] (A language of India)
Chamari [cdg] (A language of India) Ghera [ghr] (A language of Pakistan) Gowli [gok] (A language of India) Haryanvi [bgc] (A language of India) Kanauji [bjj] (A language of India)
- East Central zone (5) Awadhi [awa] (A language of India) Bagheli [bfy] (A language of India) Chhattisgarhi [hne] (A language of India) Hindi, Fiji [hif] (A language of Fiji) Surgujia [sgj] (A language of India)
- Eastern zone (46) - Bengali-Assamese (19)
Assamese [asm] (A language of India) Bengali [ben] (A language of Bangladesh) Bishnupriya [bpy] (A language of India) Chakma [ccp] (A language of Bangladesh) Chittagonian [ctg] (A language of Bangladesh) Hajong [haj] (A language of India) Halbi [hlb] (A language of India) Kayort [kyv] (A language of Nepal) Kharia Thar [ksy] (A language of India) Kurmukar [kfv] (A language of India) Lodhi [lbm] (A language of India) Mal Paharia [mkb] (A language of India) Mirgan [zrg] (A language of India) Nahari [nhh] (A language of India) Rajbanshi [rjs] (A language of Nepal) Rangpuri [rkt] (A language of Bangladesh) Rohingya [rhg] (A language of Myanmar) Sylheti [syl] (A language of Bangladesh) Tangchangya [tnv] (A language of Bangladesh)
- Bihari (11) Bhojpuri [bho] (A language of India) Hindustani, Caribbean [hns] (A language of Suriname) Kudmali [kyw] (A language of India) Magahi [mag] (A language of India) Maithili [mai] (A language of India) Majhi [mjz] (A language of Nepal) Musasa [smm] (A language of Nepal) Panchpargania [tdb] (A language of India)
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Khetrani [xhe] (A language of Pakistan) Pahari-Potwari [phr] (A language of Pakistan) Panjabi, Mirpur [pmu] (A language of India) Panjabi, Western [pnb] (A language of Pakistan) Seraiki [skr] (A language of Pakistan)
- Sindhi (6)
Jadgali [jdg] (A language of Pakistan) Kachchi [kfr] (A language of India) Lasi [lss] (A language of Pakistan) Sindhi [snd] (A language of Pakistan) Sindhi Bhil [sbn] (A language of Pakistan)
- Nuristani (6) Ashkun [ask] (A language of Afghanistan) Kamviri [xvi] (A language of Afghanistan) Kati [bsh] (A language of Afghanistan) Prasuni [prn] (A language of Afghanistan)
Tregami [trm] (A language of Afghanistan) Waigali [wbk] (A language of Afghanistan) - Sinhalese-Maldivian (3)
Maldivian [div] (A language of Maldives) Sinhala [sin] (A language of Sri Lanka) Veddah [ved] (A language of Sri Lanka)
- Southern zone (12) Marathi [mar] (A language of India) - Konkani (7)
Katkari [kfu] (A language of India) Konkani [knn] (A language of India) Konkani, Goan [gom] (A language of India) Kukna [kex] (A language of India) Phudagi [phd] (A language of India) Samvedi [smv] (A language of India) Varli [vav] (A language of India)
- Unclassified (4) Bhalay [bhx] (A language of India) Deccan [dcc] (A language of India) Gowlan [goj] (A language of India) Varhadi-Nagpuri [vah] (A language of India)
- Unclassified (12) Andh [anr] (A language of India) Chinali [cih] (A language of India) Danuwar [dhw] (A language of Nepal) Darai [dry] (A language of Nepal) Kanjari [kft] (A language of India) Kumhali [kra] (A language of Nepal) Lohar, Lahul [lhl] (A language of India) Memoni [mby] (A language of Pakistan)
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Nayini [nyq] (A language of Iran) Parsi [prp] (A language of India) Parsi-Dari [prd] (A language of Iran) Sivandi [siy] (A language of Iran) Soi [soj] (A language of Iran)
Vafsi [vaf] (A language of Iran) - Kurdish (4)
Kurdish, Central [ckb] (A language of Iraq) Kurdish, Northern [kmr] (A language of Turkey) Kurdish, Southern [sdh] (A language of Iran) Laki [lki] (A language of Iran)
- Ormuri-Parachi (2) Ormuri [oru] (A language of Pakistan) Parachi [prc] (A language of Afghanistan)
- Semnani (4) Lasgerdi [lsa] (A language of Iran)
Sangisari [sgr] (A language of Iran) Semnani [smy] (A language of Iran) Sorkhei [sqo] (A language of Iran)
- Talysh (16) Alviri-Vidari [avd] (A language of Iran) Eshtehardi [esh] (A language of Iran) Gozarkhani [goz] (A language of Iran) Harzani [hrz] (A language of Iran) Kabatei [xkp] (A language of Iran) Kajali [xkj] (A language of Iran) Karingani [kgn] (A language of Iran) Khoini [xkc] (A language of Iran) Koresh-e Rostam [okh] (A language of Iran) Maraghei [vmh] (A language of Iran) Razajerdi [rat] (A language of Iran) Rudbari [rdb] (A language of Iran) Shahrudi [shm] (A language of Iran) Takestani [tks] (A language of Iran) Talysh [tly] (A language of Azerbaijan) Taromi, Upper [tov] (A language of Iran)
- Unclassified (1) Dezfuli [def] (A language of Iran)
- Zaza-Gorani (6) Bajelani [bjm] (A language of Iraq) Gurani [hac] (A language of Iraq) Sarli [sdf] (A language of Iraq) Shabak [sdb] (A language of Iraq) Zazaki, Northern [kiu] (A language of Turkey) Zazaki, Southern [diq] (A language of Turkey)
- Southwestern (17)
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- Fars (2) Fars, Southwestern [fay] (A language of Iran) Lari [lrl] (A language of Iran)
- Luri (4) Bakhtiri [bqi] (A language of Iran)
Kumzari [zum] (A language of Oman) Luri, Northern [lrc] (A language of Iran) Luri, Southern [luz] (A language of Iran)
- Persian (9) Aimaq [aiq] (A language of Afghanistan) Bukharic [bhh] (A language of Israel) Dari [prs] (A language of Afghanistan) Dehwari [deh] (A language of Pakistan) Dzhidi [jpr] (A language of Israel) Hazaragi [haz] (A language of Afghanistan) Pahlavani [phv] (A language of Afghanistan)
Persian, Iranian [pes] (A language of Iran) Tajiki [tgk] (A language of Tajikistan) - Tat (2)
Judeo-Tat [jdt] (A language of Russia) Tat, Muslim [ttt] (A language of Azerbaijan)
o - Unclassified (1) Badeshi [bdz] (A language of Pakistan) Luwati [luv] (A language of Oman)
- Italic(44)o - Latino-Faliscan (1)
Latin [lat] (A language of Vatican)o - Romance (43)
- Eastern (4) Aromanian [rup] (A language of Greece) Romanian [ron] (A language of Romania) Romanian, Istro [ruo] (A language of Croatia) Romanian, Megleno [ruq] (A language of Greece)
- Italo-Western (34) - Italo-Dalmatian (5)
Istriot [ist] (A language of Croatia) Italian [ita] (A language of Italy) Judeo-Italian [itk] (A language of Italy) Napoletano-Calabrese [nap] (A language of Italy) Sicilian [scn] (A language of Italy)
- Western (29) - Gallo-Iberian (28)
- Gallo-Romance (15) - Gallo-Italian (6)
Emilian [egl] (A language of Italy) Ligurian [lij] (A language of Italy)
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Lombard [lmo] (A language of Italy) Piemontese [pms] (A language of
Italy) Romagnol [rgn] (A language of
Italy)
Venetian [vec] (A language of Italy) - Gallo-Rhaetian (9)
- Ol (6) - French (5)
French [fra] (Alanguage of France)
French, Cajun [frc] (Alanguage of UnitedStates)
Picard [pcd] (Alanguage of France) Walloon [wln] (Alanguage of Belgium)
Zarphatic [zrp] (Alanguage of France)
- Southeastern (1) Arpitan [frp] (A
language of France)
- Rhaetian (3) Friulian [fur] (A language of
Italy) Ladin [lld] (A language of
Italy) Romansch [roh] (A language
of Switzerland) - Ibero-Romance (13)
- East Iberian (1) Cataln [cat] (A language of Spain)
- Oc (2) Occitan [oci] (A language of France) Shuadit [sdt] (A language of France)
- West Iberian (10) - Asturo-Leonese (2)
Asturian [ast] (A language ofSpain)
Mirandese [mwl] (Alanguage of Portugal)
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Rohingya
A language of Myanmar
ISO 639-3
rhg
Alternate Names : Rohinja
Population : 800,000 in Myanmar (2012). Due to unrest, numbers are very uncertain. Population
total all countries: 1,800,000.
