RESEARCH Open Access

Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plantsused by Mulam people in Guangxi, ChinaRenchuan Hu1,2, Chunrui Lin3, Weibin Xu3, Yan Liu3* and Chunlin Long4,5,6*

Abstract

Background: The Mulam are an ethnic group native to Guangxi, and nearly 80% of the Mulam population lives inLuocheng Mulam Autonomous County, northern Guangxi, southern China. They have accumulated rich medicinal folkknowledge through practice and experience in their long-term struggles with disease and the harsh natural environment.However, their traditional medicinal knowledge is threatened due to a lack of written records, conservative inheritancepatterns, and rapid economic development. Therefore, the investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and theirassociated indigenous wisdom are necessary.

Method: Ethnobotanical data were collected from 12 villages and five communities in Luocheng County from January 2013to April 2017. A total of 128 informants were interviewed through semistructured interviews, field observations, groupdiscussions, and guided field walks. Quantitative indices such as use categories, preference ranking exercises, the informantconsensus factor (ICF), and the fidelity level (FL) were used to evaluate the importance of medicinal plant species.Additionally, group discussions were conducted about the conservation of and threats to medicinal plants and traditionalknowledge.

Results: A total of 456 medicinal plant species from 350 genera and 132 families were recorded and documentedin our ethnobotanical investigation. Most of them (335 species, 73.47%) were obtained from wild habitats. Mostof the documented species (246) were herbaceous (54%), followed by shrubs, with 76 species (17%), lianas, with75 species (16%), and trees, with 59 species (13%). The most common method of administration was oraladministration, which was used for 390 species (62.70%). The most common method of preparation wasdecoction (316 species, 54.11%). The plants were used to treat 312 human diseases in 12 disease categories, andmost of the categories had a high ICF value. The highest ICF value was recorded for gynecological ailments(0.92), followed by nervous and psychosomatic problems (0.90) and digestive system diseases (0.89). Traditionalmedicinal knowledge and medicinal plants are under threat due to conservative inheritance processes andanthropogenic pressures for various reasons.

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© The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you giveappropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate ifchanges were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commonslicence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commonslicence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtainpermission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to thedata made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

* Correspondence: gxibly@163.com; long@mail.kib.ac.cn;long.chunlin@muc.edu.cn3Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Region and Chinese Academy ofSciences, Guilin 541006, China4College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081, ChinaFull list of author information is available at the end of the article

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00387-z

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Conclusion: A rich diversity of medicinal plants is distributed in the Mulam area, and these plants play an importantrole in healthcare among the Mulam people. Mulam people are skilled in using the plants in their surroundings to treatdiseases in their daily lives. However, their traditional medicinal knowledge and medicinal plants are greatly threatenedby rapid economic development for various reasons. Thus, policies and practices for the conservation of medicinalplants and the associated traditional knowledge are necessary.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Mulam people, Traditional medicinal knowledge, Luocheng County

BackgroundMedicinal plants have been used for many centuries notonly in rural areas but also increasingly by urban citizensin both developing and developed countries [1–7]. Ac-cording to the World Health Organization (WHO), ap-proximately 80% of populations worldwide depend onherbal medicine for their healthcare needs, especially inrural areas [8]. In developing countries, traditional medi-cines provide an inexpensive source of primary healthcare due to the lack of modern health facilities [9, 10].Herbal medicines have been widely accepted in China

since ancient times. Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong’sHerbal Classic) was the first book that systematically in-troduced and described traditional medicinal plantknowledge in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 AD–220 AD)[11]. Traditional medicinal plants currently play an im-portant role in protecting people’s lives and health inethnic minority regions, especially in remote and less-developed areas [12–17].Guangxi is an autonomous region of ethnic minorities,

with Zhuang as the main group, and of multiethnicgroups living together. The herbal medicinal marketsduring the Dragon-Boat Festival are very famous in theZhuang and Yao communities of Guangxi [18–20]. Mostmembers of ethnic minorities live in mountainous orhilly areas, and they are very good at using and namingthe medicinal plants in their surroundings [21–25].The Mulam are an ethnic group native to Guangxi,

with a population of more than 210,000 [26]. Nearly80% of the Mulam people live in Luocheng Mulam Au-tonomous County, Guangxi [26, 27]. Mulam people be-lieve that human beings are an organic combination of“lingqi” (the energy that sustains living organisms),blood, tissue, bone, and muscle. They advocate “theunity of nature and man,” that is, harmony amongpeople and between people and nature, with attentionpaid to both physical and mental health. “The unity ofnature and man” is expressed in daily life as, for ex-ample, family members of all ages poking fun each otherand through collective activity, such as the lion dance,dragon dance, monkey jumping, “zoupo” (antiphonalfolk song singing by young people), and so on; these ac-tivities are beneficial to mental and physical health [28].In their long history, Mulam people have accumulated

rich folk medicinal knowledge and described manyunique experiences in treating common local diseases(e.g., traumatic injuries, cough, diarrhea). Mulam folkmedicinal knowledge has been enriched and developedthrough the process of use; this knowledge plays animportant role in local daily life but has not been scien-tifically reported or studied. In addition, traditional me-dicinal knowledge is greatly threatened due to the lackof a written record and to conservative inheritance pat-terns. Young people prefer to look for higher-incomejobs in urban areas and are not interested in traditionalmedicinal knowledge. Therefore, the investigation anddocumentation of medicinal plants and the associatedindigenous wisdom are necessary. This study investi-gated medicinal plants and related traditional knowledgeof the Mulam people, analyzed their ethnic medicinalcharacteristics and current threats, and proposed conser-vation strategies.

MethodsStudy areaThe study area is Luocheng Mulam AutonomousCounty, where the Mulam people live. Luocheng MulamAutonomous County is situated in the subtropical zonebetween 24° 38′ and 25° 12′ east longitude and between108° 29′ and 109° 10′ north latitude, with an annualaverage temperature of 19 °C and annual rainfall of 1566mm. The vegetation category is the subtropical ever-green montane forest [26, 28]. Most Mulam villages arelocated on small strips of flat land or slopes in the karstmountainous area of southern Luocheng Mulam Au-tonomous County (Fig. 1). Based on the characteristicsof traditional Mulam settlements and suggestions fromlocal government officials, 12 villages (Xinan, Maan,Lining, Shuangzhai, Dashan, Youdong, Pingluo, Dafu,Lee, Dashanjiao, Deyin, Sanjia) and five townships(Dongmen, Xiali, Siba, Xiaochangan, Qiaotou) were se-lected as the investigation sites (Fig. 2).Mulam settled in Luocheng during the Pre-Qin Dyn-

asty (twenty-first century BC–221 BC) [26, 27]. TheMulam language is part of the Dong-Shui branch of theZhuang-Dong language group in the Chinese-Tibetanlanguage family. The Mulam language has its own inde-pendent and complete language system and preserves

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 2 of 50

the language of the ancient Yue people [29]. Mulampeople have multiple beliefs. They believe that every vil-lage or region is protected by a deity, so they have con-structed temples around their villages, such as“Shewang,” “Powang,” “Tuzhu,” “Zaowang,” and “God ofMountain” [28]. They also believe in Taoism and Bud-dhism. They grow rice, corn, and potatoes as staplefoods. Cats and snakes are their taboo foods. MostMulam people engage in traditional agriculture and canidentify common herbal medicines and treat commondiseases. For example, they use Artemisia argyi for trau-matic injuries, Lobelia chinensis for wound healing, Sar-candra glabra for the common cold, and so on [28].

Ethnobotanical data collectionA total of 128 informants (81 males and 47 females)were interviewed in the study area. Among them, 84informants were selected using the snowball methodfrom the herbal medicinal market and Mulam villages,and 44 key informants were selected purposively andsystematically after visiting local officers, villageleaders, agricultural technicians, and other people inthe study area via a reconnaissance survey prior todata collection. Local healers were automaticallyqualified as key informants who are custodians of in-digenous knowledge of medicinal plants [30]. The in-formants were local inhabitants aged between 32 and86 years old. Before each interview, prior informedconsent was requested, and throughout the study,

international codes of ethics were respected. Afterobtaining consent, various strata of participants (trad-itional healers, farmers, village leaders, religiousleaders, and health officials) were interviewed.Ethnobotanical data were collected from January 2013

to April 2017. Information about the medicinal use ofplants was collected through semistructured interviews,observations, field visits, and group discussions in the in-vestigation area [22, 31–33]. Interviews and discussionswere performed based on a checklist of questions pre-pared in Chinese and translated into the Mulamlanguage. The local names of the plants, the ailmentstreated by the plants, the plant parts used, the conditionof the plant material, the modes of preparation, and theroutes of administration were carefully recorded duringthe interviews with the informants. Vegetationcategorization information was also requested andrecorded. Other information, including the name, age,occupation, and education level of the informants, wascollected in detail. Furthermore, we also recorded thegeographic locality and date of the interview. Group dis-cussions were conducted about the conservation of andthreats to medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. Inaddition, the key informants were asked to perform pref-erence ranking exercises.

Specimen collection and identificationField observations were performed with traditionalhealers to identify the morphological features and

Fig. 1 Mulam villages and the surrounding farming fields

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 3 of 50

habitats of each medicinal plant species. Voucher speci-mens and photographs of the local medicinal plantswere collected from the field and from home gardens,and the habits and habitats of these plants were re-corded. For future reference, voucher specimens weremade and deposited in the Herbarium of Guangxi Insti-tute of Botany (IBK), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Re-gion and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi,China.Voucher specimens and photographs were identified

and confirmed according to Flora of China, Flora ofGuangxi, and botanical websites (e.g., http://www.tropi-cos.org/, http://www.cvh.ac.cn/search, http://www.plant.csdb.cn/). Finally, the identified specimens were reaf-firmed by taxonomic experts from IBK, and the inven-tory of medicinal plants was completed.

Data analysisData analysis was carried out by using ethnobotanical in-vestigation and descriptive statistical methods, such asfrequency and percentage, to evaluate the importance ofthe plant species mentioned in the study area.Preference ranking exercises [32–34] were conducted

by asking informants to rank the most important medi-cinal plants that were frequently used by the local peoplebased on their preference and the importance of theplant in the community. The plants in this exercise wereshortlisted by the key informants, and then their import-ance in managing diseases was discussed. The rankingwas based on the efficacy of the medicinal plants. If amedicinal plant was believed to be the most effective fora disease, it was given the highest value of 10 for the se-lected disease. In contrast, the least-effective plant would

Fig. 2 A sketch map of the study area

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 4 of 50

be given a value of 1. Each plant species was given aranking based on its total score. The total ranking forthe preference exercise was obtained by summing thenumber of informants who participated [28].The informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated

to determine the effectiveness of the medicinal plants ineach ailment category according to Heinrich et al. [31].The formula is provided below:

IFC ¼ nur−ntð Þ= nur−1ð Þnur is the number of individual reports of a plant use

for a particular illness category and nt is the total num-ber of species used by all informants for this illnesscategory.The fidelity level (FL) was calculated for each of the 15

preferred species for their popularity according to thekey informants who cited them in the treatment of par-ticular ailments [31, 35, 36]. The formula is providedbelow:

FL ¼ IpIu� 100%

Ip is the number of informants who suggested the useof a species for the same major purpose (therapeuticuse) and Iu is the total number of informants who men-tioned the plant species for any use.