Location : North Rakhine State, Maungdaw and Buthidaung townships; Sittwe and Rathedaung
townships. Also in Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand.
Language Maps : Bangladesh , Central Myanmar
Language Status : 6a (Vigorous).
Classification : Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Dialects : Not much contact between dialect groups living in different townships; intelligibility
situation is not clear. Dialects differ by river valleys.
Language Use : Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Rakhine [rki]. Those witheducation are literate in Burmese [mya].
Language Development : Literacy rate in L1: Below 1%.
Language Resources : OLAC resources in and about Rohingya
Writing : Arabic script. Latin script. Rohingya Hanifi script, some development in immigrant
communities for all three scripts.
Other Comments
About 1,000,000 refugees went to Bangladesh in recent years, the majority of whom havedispersed to other countries. Most refugees in UNHCR-controlled camps in Bangladesh were
repatriated back to Myanmar, but many of these have returned to Bangladesh unofficially.Muslim.
Also spoken in : Bangladesh
Language name : Rohingya
Population : 200,000 in Bangladesh (2006).
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Location : Coxs Bazaar district.
Alternate Names : Rohinga
Status : 6b (Threatened).
Other Comments : Muslim.
Rohingya in the Language Cloud
This graph shows the place of Rohingya within the cloud of all living languages. Each language
in the world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population(in the vertical axis) and its level of development or endangerment (in the horizontal axis), withthe largest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages(down to extinction) in the lower right. The population value is the estimated number of firstlanguage (L1) speakers; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale (where 100 = 1; 102 = 100; 104 =10,000; 106 = 1,000,000; 108 = 100,000,000). The value for the development versusendangerment dimension is the estimated level on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages onDevelopment and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.)
Rohingya is represented by a large, colored dot. When the population is unknown, a color-codedquestion mark appears at the bottom of the grid. When there are no known L1 speakers, an X
appears at the bottom of the grid. The color coding matches the color scheme used in thesummary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels aregrouped as follows:
Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) The language has been developed to thepoint that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home andcommunity.
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Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) The language is in vigorous use, with literaturein a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread orsustainable.
Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) The language is unstandardized and in vigoroususe among all generations.
Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) Intergenerational transmission is in theprocess of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use thelanguage so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission ofthe language in the home.
Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmissionthrough the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.
Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) The language has fallen completely out of use andno one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.
The EGIDS level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the EGIDS level
reported in the main entry for the language. This is because a separate EGIDS estimate is madefor every country in which a language is used. Our method for calculating the EGIDS level forthe language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level(that is, most safe) for any country. The logic here is that if the EGIDS level of a language istaken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is thestrongest.
Each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20% black. As dots are superimposed on each other,the spot gets darker. Thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the samespot in the cloud. The population scale is continuous; thus the placement in the vertical axiscorresponds exactly to population. The EGIDS scale, however, is discrete. Rather than placing
all of the dots for a given EGIDS level exactly on the grid line for that level, the dots arejittered (that is, the horizontal placement is random within a band around the grid line for thelevel).
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25Ethnologue
- Nungish (4) Anong [nun] (A language of Myanmar) Drung [duu] (A language of China) Lama [lay] (A language of China) Rawang [raw] (A language of Myanmar)
- Tani (7)
Adi [adi] (A language of India) Adi, Galo [adl] (A language of India) Apatani [apt] (A language of India) Mising [mrg] (A language of India) Na [nbt] (A language of India) Nyishi [njz] (A language of India) Tagin [tgj] (A language of India)
o - Karenic (21) - Central (7)
Karen, Bwe [bwe] (A language of Myanmar)
Karen, Geba [kvq] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Geko [ghk] (A language of Myanmar) Kayah, Eastern [eky] (A language of Myanmar) Kayah, Western [kyu] (A language of Myanmar) Kayaw [kvl] (A language of Myanmar) Manumanaw [kxf] (A language of Myanmar)
- Northern (5) Kayan [pdu] (A language of Myanmar) Lahta [kvt] (A language of Myanmar) Yinbaw [kvu] (A language of Myanmar) Yintale [kvy] (A language of Myanmar) Zayein [kxk] (A language of Myanmar)
- Peripheral (5) Karen, Phrae Pwo [kjt] (A language of Thailand) Karen, Pwo Eastern [kjp] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Pwo Northern [pww] (A language of Thailand) Karen, Pwo Western [pwo] (A language of Myanmar) Pao [blk] (A language of Myanmar)
- Southern (4) Karen, Mobwa [jkm] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Paku [jkp] (A language of Myanmar) Karen, Sgaw [ksw] (A language of Myanmar) Wewaw [wea] (A language of Myanmar)
o - Ngwi-Burmese (113) - Burmish (13)
- Northern (6) Achang [acn] (A language of China) Hpon [hpo] (A language of Myanmar) Lashi [lsi] (A language of Myanmar) Lhao Vo [mhx] (A language of Myanmar)
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27Ethnologue
Katso [kaf] (A language of China) Naluo [ylo] (A language of China) Nasu, Wumeng [ywu] (A language of China) Nasu, Wusa [yig] (A language of China) Nuosu [iii] (A language of China)
Samatao [ysd] (A language of China) Samei [smh] (A language of China) Sanie [ysy] (A language of China) Yi, Wuding-Luquan [ywq] (A language of China)
- Southeastern (38) Ache [yif] (A language of China) Alugu [aub] (A language of China) Axi [yix] (A language of China) Azha [aza] (A language of China) Azhe [yiz] (A language of China) Bokha [ybk] (A language of China)
Kathu [ykt] (A language of China) Khlula [ykl] (A language of China) Kua-nsi [ykn] (A language of China) Kuamasi [yku] (A language of China) Laghuu [lgh] (A language of Vietnam) Mantsi [nty] (A language of Vietnam) Moji [ymi] (A language of China) Muji, Northern [ymx] (A language of China) Muji, Qila [ymq] (A language of China) Muji, Southern [ymc] (A language of China) Muzi [ymz] (A language of China) Nisi [yso] (A language of China) Nisu, Eastern [nos] (A language of China) Nisu, Northern [yiv] (A language of China) Nisu, Northwestern [nsf] (A language of China) Nisu, Southern [nsd] (A language of China) Nisu, Southwestern [nsv] (A language of China) Phala [ypa] (A language of China) Phola [ypg] (A language of China) Phola, Alo [ypo] (A language of China) Pholo [yip] (A language of China) Phowa, Ani [ypn] (A language of China) Phowa, Hlepho [yhl] (A language of China) Phowa, Labo [ypb] (A language of China) Phula [phh] (A language of Vietnam) Phuma [ypm] (A language of China) Phupa [ypp] (A language of China) Phupha [yph] (A language of China) Phuza [ypz] (A language of China) Sonaga [ysg] (A language of China)
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Thopho [ytp] (A language of China) Zokhuo [yzk] (A language of China)
- Southern (19) Akeu [aeu] (A language of China) Akha [ahk] (A language of Myanmar)
Bisu [bzi] (A language of China) Biyo [byo] (A language of China) Chepya [ycp] (A language of Laos) Cng [cnc] (A language of Vietnam) Enu [enu] (A language of China) Hani [hni] (A language of China) Honi [how] (A language of China) Kaduo [ktp] (A language of China) Laomian [lwm] (A language of China) Lopi [lov] (A language of China) Mpi [mpz] (A language of Thailand)
Muda [ymd] (A language of China) Phana [phq] (A language of Laos) Phunoi [pho] (A language of Laos) Pyen [pyy] (A language of Myanmar) Sangkong [sgk] (A language of China) Sila [slt] (A language of Laos)
- Unclassified (2) Laopang [lbg] (A language of Laos) Ugong [ugo] (A language of Thailand)
o - Northeastern Tibeto-Burman (23) - Bai (4)
Bai, Central [bca] (A language of China) Bai, Northern [bfc] (A language of China) Bai, Southern [bfs] (A language of China)
- Baima (1) Baima [bqh] (A language of China)
- Ersuish (1) Ersu [ers] (A language of China)
- Naic (4) Namuyi [nmy] (A language of China) Narua [nru] (A language of China) Naxi [nxq] (A language of China) Shixing [sxg] (A language of China)
- Qiangic (8) Guiqiong [gqi] (A language of China) Muya [mvm] (A language of China) Pumi, Northern [pmi] (A language of China) Pumi, Southern [pmj] (A language of China) Qiang, Northern [cng] (A language of China) Qiang, Southern [qxs] (A language of China)
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Queyu [qvy] (A language of China) Zhaba [zhb] (A language of China)
- rGyalrongic (4) Horpa [ero] (A language of China) Jiarong [jya] (A language of China)
Lavrung [jiq] (A language of China) sTodsde [jih] (A language of China)
- Tujia (2) Tujia, Northern [tji] (A language of China) Tujia, Southern [tjs] (A language of China)
o - Sal (122) - Bodo-Garo-Northern Naga (28)
- Bodo-Koch (15) Deori [der] (A language of India) - Bodo-Garo (10)
Megam [mef] (A language of Bangladesh)
- Bodo (8) Bodo [brx] (A language of India) Dimasa [dis] (A language of India) Kachari [xac] (A language of India) Kok Borok [trp] (A language of India) Riang [ria] (A language of India) Tippera [tpe] (A language of Bangladesh) Tiwa [lax] (A language of India) Usoi [usi] (A language of Bangladesh)
- Garo (1) Garo [grt] (A language of India)
- Koch (4) Atong [aot] (A language of India) Koch [kdq] (A language of India) Rabha [rah] (A language of India) Ruga [ruh] (A language of India)
- Northern Naga (13) Naga, Chang [nbc] (A language of India) Naga, Khiamniungan [kix] (A language of India) Naga, Konyak [nbe] (A language of India) Naga, Kyan-Karyaw [nqq] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Lao [nlq] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Leinong [lzn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Makyan [umn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Nocte [njb] (A language of India) Naga, Phom [nph] (A language of India) Naga, Ponyo-Gongwang [npg] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Tase [nst] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Tutsa [tvt] (A language of India) Naga, Wancho [nnp] (A language of India)
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- Dhimalish (2) Dhimal [dhi] (A language of Nepal) Toto [txo] (A language of India)
- Jingpho-Luish (7) - Jingpho (4)
Jingpho [kac] (A language of Myanmar)
Singpho [sgp] (A language of India) Taman [tcl] (A language of Myanmar) Turung [try] (A language of India)
- Luish (3) Chak [ckh] (A language of Myanmar) Kadu [zkd] (A language of Myanmar) Kanan [zkn] (A language of Myanmar)
- Kuki-Chin-Naga (85) - Angami-Pochuri (9)
Naga, Angami [njm] (A language of India)
Naga, Chokri [nri] (A language of India) Naga, Khezha [nkh] (A language of India) Naga, Mao [nbi] (A language of India) Naga, Northern Rengma [nnl] (A language of India) Naga, Pochuri [npo] (A language of India) Naga, Poumei [pmx] (A language of India) Naga, Southern Rengma [nre] (A language of India) Naga, Sumi [nsm] (A language of India)
- Ao (4) Naga, Ao [njo] (A language of India) Naga, Lotha [njh] (A language of India) Naga, Sangtam [nsa] (A language of India) Naga, Yimchungru [yim] (A language of India)
- Karbi (2) Amri Karbi [ajz] (A language of India) Karbi [mjw] (A language of India)
- Kuki-Chin (51) Chin, Thaiphum [cth] (A language of Myanmar) - Central (9)
Chin, Bawm [bgr] (A language of India) Chin, Bualkhaw [cbl] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Falam [cfm] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Haka [cnh] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Ngawn [cnw] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Tawr [tcp] (A language of Myanmar) Hmar [hmr] (A language of India) Mizo [lus] (A language of India) Pangkhua [pkh] (A language of Bangladesh)