ResultsDemographics of the informantsA total of 128 informants, 84 of whom were general in-formants and 44 of whom were key informants, fromLuocheng County agreed to participate in this study.The distribution of informants by age, gender, and edu-cation level is shown in Table 1. The age of the infor-mants ranged from 32 to 86 years old. Among them,82.3% of informants were over 40 years old, 58.59% of

informants had only a primary education, and 12.5%were illiterate. There were more male informants (81,63.28%) than female informants.

Medicinal plants recordedFrom the study sites, a total of 456 medicinal plant spe-cies belonging to 350 genera and 132 families were doc-umented. Ethnomedicinal information for each species,including its scientific name, Chinese name, Mulamname, family name, habit, habitat, plant parts used, citedsources, preparation, and use, is listed in Table 2.Among the families that contributed more medicinal

species were Fabaceae and Asteraceae, represented by 29species (6.36%) in each family, Lamiaceae with 21 species(4.61%), Rosaceae with 16 species (3.51%), Poaceae with15 species (3.29%), Euphorbiaceae with 14 species(3.07%), Rubiaceae with 13 species (2.85%), and Rutaceaewith ten species (2.19%). The other 309 species (67.76%)came from 124 families that were mostly represented byone or two species (Table 3).

Habit, plant parts used, and habitatThe results of the habit analysis of the medicinal plantsshowed that herbaceous plants constituted the highestproportion (246 species (54%)), while there were 76(17%) shrubs, 75 (16%) lianas, and 59 (13%) tree species(Fig. 3).Mulam people use different plant parts in the prepar-

ation of traditional drugs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, seeds,bark, flowers, and fruits). Many of the herbal medicinesare made by using whole plants (182 species, 33.46%),followed by roots (73 species, 13.42%), stems (46 species,8.46%), leaves (44 species, 8.09%), a combination ofstems and leaves (35 species, 6.43%), rhizomes (30 spe-cies, 5.51%), seeds (30 species, 5.51%), fruits (25 species,4.60%), tubers (15 species, 2.76%), bark (13 species,

Table 1 Demographic profile of informants

Indicator Description General informants Key informants Total Frequency (%)

Age 30–39 12 1 13 10.16

40–49 23 4 27 21.09

50–59 25 17 42 32.81

60–69 12 16 28 21.88

70–79 7 3 10 7.81

≧ 80 5 3 8 6.25

Gender Male 43 38 81 63.28

Female 41 6 47 36.72

Education Illiteracy 11 5 16 12.50

Primary 53 22 75 58.59

Secondary 20 13 33 25.78

Tertiary 0 4 4 3.13

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 5 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Abelmoschus

sagittifolius

(Kurz)Merr.

Jianyeq

iukui箭

叶秋葵

–Malvaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforkidn

eyde

ficiency,

backache

451225130608007

Abruscanton

iensisWall.ex

Wightet

Arn.

Guang

dong

xiangsizi广

州相思子

hɣɔk

8 ci1kw

ət7

Fabaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforjaun

dice

hepatitis,

stom

achache,scrofula.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

traumaticinjury,p

ainful

swelling

451225130719008

Acalypha

australis

L.Tiexiancai铁苋菜

–Euph

orbiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandprom

otingdiuresis.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

hemostasiswith

astringe

nts

451225130517008

Achyranthesaspera

L.Tuniuxi土

牛膝

–Amaranthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

clearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterial,diuresis,

treatin

gforascites,ne

phritis,sweatin

g

451225130517018

Achyranthesbidentata

Blum

eNiuxi牛膝

mai4 cen

1 tən

2Amaranthaceae

Herb

Wild

Root,

Rhizom

eMed

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,traum

aticinjury.D

ecoctio

n;taken

orallyforsore

throat,urin

aryurge

ncy,dysuria,

furuncleandcarbun

cle

451225130101019

Achyrantheslong

ifolia

Makino

Liuyen

iuxi柳叶牛膝

–Amaranthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcalculosis

451225130517052

Acon

itum

carm

icha

elii

Deb

eaux

Wutou

乌头

–Ranu

nculaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforhype

rosteo

geny

451225130607001

Acorus

calamus

L.Chang

pu菖蒲

–Acoraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath,treatingforcarbun

cle,

headache

451225130607020

Acorus

gram

ineusSoland

.Jin

qianpu

金钱蒲

sik8tshja:ŋ1pu

2Acoraceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforep

ilepsy,ph

legm

heat,abd

ominaldisten

sion

,abd

ominalpain.

Powde

red,

appliedon

theaffected

area

for

traumaticinjury

451225130310058

Adinarubella

Hance

Xiyeshuituanhu

a细叶

水团花

–Ru

biaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gtrache

itis

451225130310001

Agrim

oniapilosa

Lede

b.Long

yacao龙

芽草

ma4ljen6a:n1

Rosaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstanchingbleeding

,cool

thebloo

d,dissipatebloo

dstasis,d

iarrhe

a451225130719003

Akebiatrifoliata

(Thu

nb.)

Koidz.subsp.

australis

(Diels)T.Shim

izu

Baim

uton

g白木通

–Lardizabalaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforne

phritis

451225130428026

Alan

gium

chinense

(Lou

r)Harms.

Bajiaofen

g八角枫

pa:t7kak7foŋ1

Cornaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

,Leaf,

Root

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fortreatin

grheumatism,num

bnessof

limbs,internallesion

caused

byoverexertio

n,traumaticinjury,

dissipatebloo

dstasis,relieve

pain

451225130421036

Albiziajulibrissin

Durazz.

Heh

uan合

欢thəu

5 mu2kw

a:n1tɔ

1Fabaceae

Tree

Wild

Bark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

grestlessne

ss,

insomniaanddreaminess,ADHD.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

abscess,traumaticinjury

451225130430033

Alchorneatrew

ioides

Hon

gbeishanmagan红

–Euph

orbiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Med

icinalbath,treatingforeczema

451225130307019

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 6 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

(Ben

th.)Muell.Arg.

背山麻杆

Alism

aorientale(Sam

uel)

Juz.

Don

gfangzexie东方泽

泻–

Alismataceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforen

teritis

451225131107033

Allium

fistulosum

L.Con

g葱thɔŋ

1 pa:k8

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Bulb

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortyph

oid,

headache

,abdo

minalpain,con

stipation,urinarystop

page

,diarrhea,abscess

451225131107034

Allium

macrostem

onBg

e.Yo

ngbai薤

白kɣo3ceu4

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforthoracicob

struction,

diarrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforfuruncle

451225130729012

Allium

sativum

L.Suan蒜

kɣo3hɣ

ɔ2Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Bulb

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

gfever,he

adache

,ang

ina,hiccou

gh,

anorexia,p

oorappe

tite,furuncle,carbu

ncle

451225130311031

Allium

tuberosum

Rottler

exSpreng

.Jiu

韭ha:i5la:k8

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Seed

,Leaf

Fried;

takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gim

potence,

nocturnalemission

,frequ

entmicturition,

enuresis,d

iarrhe

a,leukorrhea,turbidity,infantile

convulsion

451225130723008

Alocasiacucullata

(Lou

r.)Scho

ttJianw

eiyu尖尾芋

–Araceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

nafterslicinganddrying

;taken

orally

forhe

patocirrho

sis

451225130425003

Aloe

vera

(L.)Bu

rm.f.

Luhu

i芦荟

ma1ləm

6Xantho

rrho

eaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Leaf

juice

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gconstip

ation,

infantile

convulsion

,infatile

malnu

trition

with

fever,rin

gworm,hem

orrhoidcomplicated

byanalfistula,scrofula

451225131107017

Alyxiasin

ensis

Champ.

exBenth.

Lianzhuten

g链珠藤

–Apo

cynaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gbladde

rcancer,uterin

ecancer

451225130807002

Amaran

thus

spinosus

L.Cixian刺

苋–

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Root

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforpiles

451225130606018

Amom

umtsaoko

Crevost

etLemarie

Caogu

o草果

–Zing

iberaceae

Herb

both

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyforaiddige

stion

451225130728017

Amorph

opha

lluskonjac

K.Ko

chHuamoyu花

磨芋

ɣa:k7 la:i4

Araceae

Herb

both

Tube

rDecoctio

nafterslicinganddrying

;taken

orally

forcoug

h.Po

wde

red,

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfortraumaticinjury,furun

cle,

erysipelas

451225130519009

AmygdaluspersicaL.

Tao桃

hwi1tɔ

2 la:k8

Rosaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gdysm

enorrhea,

abdo

minalpain,traum

aticinjury,abscess

oflung

,intestinalcarbun

cle,constip

ationdu

eto

intestinaldryness

451225130424017

Andrograph

ispaniculata

(Burm.f.)Nees

Chu

anxinlian穿

心莲

tshjøn

5 təm

1 ljen2

Acanthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinfluen

za,sorethroat,

trache

itis,pn

eumon

ia451225121230008

Anredera

cordifolia

(Ten

.)Steenis

Luokuishu落

葵薯

–Basellaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Tube

r,Stem

andleaf

Stew

edwith

pork

bone

anddrun

kthesoup

for

supp

lemen

tary

bloo

dandnu

trition

.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area

for

dissipatebloo

dstasis

451225121230001

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 7 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Arachishypogaea

L.Luoh

uashen

g落花生

ti6tau6

Fabaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

girritatin

gdry

coug

h,stom

achache,hype

rten

sion

,dizzine

ssdu

eto

deficiencyof

bloo

d

451225130606021

Araliachinensis

L.Huang

maocong

mu黄

毛楤木

khai1 m

ai4

Araliaceae

Shrub

Wild

Bark

orStem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath,

treatin

gforrheumaticarthritis,nep

hritised

ema,

ascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis,he

patitis,stomachache,

turbidity,m

etrorrhagia,traumaticinjury,abscess

451225130518021

Arctium

lappaL.

Niupang

牛蒡

tən2ha

5 la:k8

Asteraceae

Herb

both

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gwind-he

attype

common

cold,cou

gh,sorethroat,eczem

a451225130428019

Ardisia

crenataSims

Zhushage

n朱砂根

–Prim

ulaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root,Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatism

451225130308012

Ardisia

gigantifolia

Stapf.

Zoum

atai走马胎

ça:u1 tsha:m

3 ma4

Prim

ulaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatism,d

ispe

lling

wind,

removedampn

ess,removingbloo

dstasis,

traumaticinjury,w

aist-legweakness,carbun

cle

ulcer

451225130610040

Ardisia

lindleyan

aD.D

ietr.