- Maraic (5) Chin, Lautu [clt] (A language of Myanmar)
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31Ethnologue
Chin, Mara [mrh] (A language of India) Chin, Senthang [sez] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Zotung [czt] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Zyphe [zyp] (A language of Myanmar)
- Northern (21)
Aimol [aim] (A language of India) Anal [anm] (A language of India) Biete [biu] (A language of India) Chin, Paite [pck] (A language of India) Chin, Siyin [csy] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Tedim [ctd] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Thado [tcz] (A language of India) Chiru [cdf] (A language of India) Gangte [gnb] (A language of India) Hrangkhol [hra] (A language of India) Kom [kmm] (A language of India)
Lamkang [lmk] (A language of India) Naga, Chothe [nct] (A language of India) Naga, Kharam [kfw] (A language of India) Naga, Moyon [nmo] (A language of India) Naga, Purum [puz] (A language of India) Purum [pub] (A language of India) Ralte [ral] (A language of India) Simte [smt] (A language of India) Vaiphei [vap] (A language of India) Zo [zom] (A language of Myanmar)
- Southern (15) Chin, Asho [csh] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Chinbon [cnb] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Daai [dao] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Eastern Khumi [cek] (A language of
Myanmar) Chin, Kaang [ckn] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Khumi [cnk] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Laitu [clj] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Matu [hlt] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Mro-Khimi [cmr] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Mn [mwq] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Rawngtu [weu] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Rungtu [rtc] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Songlai [csj] (A language of Myanmar) Chin, Sumtu [csv] (A language of Myanmar) Shendu [shl] (A language of India)
- Meitei (1) Meitei [mni] (A language of India)
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- Tangkhul (4) Naga, Khoibu [nkb] (A language of India) Naga, Maring [nng] (A language of India)
Naga, Tangkhul [nmf] (A language of India) Naga, Tangkhul [ntx] (A language of Myanmar)
- Unclassified (7) Naga, Akyaung Ari [nqy] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Inpui [nkf] (A language of India) Naga, Koki [nxk] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Long Phuri [lpn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Makuri [jmn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Para [pzn] (A language of Myanmar) Naga, Puimei [npu] (A language of India)
- Zeme (7)
Koireng [nkd] (A language of India) Naga, Liangmai [njn] (A language of India) Naga, Maram [nma] (A language of India) Naga, Mzieme [nme] (A language of India) Naga, Rongmei [nbu] (A language of India) Naga, Thangal [nki] (A language of India) Naga, Zeme [nzm] (A language of India)
o - Unclassified (9)
Darlong [dln] (A language of India) Khamba [kbg] (A language of India) Koro [jkr] (A language of India) Lui [lba] (A language of India) Naga, Monsang [nmh] (A language of India) Naga, Tarao [tro] (A language of India) Pao [ppa] (A language of India) Ranglong [rnl] (A language of India) Sakachep [sch] (A language of India)
o - Western Tibeto-Burman (135) - Bodish (86)
Gongduk [goe] (A language of Bhutan) Lhokpu [lhp] (A language of Bhutan) Monpa, Kalaktang [kkf] (A language of India) Olekha [ole] (A language of Bhutan) Tshangla [tsj] (A language of Bhutan) - Central Bodish (39)
Choni [cda] (A language of China) Tseku [tsk] (A language of China)
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- Amdo (1) Tibetan, Amdo [adx] (A language of China)
- Central (27) Tibetan, Central [bod] (A language of China) - gTsang (13)
Dolpo [dre] (A language of Nepal)
Helambu Sherpa [scp] (A language ofNepal)
Humla [hut] (A language of Nepal) Jirel [jul] (A language of Nepal) Kagate [syw] (A language of Nepal) Kyerung [kgy] (A language of China) Lhomi [lhm] (A language of Nepal) Loke [loy] (A language of Nepal) Mugom [muk] (A language of Nepal) Nubri [kte] (A language of Nepal)
Sherpa [xsr] (A language of Nepal) Tichurong [tcn] (A language of Nepal) Tsum [ttz] (A language of Nepal)
- Southern (10) Adap [adp] (A language of Bhutan) Brokkat [bro] (A language of Bhutan) Brokpake [sgt] (A language of Bhutan) Chocangacakha [cgk] (A language of
Bhutan) Dzongkha [dzo] (A language of Bhutan) Groma [gro] (A language of China) Lakha [lkh] (A language of Bhutan) Layakha [lya] (A language of Bhutan) Lunanakha [luk] (A language of Bhutan) Sikkimese [sip] (A language of India)
- Western (3) Jad [jda] (A language of India) Spiti Bhoti [spt] (A language of India) Stod Bhoti [sbu] (A language of India)
- Khams (1) Tibetan, Khams [khg] (A language of China)
- Unclassified (3) Naaba [nao] (A language of Nepal) Thudam [thw] (A language of Nepal) Walungge [ola] (A language of Nepal)
- Western (5) Balti [bft] (A language of Pakistan) Changthang [cna] (A language of India) Ladakhi [lbj] (A language of India) Purik [prx] (A language of India)
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Zangskari [zau] (A language of India) - East Bodish (9)
Dakpakha [dka] (A language of Bhutan) Monpa, Tawang [twm] (A language of India) - Bumthang (7)
Bumthangkha [kjz] (A language of Bhutan)
Chalikha [tgf] (A language of Bhutan) Dzalakha [dzl] (A language of Bhutan) Khengkha [xkf] (A language of Bhutan) Kurtokha [xkz] (A language of Bhutan) Nupbikha [npb] (A language of Bhutan) Nyenkha [neh] (A language of Bhutan)
- West Bodish (17) Dura [drq] (A language of Nepal) Kaike [kzq] (A language of Nepal) - Ghale (3)
Ghale, Northern [ghh] (A language of Nepal) Ghale, Southern [ghe] (A language of Nepal)
Kuke [ght] (A language of Nepal) - Gurung-Tamang (12)
- Gurungic (7) Chantyal [chx] (A language of Nepal) Gurung, Eastern [ggn] (A language of
Nepal) Gurung, Western [gvr] (A language of
Nepal) Manangba [nmm] (A language of Nepal) Nar Phu [npa] (A language of Nepal) Seke [skj] (A language of Nepal) Thakali [ths] (A language of Nepal)
- Tamang (5) Tamang, Eastern [taj] (A language of Nepal) Tamang, Eastern Gorkha [tge] (A language
of Nepal) Tamang, Northwestern [tmk] (A language of
Nepal) Tamang, Southwestern [tsf] (A language of
Nepal) Tamang, Western [tdg] (A language of
Nepal) - West Himalayish (16)
- Almora (4) Byangsi [bee] (A language of Nepal) Chaudangsi [cdn] (A language of India) Darmiya [drd] (A language of India) Rangkas [rgk] (A language of India)
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- Kinauri (12) Gahri [bfu] (A language of India) Jangshung [jna] (A language of India) Kanashi [xns] (A language of India) Kinnauri [kfk] (A language of India)
Kinnauri, Bhoti [nes] (A language of India) Kinnauri, Chitkuli [cik] (A language of India) Pattani [lae] (A language of India) Rongpo [rnp] (A language of India) Shumcho [scu] (A language of India) Sunam [ssk] (A language of India) Tinani [lbf] (A language of India) Tukpa [tpq] (A language of India)
- Himalayan (49) - Central Himalayan (14)
- Chepang-Bhujel (2)
Bhujel [byh] (A language of Nepal) Chepang [cdm] (A language of Nepal) - Kham-Magar (6)
- Kham (4) Kham, Eastern Parbate [kif] (A language of
Nepal) Kham, Gamale [kgj] (A language of Nepal) Kham, Sheshi [kip] (A language of Nepal) Kham, Western Parbate [kjl] (A language of
Nepal) - Magar (2)
Magar, Eastern [mgp] (A language ofNepal)
Magar, Western [mrd] (A language ofNepal)
- Newar (1) Newar [new] (A language of Nepal)
- Raute-Raji (3) Raji [rji] (A language of Nepal) Raute [rau] (A language of Nepal) Rawat [jnl] (A language of India)
- Thangmi-Baraamu (2) Baram [brd] (A language of Nepal) Thangmi [thf] (A language of Nepal)
- Kiranti (35) - Eastern (25)
Athpariya [aph] (A language of Nepal) Bantawa [bap] (A language of Nepal) Belhariya [byw] (A language of Nepal) Chamling [rab] (A language of Nepal)
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38Ethnologue
Writing : Myanmar (Burmese) script, informal and non-standardized use.