Xiaoluosan小罗伞

mai4 ta:n5niŋ5

Prim

ulaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

orWho

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

grheumatoidarthritis,amen

orrhea,

dysm

enorrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfortraumaticinjury

451225130311035

Ardisia

japonica

(Thu

nb)

Blum

eZijinniu紫

金牛

te3 ti6tsa2

Prim

ulaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyandmed

icinalbath

for

treatin

gchronicbron

chitis,tube

rculosis,

neph

ritis,h

ypertension,sw

ollentoxin,he

rnia

451225130722002

ArecacatechuL.

Bing

lang

槟榔

–Arecaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforliver

ascites

451225130610033

Arisa

emaerubescens

(Wall.)Scho

ttYibasann

anxing

一把伞

南星

–Araceae

Herb

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials

451225130311032

Aristolochiadebilis

Sieb

.et

Zuce.

Madon

gling马

兜铃

mai4 həu

1 mɣa:ŋ1

Aristolochiaceae

Liana

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrelieve

pain,

detoxifcationde

tumescence,bloo

dpressure

lowering

451225130729011

Aristolochiafordiana

Hem

sl.

Tong

chen

ghu通

城虎

–Aristolochiaceae

Liana

both

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyforanti-inflammatory,gastri-

tis,enteritis.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforsnakebite

451225121204039

Armeniaca

mum

eSieb

.Mei梅

u5məi

6Ro

saceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gdiarrhea,

hemafecia,cou

ghwith

lung

heat,sorethroat,

deprivingascarid

451225130426040

Artemisiaan

omalaS.

Moo

re.

Qihao奇蒿

pɛ:k8 hwa1wəi

1Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gam

enorrhea,

abdo

minaldisten

tion,po

stpartum

bloo

dstasis.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury,carbu

ncletoxin

451225130427037

ArtemisiaargyiH

.Lév.et

Vaniot

Ai艾

ŋa:i6fa5

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Leaf

Moxibustio

n;Treatin

gfortocolysis,

dysm

enorrhea,irreg

ular

men

ses,leukorrhea,

metrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis

451225130720008

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 8 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Artemisiacapillaris

Thun

b.Yinchenh

ao茵陈蒿

mau

5 hɣɔk8

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gdampandho

tjaun

dice,d

ysuria,sores

451225130102009

Artemisiacarvifolia

Buch.-

Ham

.exRo

xb.

Qingh

ao青蒿

ŋa:i6hə

u1Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

gmalaria,d

iarrhe

a,jaun

dice.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

forscabies,pruritu

s

451225130610003

Artemisiaindica

Willd.

Wuyueai五月艾

–Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fordispellingwind

andremovingdampn

ess

451225130427028

ArtemisiascopariaWaldst.

etKit.

Zhum

aohao猪

毛蒿

–Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gstom

achache

451225130518018

Arun

dodona

xL.

Luzhu芦

竹–

Poaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforph

aryngitis,nep

hritis,

edem

a451225130611004

Asarum

caudigerum

Hance

Weihu

axixin尾花细辛

–Aristolochiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

forrelieve

pain,too

thache

,gou

t451225130309040

Asparaguscochinchinensis

(Lou

r.)Merr

Tianmen

dong

天门冬

mən

6 tɔŋ

1Asparagaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h,he

mop

tysis,

pneumalgia,sore

throat

451225130428020

Bauh

iniacham

pion

ii(Ben

th.)Benth.

Long

xuteng

龙须藤

ça:u1 m

a6jin

5Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforgastritis,rhe

umatism,

traumaticinjury,b

onefracture

451225121231022

Belamcand

achinensis

(L.)

DC.

Sheg

an射干

məm

6 kwət

7 hɣɔk8

Iridaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforsore

throat,abscess,

amen

orrhea

451225130428054

Benincasahispida(Thu

nb.)

Cog

n.Don

ggua冬瓜

tɔŋ5kw

a1ŋɣ

a2Cucurbitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Peel

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforne

phritised

ema,po

orurination

451225130430039

Bidens

bipinn

ataL.

Popo

zhen

婆婆针

la:i4tshə

m1 hɣɔk8

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforacuteappe

ndicitis,

mastalgia,b

acillarydysentery,angina,kidne

yde

ficiency,backache

,nep

hritis,migraine.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforsnakebite,traum

aticinjury

451225130608021

Bidens

pilosa

L.Guizhen

cao鬼

针草

–Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forde

germ

ingand

anti-inflammatory

451225130608026

Bischo

fiajavanica

Blum

eQiufeng

秋枫

–Euph

orbiaceae

Tree

both

Root

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforpiles

451225131108037

Bletillaform

osan

a(Hayata)

Schltr.

Xiaobaiji小白及

–Orchidaceae

Herb

Wild

Tube

rStew

edwith

pork

bagandtakenorallydirectly

fortumou

r451225130309006

Bletillastriata

(Thu

nb.ex

A.M

urray)Rchb

.f.

Baiji白及

–Orchidaceae

Herb

Wild

Tube

rDecoctio

n;takenorallyforgastric

ulcer,

tube

rculosis

451225130307037

Boehmerianivea(L.)

Gaudich.

Zhum

a苎麻

pə6 m

a6ta:ŋ1

Urticaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinternalhe

morrhage,

hemokelidosis,threatene

dabortio

n,po

orurination.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforpo

ison

edsore,snake

andinsect

injury

451225130421030

Botrychium

lanu

gino

sum

Rong

maoyind

ijue绒

毛–

Oph

ioglossaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforlunacy,settle

frigh

t451225131107031

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 9 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Wall.

阴地蕨

andqu

ietthespirit

Brassicajuncea

(L.)Czern.

Jiecai芥菜

–Brassicaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcalculosis

451225130307031

Bryoph

yllum

pinn

atum

(L.

f.)O

ken

Luod

ishe

ngge

n落地生

根–

Crassulaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforde

tumescencerelieve

pain,

detoxicatin

gandge

neratin

gmuscles

451225130607009

Buchnera

cruciata

Buch.

Mutisex.L.f.H

amilt.

Heicao黑草

hɣɔk

8 nam

1Orobanchaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

gerup

tivedisease,typh

oid,

epilepsy,

painfulswelling

451225130310048

BuddlejaofficinalisMaxim

.Mim

engh

ua密蒙花

–Scroph

ulariaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis,jaun

dice

hepatitis

451225130310013

Calleryareticulata(Ben

th.)

Scho

tWangluo

jixueteng

网络

鸡血藤

–Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

rinsed,

treatin

gforrheumatism,freethechanne

lsandne

twork

vessels,osteop

orosis

451225130722005

Calleryaspeciosa

(Champ.

exBenth.)Scho

tMeilijixueteng

美丽鸡

血藤

–Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

gtrache

itis,osteop

orosis

451225130607039

Callicarpamacroph

ylla

Vahl

Dayezizhu

大叶紫珠

–Verben

aceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforprotrusion

oflumbarintervertebral

disc,h

yperosteog

eny,rheumatism

451225130607013,

451225130722004

Camellia

oleifera

Abe

lYo

ucha油茶

tsa:i6jəu2

Theaceae

Tree

Wild

Oilfro

mseed

sTakenorallydirectlytreatin

gforabdo

minalpain,

deprivingascarid

,intestin

aldrynessand

nodd

ing.

App

liedon

theaffected

area,treating

forscabies,scald

451225130421041

Campanu

moeajavanica

Blum

eBijdr.

Jinqianbao金

钱豹

–Cam

panu

laceae

Herb

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforlung

heat,d

rycoug

h451225130608018

Cana

rium

album

(Lou

r.)Rauesch.

Ganlan橄

榄ka:n3 la:n3

Burseraceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyforsore

throat,cou

ghhe

mop

tysis,bacillary

dysentery,alleviatea

hang

over

451225130609002

Cann

aindica

L.Meirenjiao美

人蕉

tɔŋ6fa5

Cannaceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

,Flower

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforacutejaun

dice

hepatitis,p

rotracteddysentery,leukorrhea,

irreg

ular

men

ses,hype

rten

sion

.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,abscess

451225130518003

Canscora

lucidissima(Levl.

etVant.)Hand.-M

azz.

Chu

anxincao穿心草

hɣɔk

8 tshjøn5təm

1Gen

tianaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patopathy,coug

hwith

lung

heat,hep

atitis,jaun

dice,p

ectoralgia,

stom

achache,traumaticinjury

451225130311007

Capsella

bursa-pastoris(L.)

Med

ic.

Jicai荠菜

ma1ja4

Brassicaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,ede

ma,

gono

rrhe

a,internalhe

morrhage,redeyes

painful

swelling

451225130608022

Cardiospermum

halicacabum

L.Daodiling倒

地铃

–Sapind

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyor

poun

dedfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area

forexpe

lling

parasite,relieve

pain

451225130519053

Caricapapaya

L.Fanm

ugua番木瓜

–Caricaceae

Tree

Hom

ePeel

Stew

edwith

pork

bone

anddrun

kthesoup

,451225130312001

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 10 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

garden

treatin

gforosteop

orosis

Cassytha

filiform

isL.

Wug

enteng

无根藤

ça:u1 khu

5 mɛ2ni4

Lauraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiuresis,

detumescence,coug

hwith

lung

heat,jaund

ice,

diarrhea,internalh

emorrhage,abscess,scabies,

scald

451225130311062

CatalpaovataG.D

onZi梓

–Bign

oniaceae

Tree

Wild

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patopathy

451225130424024

Cayratiaalbifolia

C.L.Li

Baim

aowulianm

ei白毛

乌蔹莓

ça:u1 m

u5mai4

Vitaceae

Liana

Wild

Root,Leaf

Root:m

edicinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumaticarthritis.Leaf:po

unde

dfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

unknow

nsw

ollentoxin;Che

wing,

treatin

gfor

toothache.

451225130426036

Cayratiajaponica

(Thu

nb.)

Gagne

p.Wulianm

ei乌蔹莓

ŋɔ4 fa5mwa:i2

Vitaceae

Liana

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrheumatoidarthritis,

jaun

dice,d

iarrhe

a,he

maturia,g

onorrhea,

furuncleabscess,erysipelas

451225130606003

Celastrusorbiculatus

Thun

b.Nansheten

g南蛇藤

ta6 pɣa

1 lɔŋ

2Celastraceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforarthralgiaand

myalgia,num

bnessof

limbs,infantileconvulsion

,measles

synd

rome,diarrhea

451225130430008

Celosia

argentea

L.Qingxiang

青葙

ja4 ci1kon1hw

a1Amaranthaceae

Herb

both

Seed

Med

icinalbath

forinsecticidal

451225130518039,

451225130608024

Celosia

cristataL.

Jiguanh

ua鸡冠花

ci1 kon

1 hwa1

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Inflorescen

ceDecoctio

n;takenorallyforinternalhe

morrhage,

leukorrhea

451225130607049

Centellaasiatica(L.)Urb.

Jixuecao积

雪草

chøt

7 pa:k7won

3Apiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforprostatitis,eruptive

disease,diarrhea,jaund

ice,internalhe

morrhage,

measles.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforfuruncleabscess,

traumaticinjury

451225130424011

Centipedaminima(L.)A.