Other Comments : Included in official ethnic group list. Buddhist.
Also spoken in : Bangladesh
Language name : Rakhine
Population : 200,000 in Bangladesh (2011 SIL).
Location : Southeast, Chittagong district.
Alternate Names : Mogh, Rakhain, Rakkhaine
Dialects : Rakhine, Sitwe.Status : 5 (Developing).
Language Use : All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Burmese [mya]. Many men also use
Bengali [ben].
Language Development : Literacy rate in L1: 80%. Literacy rate in L2: 60% Rakhine; 30%
Marma.
Other Comments : Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu.
Rakhine in the Language Cloud
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This graph shows the place of Rakhine within the cloud of all living languages. Each language inthe world is represented by a small dot that is placed on the grid in relation to its population (inthe vertical axis) and its level of development or endangerment (in the horizontal axis), with thelargest and strongest languages in the upper left and the smallest and weakest languages (downto extinction) in the lower right. The population value is the estimated number of first language
(L1) speakers; it is plotted on a logarithmic scale (where 10
0
= 1; 10
2
= 100; 10
4
= 10,000; 10
6
=1,000,000; 108= 100,000,000). The value for the development versus endangerment dimensionis the estimated level on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment fora fuller explanation.)
Rakhine is represented by a large, colored dot. When the population is unknown, a color-codedquestion mark appears at the bottom of the grid. When there are no known L1 speakers, an Xappears at the bottom of the grid. The color coding matches the color scheme used in thesummary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels aregrouped as follows:
Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) The language has been developed to thepoint that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home andcommunity.
Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) The language is in vigorous use, with literaturein a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread orsustainable.
Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) The language is unstandardized and in vigoroususe among all generations.
Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) Intergenerational transmission is in theprocess of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use thelanguage so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of
the language in the home. Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmissionthrough the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.
Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) The language has fallen completely out of use andno one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.
The EGIDS level indicated by the large, colored dot may be higher than the EGIDS levelreported in the main entry for the language. This is because a separate EGIDS estimate is madefor every country in which a language is used. Our method for calculating the EGIDS level forthe language as a whole is not to take an average of all countries, but to report the highest level(that is, most safe) for any country. The logic here is that if the EGIDS level of a language istaken as a predictor of its likely longevity, then its longevity will be determined by where it is thestrongest.
Each dot in the cloud is gray at the level of 20% black. As dots are superimposed on each other,the spot gets darker. Thus a spot of total black indicates that at least 5 languages are at the samespot in the cloud. The population scale is continuous; thus the placement in the vertical axiscorresponds exactly to population. The EGIDS scale, however, is discrete. Rather than placing
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Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified
Bishnupriya [bpy] Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,
Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Blang [blr] 12,000 in Myanmar (1994). East Shan state, Mong Yang area, andKengtung. Alternate names:Bulang, Kala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang,Pula, Pulang. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, NorthernMon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang
Burmese [mya] 32,000,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all
countries: 32,319,700. South, central, and adjacent areas. Also inBangladesh, Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand, United States. Alternatenames: Bama, Bamachaka, Myanmar, Myen. Dialects:Merguese(Mergui, Beik), Yaw, Danu (Taruw), Burmese, Palaw. Diglossic highand low varieties. Preferred variety is spoken in Mandalay. Merguese(250,000), Danu (100,000), and Yaw (20,000) may be separatelanguages and are distinct varieties (Bradley 1997). Bangladeshspeakers speak Bomang [mya], not StandardBurmese. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese,Burmish, Southern
Chak [ckh] 20,000 in Myanmar (2002). Population total all countries:25,500. Rakhine (Arakan) Blue Mountains. Also in Bangladesh.Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jinghpo-Konyak-Bodo,Jinghpo-Luish, Luish
Chaungtha [ccq] 122,000 (1983). Dialects:Related to Burmese [mya].Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish,
Southern
Chin, Asho [csh] 10,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries:12,340. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) River, lowlands. Also inBangladesh. Alternate names:Asho, Ashu, Khyang, Kyang, Qin, Sho,Shoa. Dialects: Thayetmyo (Thayetmo), Minbu, Lemyo, Khyang.