Br.etAsche

rs.

Shihusui石胡荽

hɣɔk

8 ŋa:n6khu5tsa:n1

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordissipatebloo

dstasis,

dispellingwindde

tumescence,he

patitis,

common

cold,p

haryng

itis,pe

rtussiscoug

h,diarrhea,m

alaria,nasosinusitis,he

morrhoids

451225130611010

Ceph

alotaxus

fortun

eiHoo

k.Sanjianshan三

尖杉

tau6la:n3 sa1

Cep

halotaxaceae

Tree

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordrycoug

h,dry

pharynx

451225130430030

Chenopodium

hybridum

L.Zape

ili杂配藜

phɣə

:t7nə

n1jəu1

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforsore

abscess,irreg

ular

men

ses,internalhe

morrhage,en

teritis,b

acillary

dysentery

451225130425013

Chloranthu

shenryiHem

sl.

Kuanyejinsulan宽

叶金

粟兰

ti5ph

jen5ŋw

a4Chloranthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforrheumatism,arthralgiaandmyalgia,

traumaticinjury

451225130723006

Choerospon

dias

axillaris

(Roxb.)B

.L.Burttet

A.W

.Hill

Nansuanzao南

酸枣

–Anacardiaceae

Tree

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforen

ceph

alem

ia451225130426037

Chrysanthemum

indicum

L.Yeju野菊

cy6 hwa1ja4

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Flow

erDecoctio

n;takenorallyforanti-inflammatoryy,

enteritis,rhe

umatism,w

ind-he

attype

common

451225121205038

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 11 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

cold,p

neum

onia,d

iphthe

ritis,h

ypertension,fu-

runcle,aptha,erysipe

las,eczema

Chrysopogonaciculatus

(Retz.)T

rin.

Zhujiecao竹

节草

–Po

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiuresis

detumescence,clearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxic

materials

451225130611024

Cibotium

barometz(L.)J.

Sm.

Jinmaogo

u金毛狗

cəm

1 mɔ2ŋw

a1Cibotiaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

miplegia,backache

,rheumatism,urin

aryfre

quen

cy,spe

rmatorrhea,

leukorrhea

451225121204014,

451225130728003

Cinn

amom

umcamph

ora

(L.)Presl

Zhang樟

–Lauraceae

Tree

both

Stem

,Roo

tDecoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patospleno

meg

aly,

edem

a,he

patitis

451225130430032

Cipadessabaccifera

(Roth)

Miq.

Huimaojiang

guolian灰

毛浆果楝

–Meliaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Med

icinalbath

forthermolysis,anti-inflammatory

451225121230031

Cirsium

chinense

Gardn

eret

Champ.

Xiaoji小

蓟ci1 niŋ5

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

orRo

otDecoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

ginternalhe

morrhage,irreg

ular

men

ses,

dampandho

t,jaun

dice.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

bleeding

wou

nd,furun

cle,sw

ollentoxin

451225130422019

Cirsium

japonicum

Fisch.

exDC.

Daji大

蓟ci1 lo4

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

orRo

otDecoctio

n;takenorallyforinternalhe

morrhage,

scald,

mum

ps,jaund

ice,costalgia,intestinal

carbun

cle

451225130422019

Cissus

pteroclada

Hayata

Yijingb

aifenten

g翼茎白

粉藤

ça:u1 ti5teŋ2

Vitaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

ror

decoction;takenorallyfor

activatecollaterals,rhe

umatoidarthritis,

traumaticinjury

451225130310068

Citrulluslana

tus(Thu

nb.)

Matsum.etNakai

Xigu

a西瓜

te1 kwa1ŋɣ

a2Cucurbitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Bark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforho

tnessand

polydipsia,oliguresis,ede

ma

451225130606028

Citrus

maxima(Burm.)

Merr.

You柚

–Ru

taceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forsw

eatin

g451225130426008

Citrus

sinensis

(L.)Osbeck

Tianchen

g甜橙

ka:m

5 tsən2ŋɣ

a2Ru

taceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Peel

Takenorallydirectlyforabdo

minaldisten

tion,

nausea,vom

it451225131108015

Citrus

tang

erinaHort.et

Tanaka.

Fuju福橘

cy6 fa5

Rutaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Peel

Takenorallydirectlyforcostalgia,acutemastitis,

lumpof

breast

451225140408015

Citrus

trifoliata

L.Ji枳

tsi2la:k8

Rutaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Fruit

slicinganddrying

,decoctio

n;takenorallyforrib

expansion,dyspep

ticretention,hiccup

,alo

laxata,

rectalprolapse,uterin

eprolapse

451225130721012

Clausena

lansium

(Lou

r.)Skeels.

Huang

pi黄皮

ŋɣa2ŋa:n3 hwi1la:k8

Rutaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyforremovingjaun

dice,

hepatitis,d

yspe

pticretention,coug

hasthma

451225130422041

Clem

atischinensis

Osbeck.

Weilingxian威

灵仙

hɣɔk

8 məm

4 mut

8Ranu

nculaceae

Liana

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforgo

ut,obstin

ate

arthralgia,b

arbiers,malaria,tetanus,p

ainful

swelling

451225121205044

Clerodendrum

bung

eiSteud.

Cho

umud

an臭牡丹

in1 lɔ2ta:n1

Lamiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fortube

rculosis,

carbun

cle,furuncle,eczem

a,piles,rectal

prolapse,infantileconvulsion

451225130426029

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 12 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Clerodendrum

cyrtophyllum

Turcz.

Daqing大

青–

Lamiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Poun

dedandhe

ated

thefre

shpart,app

liedon

theaffected

area,treatingforhype

rosteo

geny

451225130729016

Clerodendrum

japonicum

(Thu

nb.)Sw

eet

Che

ngtong

赪桐

–Lamiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forrheumatism

451225130606025

Cnidium

mon

nieri(L.)

Cusson.

Shechu

ang蛇

床tw

i2ph

o5la:k8

Apiaceae

Herb

Wild

Fruit

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

gim

potence,rheumatoidarthritis,h

emorrhoids

eczema.Decoctio

n;takenorallyandmed

icinal

bath

foreczemascrotum,leukorrhe

a,pruritu

svulvae,infertility

451225130421020

Coixlacrym

a-jobiL.var.

ma-yuen

(Rom

.Caill.)

Stapf

Yimi薏

米hɣ

ɔk8 lak

8 khau5

Poaceae

Herb

both

Seed

Stew

ed;taken

orallydirectlyfordysuria,ede

ma,

inchacao,invigoratingspleen

,diarrhe

a,rheumatoidarthritis,abscess

oflung

,intestin

alcarbun

cle

451225130310025

Commelinadiffusa

Burm

.Jie

jiecao节

节草

–Com

melinaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforlithang

iuria,clearing

liver

andeyesight,rem

ovingdampn

ess

451225130519005

Coriand

rum

satiuum

L.Yu

ansui芫荽

jøn6tok8

Apiaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyformeasles,p

oor

appe

tite,stom

achcold

451225130519021

Corydalis

saxicolaBu

nting

Yanh

uang

lian岩

黄连

pa:i2lε5 huŋ

6 ljen2

Papaveraceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyforanti-inflammatory

451225130426020

Corydalis

sheareriS.Moo

reDijinm

iao地

锦苗

hu5 təm

1 mwɔ5

Papaveraceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eTakenorallydirectlyor

poun

dedfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

stom

achhe

at,d

ampandho

tjaun

dice,ede

ma,

traumaticinjury,furun

cleandcarbun

cle

451225130307005

Crassoceph

alum

crepidioides

(Ben

th.)S.

Moo

re

Yetong

hao野茼蒿

–Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforhype

rplasiaof

mam

maryglands

451225130519023

Crataeguspinn

atifida

Bge.

var.major

N.E.Br.

Shanlihon

g山里红

pɣa1tsa1

Rosaceae

Tree

both

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyforabdo

minaldisten

sion

,anorexia,abd

ominalpain

451225130729010

Crinum

asiaticum

L.var.

sinicum

(Roxb.

exHerb.)

Baker

Wen

shulan文殊兰

khɣɛ

1 lɔŋ

2 ma4

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Wild

Leaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforabscess,traumaticinjury,joint

pain

451225130430048

Cucumissativus

L.Huang

gua黄

瓜–

Cucurbitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Root,Seed

Root:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforrheumatism,

removingjaun

dice,jaund

ice,he

patitis.Seed:

takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

ghe

artdisease

451225130609003

Cucurbita

moschata

(Duch.ex

Lam.)Duch.ex

Poiret

Nangu

a南瓜

cəm

1 kwa1piŋ5

Cucurbitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Peel,p

edicel,

Seed

Peel:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforston

e.Pedicellus

cucurbitae:Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gston

e,carbun

cle,furuncle,scald,threatene

dabortio

n.Seed

:taken

orallydirectly,treatingfor

tape

worm,d

eprivingascarid

,postpartum

bloo

dstasis,p

iles

451225130718020

CupressusfunebrisEndl.

Baim

u柏木

–Cup

ressaceae

Tree

both

Bark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforliver

ascites

451225130517006

Curculigoorchioides

Gaertn.

Xianmao仙茅

pɣa1jyn6

Hypoxidaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eStir-fry

until

dryaftersoakingwith

wine,then

decoctionor

med

icinalliquo

rfortreatin

gim

potence,acon

uresis.Pou

nded

fresh

part

451225130309002

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 13 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

carbun

cle,scrofula

Curcum

along

aL.

Jiang

huang姜

黄–

Zing

iberaceae

Herb

both

Tube

rSlicinge

dandhe

ated

appliedon

theaffected

area

fordissipatebloo

dstasis,d

redg

ing

collaterals

451225130430037

Curcum

aph

aeocaulis

Valeton

Eshu莪术

–Zing

iberaceae

Herb

both

Tube

rDecoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fordissipatebloo

dstasis,d

ysmen

orrhea

451225130501009

Cyclea

hypoglauca

(Schauer)Diels

Fenyelun

huanteng

粉叶

轮环藤

ça:u1 phə

p7Men

ispe

rmaceae

Liana

Wild

Root,Stem,

Leaf

Root:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforsoothe

throats,

supp

ressingcoug

h.Stem

:Decoctio

n;takenorally

forexpe

ctorant.Leaf:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyfor

sore

throat,abd

ominalpain

451225130310018

Cyna

nchu

mam

plexicaule

(Sieb.

etZu

cc.)Hem

sl.var.

castan

eum

Makino

Zihu

ahezhang

xiao紫花

合掌消

–Apo

cynaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcool

bloo

dde

toxifcation,he

patitis

451225130424025

Cyna

nchu

matratum

Bung

eBaiwei白薇

–Apo

cynaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforskin

disease

451225130523002

Cyno

dondactylon

(L.)Pers.Gou

yage

n狗牙根

khɣə

t7tjen5hɣ

ɔk8

Poaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrheumatism,

hemiplegia,over-straine

dhe

mop

tysis.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

fortraumaticinjury,b

leed

ingwou

nd,carbu

ncle

451225130610024

Cyperusrotund

usL.

Xiangfuzi香

附子

hɣɔk

8 ti6cəu3

Cyperaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfor

clearin

gandactivatingthechanne

lsand

collaterals,rhe

umatism,ostealgia,stomachache,

asthmain

children

451225130606020

Daemon

oropsjenkinsia

na(Griffith)

Martiu

sHuang

teng

黄藤

ça:u1 ŋa:n3

Arecaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

orroot

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforfood

-poisoning

,con

-stipation,diarrhea,infectio

ushe

patitis,carbu

ncle,

sore

throat

451225130311001

Dam

nacanthu

sindicusC.

F.Gaertn.

Huci虎

刺–

Rubiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gston

e,diuresis,nep

hrop

athy

451225121230021

DaturametelL.

Baim

antuoluo

白曼陀

罗ma:n4tho6lo5

Solanaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Flow

er,Leaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforalop

ecia.D

ecoctio

n;med

icinalbath,

treatin

gforcoug

hwith

asthma,arthralgia,

inchacao,rectalp

rolapse

451225130523001

Davallia

divaricataDutch

etTutch.

Dayeg

usuibu

大叶骨碎

补–

Davalliaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eMed

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,for

treatin

grheumatism,

streng

then

ingthebo

nesandmuscles,traum

atic

injury

451225130307006

Dendrobium

nobileLind

l.Shihu石

斛hɣ

ɔk8 ŋa:n3

Orchidaceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforfebrile

diseases,

asthen

iafeverafterillne

ss451225130427039

Desmodium

gang

eticum

(L.)DC.

Dayeshanm

ahuang

大叶山蚂蝗

–Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiuresis

451225121230019

Desmodium

racemosum

(Thu

nb.)DC.

Shanmahuang

山蚂蝗

pɣa1miŋ2

Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstom

achache,infantile

malnu

trition

451225131109003

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 14 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Desmodium

multiflorum

DC.

Don

gmahuang

饿蚂蝗

–Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,anti-itch,infantile

malnu

trition

451225130726004

Dicho

ndra

repens

Forst.

Matijin马

蹄金

ma1luk7

Con

volvulaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforthroat

inflammation,

enteritis,liver

ascites,jaun

dice,costalgia,urin

ary

urge

ncy,dysuria,irreg

ular

men

ses.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

forbleeding

wou

nd

451225130610014

Dicliptera

chinensis

(L.)

Juss.

Gou

gancai狗肝菜

ma1tap7ŋw

a1Acanthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

dizziness,tin

nitus,bacillary

dysenteryhe

mafecia,

dysuria,p

yreticstrang

uria,m

easles

451225130606001

Dimocarpuslong

anLour.

Long

yan龙

眼øn

2 sik8

Sapind

aceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Aril

Takenorallydirectlyforweaknessof

spleen

and

stom

ach,anorexia,d

iarrhe

a,insomnia

dreaminess,palpitatio

n,po

stpartum

hypo

galactia

451225130101009

Dioscorea

bulbifcra

L.Huang

dong

黄独

kɣa2ŋa:n3 la:k8

Dioscoreaceae

Liana

Wild

Tube

rDecoctio

n;takenorallyforantralgastritis,

enteritis,thyroid

disease,coug

hwith

lung

heat,

pude

ndalulcer

451225130430035

Dioscorea

cirrho

saLour.

Shuliang

薯莨

–Dioscoreaceae

Liana

Wild

Tube

rStir-fry

with

rice;takenorallyforfeverin

children

451225130101027,

451225130430011

Dioscorea

esquiroliiPrain

etBu

rkill

Qiyeshu

yu七叶薯蓣

–Dioscoreaceae

Liana

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;med

icinalbath,treatingforhe

rpes,

hype

rthyreosis

451225130312023

Diospyros

kakiThun

b.Shi柿

ca:u1 m

a3kai5

Eben

aceae

Tree

both

Persistent

calyx

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforvomiting

,relieve

hiccup

451225130421035,

451225130428004

Dryna

riaroosiiNakaike

Hujue槲蕨

çiŋ1mu6lau2

Polypo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctedwith

water,slicing,

drying

,med

icinal

liquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

gkidn

eyde

ficiency,

backache

,rhe

umatoidarthritis,too

thache

,tin

nitus,traumaticinjury,b

oneinjury,

appe

ndicitis,pe

lada,helom

a

451225130311014,

451225130421012

Dryopteris

cham

pion

ii(Ben

th.)C.C

hr.

Kuolinlinmaojue阔

鳞鳞

毛蕨

kon5tsɔŋ

1Dryop

terid

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforanem

opyreticcold

ecchym

osis,internalh

emorrhage,leukorrhea,

enteric

verm

inosis

451225130421053

Duchesnea

indica

(And

r.)Focke.

Shem

ei蛇莓

təm

6 twi2

Rosaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforfever,coug

h,spitting

bloo

d,angina,d

iarrhe

a.Po

unde

dfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

abscessfurun

cle,snakebite,scald.

451225130311059,

451225130424009

Dysosmaversipellis

(Hance)M.C

heng

Bajiaolian八

角莲

–Berberidaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforpo

ison

ousinsect

bite

451225130612002

Dysph

aniaam

brosioides

(L.)Mosyakinet

Clemants

Tujingjie土荆芥

ma1

in1

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalbath

orpo

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfortreatin

gfor

rheumatism

painfulswelling,

eczema,po

ison

ous

insect

bite

451225130607023

Echino

chloacrus-galli(L.)

P.Beauv.

Bai稗

–Po

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiuresis

detumescence,qu

ietthespirit

451225130718016

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 15 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Eclipta

ProstrataL.

Lichang鳢

肠hɣ

ɔk8 m

a1ha:n5

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

ginternalhe

morrhage,prem

aturegraying

hair,diph

theritis,turbidity,leukorrhe

a,pu

dend

aleczema.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforbleeding

wou

nd,snake

bite

451225130421003,

451225130501038

Elaeagnu

sglabra

Thun

b.Manhu

tuizi蔓

胡颓子

–Elaeagnaceae

Liana

Wild

Leaf,Fruit,

Root

Leaf:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforcalm

panting

andsupp

ress

coug

h.Fruit:Takenorallydirectly

foranti-diarrhea

451225131108045

Elepha

ntopus

scaberL.

Didancao地

胆草

hɣɔk

8 tsja:k7ta:ŋ1

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

ggastritis,d

entalu

lcer,p

haryng

itis,

inchacao

edem

a,urinaryfre

quen

cy,urin

ary

urge

ncy,furuncle

451225130806001

Eleusin

eindica

(L.)Gaertn.

Niujincao牛

筋草

tən2cen1hɣ

ɔk8

Poaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforfever,dampandho

tjaun

dice,abd

ominaldisten

tion,lumbarmuscle

injury

451225130610023

Eleutherococcusno

diflorus

(Dun

n)S.Y.Hu

Xizhuw

ujia细柱五加

ŋɔ4 ca1ŋɣ

a2Araliaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

bark

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,cramp

451225121205001

Eleutherococcustrifoliatus

(L.)S.Y.Hu

Baiha白

簕–

Araliaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Root

andleaf:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,nep

hritis,renal

tube

rculosis,ede

ma;po

unde

dfre

shpartapplied

ontheaffected

area,treatingforstanching

bleeding

;Stem:m

edicinalliquo

r;takenorallyfor

rheumatism

451225121205030

Elsholtziarugulosa

Hem

sl.

Baibeixiangru白

背香薷

ma1mɣa:ŋ1

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

with

flower

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

headache

fever,abdo

minalpain,vom

it,diarrhea,

edem

a,inchacao

451225130608041

Embelia

parvifloraWall.ex

A.D

C.

Dangg

uiteng

当归藤

–Prim

ulaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiuresis,ede

ma

451225121204018

Emiliasonchifolia

DC.

Yidianho

ng一点红

nə5 tjem

3 la:n3

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

urinarytractinfection,kidn

eyde

ficiency,sore

throat,cou

gh,urin

aryurge

ncy,furuncle,herpe

s,eczema

451225130312002

Epimedium

sagittatum

(Sieb.

etZu

cc.)Maxim

.Sanzhijiuyecao三枝九

叶草

hɣɔk

8 ta:n1ŋa

5 cəu

3 fa5

Berberidaceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Med

icinalliquo

ror

stew

edwith

bone

anddrun

kthesoup

,treatingforim

potence,dripping

dischargeof

urine,sorene

ssandweaknessof

waistandknees,rheumatoidarthritis

451225121231009

Equisetum

diffusum

D.

Don

Pisanm

uzei披散木贼

–Equisetaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

foranti-inflammatory,de

tumescence.Decoctio

n;takenorallyforne

phritis,d

iuresisstrang

uria,

reno

meg

aly,clearin

ghe

atandim

proving

eyesight

451225130721013

Equisetum

hiem

aleL.

Muzei木贼

hɣɔk

8 pət

7 tha:p7

Equisetaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforconjun

ctivitis,sore

throat,abd

ominalpain,hem

afecia,ede

ma

451225131108023

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 16 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Eriobotrya

japonica

(Thu

nb.)Lind

l.Pipa枇杷

pε:k8 pa2fa5

Rosaceae

Tree

both

Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis,coug

hwith

lung

heat,hem

optysis,

clearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials

451225130426034

Eriocaulon

buergerianu

mKo

ern.

Gujingcao谷精草

hɣɔk

8 muŋ

4 la1

Eriocaulaceae

Herb

Wild

Inflorescen

ceDecoctio

n;takenorallyfornyctalop

ia,headache,

toothache,ph

aryngitis,hem

orrhinia

451225130428017

ErycibeobtusifoliaBenth.

Dingg

ongten

g丁公藤

ça:u1 kɔŋ

1 pɔ1

Con

volvulaceae

Shrub

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforrheumatism,

hemiplegia.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforpainfulswellingfro

mknocks

andfalls

451225130611027

Eucalyptus

globulus

Labill.

Lanan蓝

桉a:n5mai4 fa5lo4

Myrtaceae

Tree

both

Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstom

achache,

prostatitis,w

ind-he

attype

common

cold,cou

gh,

urinaryurge

ncy,dysuria.Pou

nded

fresh

partap-

pliedon

theaffected

area,treatingforfuruncle,

skin

itch,eczema

451225130425026

Eucalyptus

robustaSm

.An桉

–Myrtaceae

Tree

both

Seed

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforprostatitis,

stom

achache

451225130310004

Eucommiaulmoidesoliv.

Don

gzho

ng杜仲

tshja3ti1ŋɣ

a2Eucommiaceae

Tree

both

Bark

Stew

edwith

pigkidn

eyandtakenorallydirectly,

treatin

gforkidn

eyde

ficiency,backache

,frequ

ent

micturition,hype

rten

sion

.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

breaking

ofmuscleandtend

on,b

onefracture

451225130426035

Eulaliopsisbina

ta(Retz.)C

.E.Hub

b.Nijinm

ao拟金茅

–Po

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

clearin

gliver

andeyesight

451225130607032

Euon

ymus

fortun

ei(Turcz.)