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called Baro Halam. Rupini and Koloi reportedly quite different fromthe others; Tapong reported to have difficult intelligibility for otherdialect speakers. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Chin, Haka [cnh] 100,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). 2,000 Zokhua, 60,100 Lai(1983). Population total all countries: 131,260. Chin Hills, Haka area.Also in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names:Baungshe, Haka, Hakha,Lai. Dialects: Klangklang (Thlantlang), Zokhua, Shonshe. Shonshemay be separate language. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Chin, Khumi [cnk] 60,000 in Myanmar (2006). Population total all countries:62,090. Rakhine (Arakan) Hills, Akyab area. Also in Bangladesh,India. Alternate names:Khami, Khimi, Khumi, Khuni,Khweymi. Dialects:Khimi, Yindi (Yindu), Khami. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern,Khumi
Chin, Khumi Awa [cka] 60,000 (2006). Upper Rakhine state, Arakan Hills, and coastalarea; Chin state.Dialects:The coastal dialect differs from inlandKhumi [cnk]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-
Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi
Chin, Mara [mrh] 20,000 in Myanmar (1994). Lushai Hills. Alternatenames:Lakher, Mara, Maram, Mira, Zao. Dialects:Tlongsai,Hlawthai, Sabeu. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern
Chin, Mro [cmr] 138,000 (2000). Rakhine (Arakan) state. Dialects:Lexicalsimilarity: 13% with Mru [mro] of Bangladesh and Myanmar.Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern
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Chin, Mn [mwq] 30,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills, west. Alternate names:Cho,Mindat, Mn, Ngmen. Dialects:Ngmen, Nitu. Related to Daai Chin[dao]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Southern
Chin, Ngawn [cnw] 15,000 (1984). Chin Hills, Falam area. Alternatenames:Ngawn, Ngon, Ngorn. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Chin, Paite [pck] 13,000 in Myanmar (2007). Tiddim area, Chin Hills. Alternatenames:Hainte, Oarte, Paite, Paithe, Vuite. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Chin, Senthang [sez] 32,000 (2007). Haka, Chin Hills. Alternate names:Hsemtang,Senthang. Dialects:Surkhua, Sakta, Khuapi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Chin, Siyin [csy] 10,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills. Alternate names:Siyang, Siyin,Sizang. Dialects:Similar to Paite Chin [pck]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Chin, Tawr [tcp] 700 (1996 D. Van Bik). Falam, Haka, Chin Hills. Alternatenames:Tawr, Torr. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Chin, Tedim [ctd] 189,000 in Myanmar (1990). Population total all countries:344,000. Chin Hills state, Upper Chindwin, Tiddim area. Also inIndia. Alternate names:Tedim, Tiddim. Dialects:Sokte, Kamhau(Kamhow, Kamhao). Other area Chin languages or dialects are Saizang[pck], Teizang [pck], Zou [zom]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Chin, Thado [tcz] 26,200 in Myanmar (1983). Sagaing Division. North Chin state,
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India border area.Alternate names:Kuki, Kuki-Thado, Thado-Pao,Thado-Ubiphei, Thadou. Dialects: Baite, Paite, Changsen, Jangshen,Kaokeep, Khongzai, Kipgen, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngen,Hawkip. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Chin, Zotung [czt] 40,000 (1990 UBS). Chin Hills, South of Haka Township.Alternate names:Bandzhogi, Banjogi, Zobya, Zotung.Dialects:Reportedly intelligible with Haka[cnh]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Central
Danau [dnu] 10,000 (1984). Shan state, Kalaw area, Ang Pan village, on roadto He Ho. Alternate names:Danaw. Dialects:Most similar to Riang-Lang [ril]. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, NorthernMon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Danau
Gangte [gnb] May be in Tamu Township in Sagaing Division. Alternatenames: Gante. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Hmong Njua [hnj] 10,000 in Myanmar (Hattaway 2000). Northeast adjacent toThailand. Alternate names:Mong Ntsua, Hmong Nzhua, Blue Hmong,Blue Meo, Tak Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Qing Miao, ChingMiao, Lu Miao; Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Hmong Lens, Hmoob Leeg.Classification:Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Hpon [hpo] A few hundred speakers (Bradley 1997). Ethnic population:2,254 (2000 WCD). Upper Irrawaddy gorges, north of Bhamo.
Alternate names:Hpn, Megyaw, Phon, Phn, Phun,Samong. Dialects:North Hpon, South Hpon. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern
Hrangkhol [hra] 8,120 in Myanmar (2000), decreasing. Population total allcountries: 26,820. Assam; Tripura; a few in Manipur and Mizoram.
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Also in India. Alternate names:Rangkhol. Dialects:Most similar toBiete [biu]; Dialect differences between Assam and Tripura but mostlyintelligible. Manipur dialects strongly influenced by Hmar [hmr], thosein Mizoram by Mizo [lus]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Intha [int] 90,000 (2000 D. Bradley). South Shaun state, Taunggyi District,Inle Lake area. Alternate names:Inntha. Dialects:A well-knownvariety of nonstandard Burmese [mya] with profound pronunciationand vocabulary differences from Burmese. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern
Jingpho [kac] 900,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Populationtotal all countries: 940,060. Kachin state. Also in China, United States.Alternate names:Chingpo, Chingpaw, Jinghpaw,Kachin. Dialects:Hkaku (Hka-Hku), Kauri (Hkauri, Gauri), Dzili(Jili), Dulong. Dzili may be a separate language. Hkaku and Kauri areonly slightly different than Jingpho. Lexical similarity: 50% withSinghpo [sgp] of India. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho
Kadu [kdv] 37,000 (2007). 7,000 Kanan. Sagaing Division just west of
Mandalay, Banmauk, Pinlebu and Indaw townships (Kadu, withGaanan farther west); Rakhine state (Thet). Alternate names:Asak,Gadu, Gemaan, Kado, Kadu-Ganaan, Kato, Katu, Kudo, Mawteik,Puteik, Sak, That, Thet, Woni. Dialects: Settaw, Mawkhwin, Nanza(Kanan). The Kadu, Kanan, Chakpa, and Phayeng dialects may all beseparate languages. Lexical similarity: 90% between Kadu and Kanandialects. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Luish
Karen, Brek [kvl] 16,600 (1983). Southwestern Kayah state. Alternate names:Bre,Brec , Kayaw Brek , Laku, Pramano, Pre. Dialects:ReportedlyKayaw who want to talk with Bwe [bwe] use Sgaw Karen[ksw]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Brek
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Karen, Bwe [bwe] 15,700 (1983). Kybogyi area of Kayah state, ThandaunggyiTownship, Kayin (Karen) state. Alternate names:Baghi, Bghai Karen,Bwe. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Unclassified
Karen, Geba [kvq] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D.Bradley). Thandaunggyi Township of northern Kayin (Karen) state;Pekon and Pinlong townships of south Shan state. Alternate names:Eastern Bwe, Geba, Kaba, Karenbyu, Kayinbyu, WhiteKaren. Dialects:May be part of the same dialect subgroup with Bwe[bwe] and Brek Karen [kvl]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Western