Hand.-M

azz.

Fufang

teng

扶芳藤

ça:u1 fu6səu3

Celastraceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatism,ostealgia,

traumaticinjury,b

onefracture.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

bleeding

wou

nd,

451225130428013

Euon

ymus

nitidus

Benth.

Zhon

ghuaweimao中华

卫矛

–Celastraceae

Tree

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Med

icinalbath

forrelieve

pain

451225130307032

Eupatorium

fortun

eiTurcz.

Peilan佩

兰hɣ

ɔk8 la:n6

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforacutegastritisand

enteritis,b

lood

blight

451225131109021

Eupatorium

lindleyan

umDC.

Linzelan林泽兰

thjen1mɛ1hɣ

am5

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gwind-he

attype

common

cold,swellingandaching

ofgu

m,

coug

hdu

eto

lung

heat

451225130427017

Euph

orbiaesulaL.

Rujiang

daji乳

浆大戟

–Euph

orbiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forde

germ

ing;

putit

onthebe

d,treatin

gforchills,fever

451225130306004

Euph

orbiahelioscopiaL.

Zeqi泽漆

na:u3 pa3ta:n5

Euph

orbiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

poun

dedfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

edem

atou

sasthma,malaria,b

acillarydysentery,

scrofula,kerion,osteom

yelitis

451225130426030

Euph

orbiahirtaL.

Feiyangcao飞扬草

nɛ6 hɣo

5 hɣɔk8lo4

Euph

orbiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,h

ematuria,

dysuria,herpe

seczema

451225121206004

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 17 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Euph

orbiahu

mifusa

Willd.

exSchltdl.

Dijin地

锦–

Euph

orbiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforsnakebite

451225130306004

Euph

orbiahypericifolia

L.Tong

naicao通奶草

–Euph

orbiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyfordiarrhea

451225130420011

Euph

orbiathym

ifolia

L.Qiang

encao千

根草

nɛ6 hɣo

5 hɣɔk8niŋ5

Euph

orbiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyfordiarrhea,h

emafecia.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforeczema,kerio

n,pruritu

s

451225140420070

EuryaleferoxSalisb.

Qian芡

kɣo3ci1 ja4

Nym

phaeaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyforen

uresis,spe

rmatorrhea,

leukorrhea,d

iarrhe

a451225140412008

Evodialepta(Spren

g.)

Merr.

Sanyaku三

桠苦

–Ru

taceae

Tree

Wild

Root,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

clearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,anti-itch

451225131109030

Fagopyrum

dibotrys

(D.

Don

)H.H

ara

Jinqiaomai金荞麦

–Po

lygo

naceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gformam

mitisbe

fore

supp

uration

451225130519008

FicuscaricaL.

Wuh

uagu

o无花果

khu5mɛ2hw

a1hw

i1Moraceae

Shrub

both

Receptacle

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,con

stipation,

piles,sore

throat,cou

ghwith

lung

heat

451225130430049

FicushirtaVahl

Cuyeron

g粗叶榕

ŋɔ4 nja2 la:k8mɔ6tɔ

2Moraceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstom

achache,coug

h,abdo

minaldisten

sion

,ede

ma,leukorrhea,

rheumatoidarthritis,lum

bago

451225130307034

FicusmicrocarpaL.f.

Rong

shu榕

树–

Moraceae

Tree

Wild

Root,A

erial

root

Root:m

edicinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

graum

aticinjury,h

yperosteog

eny,catagm

a.Aerial

root:D

ecoctio

nwith

oldbambo

oanddrun

kthe

soup

,treatingforhe

miplegia

451225130430036

Ficussarm

entosa

Buch.-

Ham

.exJ.E.Sm

.var.

lacrym

ans(Levl.Vant.)

Corne

r

Baoyep

aten

gron

g薄叶

爬藤榕

–Moraceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fornu

mbn

essof

bone

,rhe

umatism

451225130423027

FicustikouaBu

r.Diguo

地果

ti6ɔŋ

5Moraceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforanem

opyreticcold,

edem

a,jaun

dice,rhe

umatism,p

iles,am

enorrhea,

leukorrhea,ind

igestio

n,traumaticinjury,treating

forabdo

minalpaindiarrhea,d

iarrhe

a,dizziness

dueto

bloo

dde

ficiency,leukorrhea,hem

orrhinia

451225130423009

FicustinctoriaG.Forst.

subsp.

gibbosa(Blume)

Corne

r

Xieyeron

g斜叶榕

–Moraceae

Tree

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials

451225121205032,

451225130519013,

451225130519028

Ficuspumila

L.Bili薜荔

–Moraceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

nwith

theroot

ofMelastoma

malabathricum

;med

icinalbath

forfoot

pain

451225121231023,

451225130311072

Flem

ingiamacroph

ylla

(Willd.)Ku

ntze

exPrain

Dayeq

ianjinba大叶千

斤拔

–Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath,

treatin

gforcaligoof

oldpe

ople

451225130427015

Flem

ingiaprostrataRo

xb.

f.ex

Roxb.

Qianjinba千斤拔

–Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,arthritis,traumaticinjury,relaxing

tend

onsandstreng

then

ingbo

nes,waist-leg

weakness

451225130606029

Flueggea

virosa

(Roxb.

exBaifanshu

白饭树

–Ph

yllanthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

foreczema,anti-itch

451225130519010,

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 18 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Willd.)V

oigt

451225130606029

Foeniculum

vulgareMill.

Huixiang茴

香ma1mɣa:ŋ1 niŋ5

Apiaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

artandchestpain,

abdo

minaldisten

sion

,abd

ominalpain

451225130430031

Galium

aparineL.var.

echino

spermum

(Wallr.)

Farw

.

Lalateng

拉拉藤

hɣɔk

8 pak

7 ta:n5

Rubiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gturbidity,

hematuria.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingfortraumaticinjury,

abscess

451225131108001

Gardeniajasm

inoidesJ.

Ellis

Zhizi栀

子lak8mwɔ2

Rubiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforjaun

dice

with

damp-

heat

pathog

en.Incinerated

;taken

orallywith

water

fortreatin

ginternalhe

morrhage.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

forsore,oliguriawith

redd

ishurine,painful

swelling

451225130422008

Gelsemium

elegan

s(Gardn

.et

Champ.)Benth.

Gou

wen

钩吻

–Gelsemiaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Frying

into

carbon

shape,de

coction;takenorally

fortreatin

gcancer

451225121204028,

Geum

japonicum

Thun

b.var.chinense

F.Bo

lleRo

umaolubianqing柔

毛路边青

tshjøn

5 məm

6 mai4

Rosaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

intestinalcarbun

cle,diarrheabacillary

dysentery,

toothache,traumaticinjury,p

uden

dalp

ruritus,

skin

eczema

451225131108027

Ginkgobiloba

L.Yinxing银杏

la:k8 ho3pa:k8

Ginkgoaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Seed

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h,asthma,

nocturnalemission

,turbidurine

451225131108049

Glechom

along

ituba

(Nakai)Ku

prian.

Huo

xued

an活血丹

hɣɔk

8 tjen2ljen6

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyforcommom

cold,fever,

coug

h,he

atstroke,eruptivedisease.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,coo

lthe

bloo

d,dispellingwindde

tumescence,painful

swellingfro

mknocks

andfalls

451225130309028

Gleditsiasin

ensis

Lam.

Zaojia皂荚

thjem

1 teŋ

1Fabaceae

Tree

Wild

Thorn

Powde

red;

appliedon

theaffected

area,treating

forabscess,sore,kerion,en

teritis

451225130308006

Glochidioneriocarpum

Champ.

exBenth.

Maogu

osuanp

anzi毛果

算盘子

–Ph

yllanthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforne

phritis,ede

ma

451225130421057,

451225130430045,

451225130421057

Glochidionpuberum

(L.)

Hutch.

Suanpanzi算

盘子

ton5po

n2.la:k8

Phyllanthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Fruit,Stem

andleaf

Takenorallydirectlyformalaria,hernia,turbidity,

backache

.Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

for

insecticidalanti-itch

451225130608029

Gnetum

parvifolium

(Warb.)Chu

nXiaoyemaimaten

g小叶

买麻藤

–Gne

taceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyforrheumatism,

activatingbloo

dcirculationto

dissipatebloo

dstasis

451225130310009

Gom

phrena

globosaL.

Qianrihon

g千日红

thjen1fan1la:n3

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Inflorescen

ceor

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forhe

adache

,gidd

iness.Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

hand

asthma

451225130501040

Gon

ostegiahirta(Bl.)Miq.

Nuo

mitu

an糯米团

hu3 kɣœ

3 ça:u1

Urticaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,leukorrhe

a,infantile

malnu

trition

,spittingbloo

d.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

451225130427019

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 19 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

forfuruncle,abscess,scrofula,bleeding

wou

nd

Gossypium

herbaceum

L.Caomian草

棉mjεn2hw

a1ta:ŋ1

Malvaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforweaknesscoug

hwith

asthma,he

rnia,m

etrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis,

uterineprolapse

451225130501004

Gynostemma

pentaphyllum

(Thu

nb.)

Makino

Jiaog

ulan绞股蓝

thət

7 fa5mwɔ5

Cucurbitaceae

Liana

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrelieve

fever,anti-

inflammator,chron

ictrache

itis,coug

hand

asthma,stom

achache,insomnia,he

adache

451225131109006

Gynurajaponica

(Thu

nb.)

Juel

Jusanq

i菊三七

–Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury,p

iles

451225130608031

Gynurabicolor(Roxb.

exWilld.)D

C.

Hon

gfen

gcai红凤菜

–Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforaiddige

stion,

hype

rten

sion

451225130608021

Hedyotis

diffusa

Willd.

Baihuasheshe

cao白

花蛇舌草

hɣɔk

8 ma2tw

i2Ru

biaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

hwith

lung

heat,

sore

throat,jaund

ice,pe

lvicinflammation.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforcarbun

cle,snakebite

451225130427036

Helianthu

san

nuus

L.Xiangrikui向日葵

la:k8 thə

u5fan1

Asteraceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Seed

,Receptacle

Seed

:taken

orallydirectlyfortreatin

gconstip

ation,bloo

dydysentery,he

mafecia,

measles,furun

cle.Receptacle:D

ecoctio

n;taken

orallyfortin

nitus,dizziness,hype

rten

sion

,dysm

enorrhea,con

stipation

451225121205003

Helicteresan

gustifolia

L.Shanzhim

a山芝麻

–Malvaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,d

etum

escenceanti-itch,po

orurination,removingstasis

451225121205014

Hem

erocallis

fulvaL.