Karen, Geko [ghk] 9,500 (1983). Yamethin District of Mandalay Division, ToungooDistrict of Bago Division, Thandaunggyi Township of north Kayin(Karen) state, Moby area of south Shan state. Alternatenames:Gaikho, Geko, Gekho, Ghekhol, Ghekhu, Gheko, Kekaungdu,Kekhong, Keku, Padaung. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Unclassified
Karen, Lahta [kvt] 9,550 (2000). Southern Shan state. Alternate names:Khahta,Lahta, Peu, Taru, Tarulakhi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-
Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern
Karen, Manumanaw [kxf] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D.Bradley). Western Kybogyi area of Kayah state. Alternatenames:Man, Manu, Manumanaw, Monu. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah
Karen, Paku [kpp] 5,300 (1983). Southern hills east of Taungoo in Kayin (Karen)state. Alternate names:Mogpha, Mogwa, Monebwa, Monnepwa,Mopaga, Mopha, Mopwa, Pagu, Paku, Thalwepwe. Dialects:Bilichi,Dermuha, Paku, Mopwa. Similar to Sgaw [ksw]. Some reportsindicate the Paku and Mopwa dialects are separatelanguages. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen,Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw
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Karen, Pao [blk] 560,000 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries:560,740. Southwestern Shan state and east of the Gulf of Martaban inTaninthayi (Tenasserim) Division. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:
Black Karen, Northern Taungthu, Pa Oh, Pao, Pa-O, Pa-U.Dialects:Southern Pao, Northern Pao. Southern Pao is in Myanmar,Northern Pao in Thailand. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pao
Karen, Pwo Eastern [kjp] 1,000,000 in Myanmar (1998). Population total all countries:1,050,000. Kayin (Karen) state, Mon state, Taninthayi (Tensserim)Division. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:Moulmein Pwo Karen,Phlou. Dialects:Paan (Moulmein, Inland Pwo Eastern Karen),Kawkareik (Eastern Border Pwo Karen), Tavoy (Southern Pwo Karen).Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen varieties. Lexical similarity:91%97% among dialects, 63%65% with other Pwo Karenvarieties. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
Karen, Pwo Western [pwo] 210,000. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) Delta. Alternate names:Bassein Pwo Karen, Delta Pwo Karen, Mutheit, Phlong Sho.Dialects:Bassein, Tuan Tet, Maubin. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo
Karen, Sgaw [ksw] 1,280,000 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries:1,480,000. Ayeyawaddy (Irrawaddy) delta area, Taninthayi(Tenasserim) Division, the Pegu range between the Irrawaddy andSittang rivers, the eastern hills Kayin (Karen) state. Also in Thailand.Alternate names: Burmese Karen, Kanyaw, Kyetho, Paganyaw,Pchcknya, Pwakanyaw, Sgau, Sgaw, Sgaw Kayin, White Karen,Yang Khao. Dialects:Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). Similar to Paku[kpp]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw
Karen, Yinbaw [kvu] 7,300 (1983). Shan Plateau of eastern Shan state. Alternatenames:Yeinbaw, Yinbaw. Dialects:Reportedly a variety of Geko[ghk]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah
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Karen, Yintale [kvy] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D.Bradley). Bawlakh District of Kayah state. Alternate names: Taliak,Yangatalet, Yangtadai, Yintale, Yintalet. Dialects:Reportedly a
variety of Kayah [eky]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah
Karen, Zayein [kxk] 9,300 (1983). Between the towns of Moby and Phekon insouthern Shan state. Alternate names:Gaungtou, Khaungtou,Zayein. Dialects:May be a subgroup of Latha Karen [kvt].Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Unclassified
Kayah, Eastern [eky] 8,000 in Myanmar (2007). Population does not include 15,000refugees in Thailand (Thailand Burma Border Consortium 2007).Population total all countries: 26,000. Kayah state. Also inThailand.Alternate names:Karenni, Karennyi, Kayah Li, Kayay, RedKaren. Dialects:Upper Eastern Kayah, Lower Eastern Kayah. Distinctfrom but related to Bwe Karen [bwe] (Bghai), forming a dialectsubgroup. Difficulty understanding Western Kayah[kyu]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah
Kayah, Western [kyu] 100,000 (2007). 2,000 refugees encamped in Thailand, a dialectof 400 people in 4 villages east of Bawlake in Kayah state. Kayah andKayin (Karen) states, west of Pong River. Alternate names:Karenni,Karennyi, Karieng Daeng, Kayah Li, Red Karen, YangDaeng. Dialects:Distinct from but related to Bwe Karen [bwe],forming a dialect continuum from Thailand (Eastern Kayah) to westernKayah state. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen,Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah
Kayan [pdu] 40,900 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries:41,080. Kayah state, Moby area; south Shan state, Phekon Township;hills east of Toungoo. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:Kayang,Padaung, Padaung Karen. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern
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Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Burmic, Ngwi, Central
Lama [lay] 3,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Dialects:Dialect or closely
related language to Norra [nrr]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish
Lamkang [lmk] Betukshangreng village, 20 kms. from the border with southeastManipur, India. Alternate names:Hiroi-Lamgang , Lamgang ,Lamkaang, Lamkang Naga. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern
Laopang [lbg] 9,550 (2000). Alternate names:Laopa. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified
Lashi [lsi] 30,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total allcountries: 31,800. Htawgaw Subdivision, Kachin state. Also in China.Alternate names: Acye, Chashan, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacid, Lacik,Lashi-Maru, Lasi, Lechi, Leqi, Letsi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern
Lhao Vo [mhx] 100,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 1997). Population total allcountries: 103,500. Kachin state, eastern border area, widely dispersed,north Myanmar. Also in China. Alternate names:Diso, Lang, Langsu,Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawng, Lhaovo, Malu, Maru, Mulu, Zi.Dialects: Dago Lawng Bit, Zagaran Mran, Gawan Naw, Hlolan,Laking, Wa Khawk, Lawng Hsu. Lawng Hsu may have difficultintelligibility with the other dialects. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern
Lisu [lis] 126,000 in Myanmar (1987). Around Lashio in Shan state, in Wastate, around Myitkyina and Bhamo in Kachin state, around Putaotowards Assam border, around Loilem area in Shan state. Alternatenames:Central Lisu, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lisaw, Lu-Tzu, SouthernLisu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jeh. Dialects: Hwa Lisu(Flowery Lisu), Black Lisu, White Lisu, Lu Shi Lisu.