Xuancao萱草

ŋa:n3 hwa1ma1ta:ŋ1

Xantho

rrho

eaceae

Herb

both

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfored

ema,dysuria,

turbidity,leukorrhe

a,jaun

dice,hem

afecia,

metrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis,m

ammaryabscess

451225130729014

Hibiscus

mutabilisL.

Mufuron

g木芙蓉

mai4 fu6juŋ6

Malvaceae

Shrub

Wild

Flow

er,Leaf,

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

hwith

lung

heat,

infantile

convulsion

,leukorrhagia.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

furuncle,scald

451225121206003

Hibiscus

sabdariffaL.

Meigu

iqie玫瑰茄

–Malvaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Root

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforacuteappe

ndicitis

451225121230028

Hibiscus

sgriacusL.

Mujin木槿

mai4 cen

1 ŋɣa

2Malvaceae

Shrub

Hom

egarden

Bark

orRo

otbark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,h

emop

tysis,

rectalprolapse,piles,eczema,stub

born

derm

atitis

451225130519029,

451225130722009

Hordeum

vulgareL.

Dam

ai大麦

mε:k

8 ŋa2

Poaceae

Herb

Wild

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gdyspep

ticretention,abdo

minaldisten

tion,po

orappe

tite,

vomitdiarrhea

451225121230036

HouttuyniacordataThun

b.Jicai蕺菜

ma1wat7

Saururaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforgyne

cologicald

isease,

trache

itisin

children,bron

chitis,pn

eumon

ia,

ston

e,de

rmatitis

451225130425034

Hydrocotylesib

thorpioides

Lam.

Tianhu

sui天

胡荽

–Apiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforjaun

dice

hepatitis,

lithang

iuria

451225121231004

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 20 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Hypericum

japonicum

Thun

b.Didon

gcao地耳草

ça:ŋ1 tsən2

Clusiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforgyne

cological

inflammation,liver

ascites,dampandho

tjaun

dice,intestin

alcarbun

cle.Po

unde

dfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingforsnake

bite,furun

cleabscess

451225130423003,

451225130427018,

451225130610029

Hypericum

sampson

iiHance

Yuanbaocao元宝草

hɣɔk

8en

6 pɔ1

Clusiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinternalhe

morrhage,

irreg

ular

men

ses,dysm

enorrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

bleeding

wou

nd

451225130426017,

451225130518027

Ilexasprella(Hoo

k.et

Arn.)_cham

p.ex

Benth.

Che

ngxing

shu秤

星树

mai4 ja4hə

u1Aqu

ifoliaceae

Tree

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforbitter

taste,common

cold,eruptivedisease,abscessof

lung

,he

mop

tysis,sore

throat,g

onorrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

forcarbun

cletoxin,traumaticinjury

451225121231014

Ilexrotund

aThun

b.Tied

ongq

ing铁

冬青

cəu5lai3çen1

Aqu

ifoliaceae

Tree

Wild

Bark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforfever,sore

throat,

dampandho

tdiarrhea,stomachache,

hemop

tysis,spittingbloo

d,he

mafecia,

hematuria.Pow

dered;

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfortraumaticinjury

451225130101003

Illicium

verum

Hoo

k.f.

Bajiao八

角–

Schisand

raceae

Tree

both

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforfacialskin

disease

451225130430031

Impatiens

balsa

minaL.

Feng

xianhu

a凤仙花

–Balsam

inaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant,

Seed

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forrheumatoid

arthritis,con

tracture

ofbo

nesandmuscles,

inchacao,tinea

sores

451225130519022

Imperata

cylindrica(L.)

Raeusch.

Baim

ao白茅

juŋ3nɔ

3Po

aceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyfored

ema,jaun

dice,

pancreatitis,mastitis,internalh

emorrhage,

edem

a,dampandho

tjaun

dice

451225130101017

Ipom

oeanil(Linn

aeus

)Ro

thQiann

iu牵牛

chen

1 tən

2 la:k8

Con

volvulaceae

Herb

Wild

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

ged

ema,

inchacao,con

stipation

451225121206008,

451225130718012

Isatis

tinctoriaL.

Song

lan崧

蓝lo4 sən

3 fa5

Brassicaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinfluen

za,epide

mic

enceph

alitisB,sore

throat,m

umps,red

eyes,

pneumon

ia,erysipe

las,he

rpes

451225130102011

Ixerispolyceph

alaCass.

Kumaicai苦荬菜

ma1kam

1Asteraceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforabscessof

lung

,mam

maryabscess,bloo

dystrang

uria,furun

cle.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury

451225130424008

Jasm

inum

nudiflorum

Lind

l.Ying

chun

hua迎

春花

jin6 tshən

1 hwa1

Oleaceae

Shrub

Hom

egarden

Flow

erDecoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

gfeverhe

adache

,painful

voidings

ofho

turine,carbun

cleeczema

451225130307012

Jasm

inum

sambac(L.)

Aito

nMolihua茉莉花

–Oleaceae

Shrub

both

Root

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism

451225130307014

Juglan

sregiaL.

Hutao胡桃

hwi1tɔ

2Juglandaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyforkidn

eyde

ficiency,

dyspne

awith

coug

h,backache

,impo

tence,

spermatorrhea,frequ

entmicturition,dryfeces

451225130307017

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 21 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Juncus

effususL.

Den

gxincao灯

心草

hɣɔk

8 fi1taŋ1

Juncaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinsomnia,prostatitis,

lithang

iuria

451225130422017,

451225130501023

Justiciaadha

toda

L.Yazuihua鸭嘴花

–Acanthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforprotrusion

oflumbarintervertebral

disc,snake

bite,traum

aticinjury

451225130307025

JusticiaventricosaWall.ex

Sims.

Heiyexiaobo

gu黑叶小

驳骨

–Acanthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury,hyperosteog

eny,

protrusion

oflumbarintervertebraldisc,scald

451225130607011

Kadsuracoccinea

(Lem

.)A.

C.Smith

Heilaoh

u黑老虎

ça:u1 kon

3 kɔk

8Schisand

raceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyforliver

ascites,

rheumatism,ostealgia.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

traumaticinjury,b

onefracture,furuncle,w

ound

infection

451225130307040

Kadsuralong

ipedun

culata

Fine

tet

Gagne

p.Nanwuw

eizi南五味子

–Schisand

raceae

Liana

Wild

Root,Stem,

Fruit

Root

andstem

:Decoctio

n;takenorallyfor

gastritis.Fruit:med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfor

treatin

grheumatism,stomachache

451225130308007

Kalim

erisindica

(L.)Sch.

Bip.

Malan马兰

–Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforremovingbloo

dstasis,clearingaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials

451225130309013

Kummerow

iastriata

(Thu

nb.)Schind

l.Jiyancao鸡

眼草

hɣɔk

8 ci1la1

Fabaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcold

andfever,

vomiting

anddiarrhea,m

alaria,d

iarrhe

a,infectious

hepatitis

451225130608028

Kylling

apolyph

yllaKu

nth

Shuiwug

ong水

蜈蚣

hɣɔk

8 nəm

4 cε3khɣap7

Cyperaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

orRo

otDecoctio

n;takenorallyforfever,coug

h,diarrhea

bacillary

dysentery.Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorally

fortraumaticinjury,rhe

umatism

451225130309030

Kylling

anemoralis(J.R.

Forster&G.Forster)

Dandy

exHutchinson&

Dalziel

Dansuishu

iwug

ong单

穗水蜈蚣

–Cyperaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcommom

cold,

coug

h,clearin

gandactivatingthechanne

lsand

collaterals,p

neam

opathy,ren

omeg

aly

451225130519004

Lablab

purpureus(L.)

Sweet

Biando

ng扁豆

tau6pɔ

p7Fabaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Seed

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,vom

it,bacillary

dysentery

451225130309043

Lantan

acamaraL.

Mayingd

an马缨丹

ŋɔ4 sak

7 hwa1

Verben

aceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Branch

andleaf:Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingforitchy

skin,eczem

a,traumaticinjury,p

ainful

swelling.

Root:

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gkidn

eyston

e

451225130429022

Laportea

violacea

Gagne

p.Pu

taoyeaim

a葡萄叶艾

麻–

Urticaceae

Herb

Wild

Root

Stew

edwith

pigspleen

anddrun

kthesoup

,treatin

gforascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis

451225130310042

Lemmaphyllum

microph

yllum

C.Preslvar.

obovatum

(Harr.)

C.C

hr.

Daoluanyefushijue倒

卵叶伏石蕨

–Po

lypo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinfantile

malnu

trition

451225130311011

Leon

urus

japonicusHou

tt.

Yimucao益母草

mau

6 mai4 hɣɔk8

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforirreg

ular

men

ses,

amen

orrhea,d

ysmen

orrhea,p

ostpartum

bloo

dstasis,abd

ominalpain,p

ersisten

tlochia.

451225130426002,

451225130518028,

451225130606006

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 22 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfored

ema,abscess,pruritu

s,traumatic

injury

Lespedezacuneata(Dum

.-Cou

rs.)G.D

onJie

yetiesaozho

u截叶铁

扫帚

mu2kw

a:n1tɔ

1Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fordissipatebloo

dstasisde

tumescence

451225130311017

Ligustrum

lucidum

Ait.

Nvzhe

n女贞

tsɔŋ

1 tsən5la:k8

Oleaceae

Tree

both

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforliver

ascites,sorene

ssandweaknessof

waistandknees,tin

nitusand

dizziness

451225130718011

Ligustrum

quihouiC

arr.

Xiaoyenvzhen

小叶女

贞–

Oleaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Med

icinalbath,treatingforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials

451225130311048

Lilium

brow

niiF.E.Br.ex

Miellez

Yebaihe野

百合

–Liliaceae

Herb

Wild

Bulb

Stew

edwith

meatandtakenorallydirectlyfor

coug

hwith

lung

heat,expectoratio

n,dyspho

ria,

palpitatio

n,insomnia

451225130518030,

451225130519050

Lind

eraaggregata(Sim

s)Ko

sterm.

Wuyao乌药

u1kɣa2

Lauraceae

Tree

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforabdo

minaldisten

tion,

abdo

minalpain,urin

aryfre

quen

cy451225130312003

Liquidam

barform

osan

aHance

Feng

xiangshu枫香树

mai4 hɣə

u1la:k8

Alting

iaceae

Tree

Wild

Fruit

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyforrheumatism,

removingbloo

d,spasm

ofhand

andfoot.

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstom

achache,ed

ema,

carbun

cle,analfistula,eczem

a

451225130312012

Liriope

spicata(Thu

nb.)

Lour.

Shanmaido

ng山麦冬

–Asparagaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patopathy.Stew

edwith

meatanddrankthesoup

fortreatin

gjaun

dice

hepatitis

451225130312016

Litchi

chinensis

Sonn

.Lizhi荔枝

li6tsi1la:k8

Sapind

aceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Aril,Seed

Seed

:taken

orallydirectlyforep

igastralgia,

hernia,d

ysmen

orrhea,elim

inatingstagnatio

n.Fruit:takenorallydirectlyforpo

lydipsia,hiccup

451225130730006

Litsea

cubeba

(Lou

r.)Per.