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Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish,Northern, Lisu
Lopi [lov] 4,780 (2000). Possibly also in China. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified
L [khb] 200,000 in Myanmar (1981). Kengtung District of Shan state.Alternate names:Lue, Pai-I, Shu-Ai-I, Tai Lu. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest
Lui [lba] 200. Alternate names:Loi. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-
Burman, Unclassified
Meitei [mni] 6,000 in Myanmar (1931). Alternate names:Kathe, Kathi,Manipuri, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe,Ponna. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Meitei
Mizo [lus] 12,500 in Myanmar (1983). Northwestern portion of Falam
Township, Chin state. Alternate names:Hualngo, Le, Lusai, Lushai,Lushei, Whelngo. Dialects:Dulien, Ngente, Mizo. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Moken [mwt] 7,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone 1993). Mergui Archipelago,Dung, and other islands in south Myanmar. Also in Thailand.Alternatenames:Basing, Chau Ko, Lawta, Mawken, Orang Laut, Salon,Salong, Selong, Selung. Dialects:Dung, Ja-It, Lbe. Most similar toMoklen [mkm]. Related to Urak Lawoi[urk]. Classification:Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Moklen
Mon [mnw] 743,000 in Myanmar (2004). Population total all countries:851,000. Eastern delta region from east of Rangoon as far as Ye inSouthern Mon state. Also in Thailand. Alternate names:Mun, Peguan,Talaing. Dialects:Mataban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu
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(Northern Mon, Mon Tang), Ye (Southern Mon, Mon Nya).Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic
Mru [mro] 20,000 in Myanmar (1999 ABWE). Rakhine (Arakan) Hills andadjacent area. Alternate names:Mrung, Murung, Niopreng.Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Mru
Naga, Leinong [lzn] 8,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, Lahe Township near Lahe town, Khamti Township. Alternatenames:Lainong Naga; Lenaung Naga; Yao Dyang Naga.Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga,Unclassified
Naga, Long Phuri [lpn] 2,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, Layshi Township. Alternate names:Longpfuri, Longpfuru,Mimi, Amimi Naga. Dialects:Similar to Makuri Naga [jmn].Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga,Unclassified
Naga, Makyan [umn] 3,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, scattered within Lahe Township. Alternate names:Macham
Naga; Leinong. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified
Naga, Para [pzn] 2,000 (2007). Northwest Myanmar, Sagaing Division, KhamtiDistrict, Layshi Township and Homalin Township. Alternatenames:Bara Naga, Jejara Naga. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Naga, Unclassified
Naga, Tase [nst] 55,400 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:100,400. Northwestern Myanmar. Also in India. Alternate names:Cham Chang, Rangpan, Tangsa, Tase, Tasey. Dialects:Gashan,Hkaluk, Sangche, Saukrang, Langshin, Mawrang, Myimu, Sangtai,Tulim, Longri. A grouping of many Naga speech varieties, some ofwhich are separate languages. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-
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Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Konyak
Nga La [hlt] 40,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:
60,000. Also in India. Alternate names:Matu Chin, Thlan Tan.Dialects: Va Lang (Warang), Tlam Tlaih. Not intelligible with ChinHaka [cnh]. Southern Matu [hlt] (India) considered the main dialect.Mizoram Matu reportedly not intelligible with Myanmarside. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Southern
Norra [nrr] 6,210 (2000). Northern Myanmar near Tibet. Alternate names:Nora, Noza, Nurra. Dialects:Nora, Byabe, Kizolo. Lama [lay] (3,000)may be a dialect. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Nungish
Nung [nun] 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total allcountries: 790. Ethnic population: 6,000 in Myanmar (2000 D.Bradley). North Myanmar. Thanlwin (Salween) (Nu) River. Also inChina. Alternate names:Anong, Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchye,Khanung, Khupang, Kiutze, Kwingsang, Kwinpang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu,Nu. Dialects:Cholo, Gwaza, Miko. 15 or 16 dialects, mostly mutuallyinherently intelligible. Some understand the Mutwang dialect of
Rawang. They may be the same as Nu River Drung in China. Lexicalsimilarity: 70% with Rawang [raw]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan,Tibeto-Burman, Nungish
Palaung, Ruching [pce] 258,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:272,000. Southern Shan state area near Kalaw. 10,000 square milearea. In Kyawkme area in the northern Shan state. Lashio up to theChina border. East of Lashio to the Salween. Some villages east ofSalween River in Kokaing area. Also in China, Thailand. Alternate
names:Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Silver Palaung, Pale, Palay,Daang. Dialects:Rulai dialect near Lashio, regular phonologicalchanges and some lexical difference from Ruching. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic,Western Palaungic, Palaung
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Palaung, Rumai [rbb] 137,000 in Myanmar. Population total all countries:139,000. Northern Shan state, around Lashio and the road north to theborder, Nam Kham, North Hsenwi, Tawngpeng (the ancient Palaungstate), and some east of Lashio and east of the Salween. Also in China.Alternate names:Rumai, Humai, Rumai Humai, Taang Rumai, Silver
Palaung, Ngwe Palong, Taang, Shan Rumai, TaiRumai. Dialects:Nam Kham Rumai may be a different dialect fromLashio Rumai. Possible wide-spread variation. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic,Western Palaungic, Palaung
Palaung, Shwe [pll] 148,000 in Myanmar (1982). Population total all countries:150,000. Northern Shan state, centered in Nam Hsan. Also in China.Alternate names:Ta-Ang Palaung, Golden Palaung, Shwe Palaung,
Liang, Taang Samlung, Red Daang. Dialects:15 Palaung dialects inMyanmar. Pale Palaung [pce] and Rumai [rbb] are related, but distinctlanguages. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung
Pali [pli] Extinct. Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
Palu [pbz] 4,780 (2000). Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,
Unclassified
Pankhu [pkh] Falam area, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Pangkhu, Pankho,Panko. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central
Purum [pub] 300 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Alternate names: Puram.
Dialects:Related to Chiru [cdf], Aimol [aim], Langrong[aim]. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga,Kuki-Chin, Northern
Pyen [pyy] 800 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). East central, 2 enclaves very nearLaos border, near Kha River. Alternate
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is Sino-Tibetan. The degree of difference between Red and BlackRiang is unknown but these have been treated as separate languagestraditionally, occupy different social and geographic space, and weardifferent styles of traditional clothing. Classification:Austro-Asiatic,Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic,
Riang
Rohingya [rhg] 1,000,000 in Myanmar (2006). Population total all countries:1,500,000. Rakhine state. Also in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia,Thailand. Alternate names:Akyab, Arakan, Rohinja. Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese
Samtao [stu] 9,550 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries:9,650. East Shan state. Also in China, Laos, Thailand. Alternatenames:Samtau, Samtuan. Classification:Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic,Angkuic
Sansu [sca] 4,780 (2000). Dialects:May not be a distinct language. In China,included with the Hani. Classification:Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman,Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani
Shan [shn] 3,200,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). 350,000Tai Mao (1990 A. Diller ANU). Population total all countries:3,295,000. Shan state, southeast Myanmar. Kokang Shan is in Kokangarea, north Wa area, Shan state; Tai Mao is on Burma-Yunnan border,centered at Muang Mao Long or Namkham, Myanmar. Also in China,Thailand. Alternate names:Great Thai, Mau, Ngeo , Ngiao ,Ngiaw , Ngio , Ngiow , Sam, Sha, Tai Luang, Tai Shan, Tai Yai,Thai Yai.Dialects:Kokang Shan, Tai Mao (Mao, Maw, Mau, Tai
Long, Northern Shan). Burmese Shan is spoken with regional dialectdifferences, but dialects are similar linguistically. Tai-Khae (Khe) maybe a dialect. Low intelligibility with L [khb]. Classification:Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest
Tai Loi [tlq] 4,460 in Myanmar (2008). Population total all countries:
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