Shanjijiao山

鸡椒

–Lauraceae

Tree

Wild

Root,Stem,

Leaf

Stew

edwith

meatanddrun

kthesoup

,treating

forremovingwindanddispersing

cold,smoo

thcirculationandstop

pains

451225130310026,

451225130430046,

451225130519032,

451225130610028

Litsea

pung

ensHem

sl.

Mujiang

zi木姜子

ja4 m

ai4 tsja:ŋ5la:k8

Lauraceae

Tree

Wild

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforanem

ofrig

idcold,

abdo

minaldisten

tion,po

orappe

tite.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

forbleeding

wou

nd

451225130421018

Lobelia

chinensis

Lour.

Banb

ianlian半

边莲

mɣa:ŋ6 pjen1ljen2

Cam

panu

laceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforjaun

dice,ede

ma,

abdo

minaldisten

sion

,diarrhe

a,diarrhea.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforsnakebite,furun

cleabscess,sprain

451225130501028,

451225130606026

Lonicera

confusa(Sweet)

DC.

Huananren

dong

华南忍

冬cəm

1en

2 ça:u1

Caprifoliaceae

Liana

both

Stem

,Bud

Stem

:Med

icinalbath,treatingforabscess,

rheumatism.Flower:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyfor

treatin

gforfever,bloo

dyflux,carbun

cle,sw

ollen

toxin,scrofula,hem

orrhoidcomplicated

byanal

fistula

451225130422035

Lonicera

hypoglauca

Miq.

Guxianren

dong菰腺忍

–Caprifoliaceae

Liana

Both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

451225130421045,

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 23 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

冬affected

area,treatingforhe

adache

,liver

ascites,

skin

disease

451225130719005

Loph

atherum

gracile

Bron

gn.

Danzhuye淡

竹叶

kwan

1 ta:m

6 fa5

Poaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortong

ueandmou

thsores,dysuria,cou

ghwith

lung

heat,infantile

convulsion

s,insomnia,uterinebleeding

,apop

lexy,threatene

dabortio

n

451225130422050

Loranthu

ssp.

Sang

jishe

ngshuyizho

ng桑寄生属一种

–Loranthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

ginchacao,

rheumatoidarthritis,p

ostpartum

hypo

galactia

451225130423005

Loranthu

ssp.

Sang

jishe

ngshuyizho

ng桑寄生属一种

–Loranthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h,cold

451225130423015

Luffa

cylindrica(L.)Ro

em.

Sigu

a丝瓜

thjen1la2 hɣə

:n5

Cucurbitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Peel

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

hwith

lung

heat,

testiclepainfulswelling,

amen

orrhoe

a,prom

otinglactation

451225130423016

Lycopodium

japonicum

Thun

b.Shison

g石松

hɣɔk

8 hɣaŋ4cen1

Lycopo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

r;taken

orallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,for

treatin

grheumatoidarthritis,

numbn

essof

limbs,ede

ma,traumaticinjury

451225130424032

LycopuslucidusTurcz.ex

Benth.

Disun

地笋

tsek

8 la:m

2Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforam

enorrhea

abdo

minalpain,ede

ma,

traumaticinjury,carbu

ncle,swellingandpain

451225130425002

Lycoris

radiata(L’Hey.)

Herb.

Shisuan石

蒜hɣ

ɔ2mən

1Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Wild

Bulb

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforanem

ofrig

idcold,

coug

h.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingfored

ema

451225130425021

Lygodium

japonicum

(Thu

nb.)Sw

.Haijinsha海

金沙

–Lygo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforkidn

eyston

e,clearin

ghe

atanddiuresis,strangu

ria.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area

foranaesthe

sia

451225121204033,

451225130311055,

451225130606031

Lygodium

microph

yllum

(Cav.)R.Br.

Xiaoyehaijinsha小叶海

金沙

–Lygo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforkidn

eyston

e,he

at-

clearin

ganddiuresis,strangu

ria451225130425040

Lysio

notuspauciflorus

Maxim

.Diaoshijutai吊

石苣苔

–Gesne

riaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury

451225130723003

Maclura

cochinchinensis

(Lou

r.)Corne

rGou

ji构棘

ta:ŋ1 lyn

1 cet

7Moraceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatoidarthralgia,

traumaticinjury.D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyfor

jaun

dice,turbidity,m

enostasis,he

mop

tysis,

furuncleabscess

451225131108028

Magnolia

lilifloraDesr.

Xinyi辛

夷çin5tshə

n6hw

a1Magno

liaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Flow

erDecoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

adache

,nasosinu

sitis

451225130426014

Mah

oniabealei(Fortune

)Carrière

Kuoyeshidago

nglao阔

叶十大功劳

ŋa:n3 m

ai4 ljen2

Berberidaceae

Shrub

Wild

Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandresolvingfire,treatin

gforhe

adache

,cou

gh,

jaun

dice

451225130728014

Mah

oniasp.

Shidagon

glaoshu十

大功劳属

–Berberidaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandredu

cing

fire,internalthermal,p

neum

onia

451225130427006

Mallotuspaniculatus

Baiqiu白楸

fa5 ləu

2 pa:k8

Euph

orbiaceae

Tree

Wild

Root,Leaf

Root:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforleukorrhea,

451225130427007

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 24 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

(Lam

.)Muell.Arg.

infertility.Leaf:po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingforbleeding

wou

nd,

traumaticinjury,thrush,be

dsore

Malva

verticillataL.var.

crisp

aL.

Don

gkui冬葵

tɔŋ6thəu

5 fan

1Malvaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Seed

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforconstip

ation,po

orurination,insufficien

tlactation

451225130427013

Marsilea

quadrifoliaL.Sp.

Ping

苹–

Marsileaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforliver

ascites

451225130425012,

451225130519011

Melastomadodecand

rum

Lour.

Dinie地菍

–Melastomataceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patopathy

451225130422007

Melastomamalabathricum

L.Yemud

an野牡丹

–Melastomataceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Med

icinalbath

forpainfulswellingof

feet

451225130422005,

451225130610026,

451225131109025

MeliaazedarachL.

Lian楝

mai4 khu

1 ljen6ta:

ŋ1ŋɣ

a2Meliaceae

Tree

Wild

bark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

gforde

privingascarid

,enterob

iasis,

measles,hem

orrhoids

451225130611026

Menthacana

densisL.

Baoh

e薄荷

po6 o

5Lamiaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gaffectionof

exog

enou

swind-he

at,headache,fever,redeyes,

measles

451225130427024

Millettia

pachylobaDrake

Hainanyadou

teng

海南

崖豆藤

ça:u1 tɔk

8 məm

6Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Root,Stem,

Leaf

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforscabies,wet

leprosy,

rheumaticarthritis

451225130428018

Mimosapudica

L.Hanxiucao含羞草

hɣɔk

8 khɣ

ə:n5jɛ6

Fabaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

gastritis,enteritis,insomnia,infantile

malnu

trition

,he

rpes

zoster

451225130428034

Miscan

thus

sinensis

And

ersson

Mang芒

–Po

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrelieve

pain,stanching

bleeding

,enteritis

451225130310057

Mom

ordica

charan

tiaL.

Kugu

a苦瓜

ku1 li5fa5

Cucurbitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstom

achache,

diarrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforeczema,pricklyhe

at

451225130718020

Morinda

officinalisHow

.Bajitian巴

戟天

hɣɔk

8 ci1khɣe

3Ru

biaceae

Liana

Wild

Root

Powde

red;

takenorallywith

water

orliquo

r,treatin

gforim

potence,acon

uresis,rhe

umatoid

arthritis,soren

essandweaknessof

waistand

knees

451225130428047

Morus

alba

L.Sang

桑saŋ5la:k8

Moraceae

Shrub

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Root:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyfordiuresis.Branch:

med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

rinsedthe

affected

area,treatingforrheumatism.Leaf:

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearwind-he

at.Fruit:

takenorallydirectlyor

med

icinalliquo

rand

takenorallyfortonifyingliver

andkidn

ey

451225130311060,

451225130421060

Murraya

paniculata

(L.)

Jack.

Qianlixiang

千里香

–Ru

taceae

Shrub

Wild

Root,Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

artdisease

451225121231001,

451225130311022

Musabasjo

oSieb

.etZu

cc.Bajiao芭

蕉fja:k7 ta:ŋ1

Musaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

jaun

dice,ede

ma,inchacao,b

lood

ystrang

uria,

451225130429011

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 25 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

metrorrhagia,furuncle,erysipe

las

Mussaenda

erosaChamp.

exBenth.

Nanteng

楠藤

–Ru

biaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

clearin

gaw

ayhe

atandrelieving

exterio

rsynd

rome,infertility

451225130421042,

451225130430005

Nan

dina

domestica

Thun

b.Nantianzhu

南天竹

–Berberidaceae

Shrub

both

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoolingbloo

d451225130102005,

451225130426025

Nelum

bonu

cifera

gaerth.

Lian莲

ŋau4la:k8 təm

1Nelum

bonaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Leaf,Seed,

Germ

Leaf:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,vertig

o,ed

ema,internalhe

morrhage.Seed

:Taken

orally

directlyforup

set,spittingbloo

d,spermatorrhea,

swellingandpain

ofeye

451225130429017

Neolepisorusfortun

ei(T.

Moo

re)LiWang

Jiang

nanxingjue江南星

蕨–

Polypo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrheumatism

451225121205019

Nepetacataria

L.Jin

gjie荆芥

mai4 jin1

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforfevercommom

cold,

headache

,sorethroat,internalh

emorrhage,

metrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis,p

ostpartum

anem

icfaintin

g,abscess,sores,scrofula

451225130430022

Nervilia

plicata(And

rews)

Schltr.

Maoyeyulan毛

叶芋兰

həu1ljen2

Orchidaceae

Herb

Wild

Leaf,Tub

erDecoctio

n;takenorallyfortube

rculosis,cou

ghwith

lung

heat,hem

optysis.Po

unde

dfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

scrofula,swollentoxin,traumaticinjury

451225130430041

Ocimum

basilicum

L.Luole罗

勒–

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant,

Seed

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfordispellingwindde

tumescence,

dissipatebloo

dstasisrelieve

pain

451225130430048

Onychium

japonicum

(Thu

nb.)Kze.

Yezhiweijinfenjue野雉

尾金粉蕨

–Pteridaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcalculosis

451225130102002

Oph

iopogoninterm

edius

D.D

onJianxingyanjiecao间

型沿阶草

mε:k

8 tɔŋ

1Asparagaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eStew

edwith

meatandtakenorallydirectlyfor

treatin

girritatin

gdrycoug

h,he

mop

tysis,angina,

abscessof

lung

,diabe

tes,constip

ationdu

eto

intestinaldryness

451225130501003

Opuntiadillenii(KerGaw

l.)Haw

.Xianrenzhang

仙人掌

tɔŋ6pə

n6tsja:ŋ3

Cactaceae

Shrub

both

Root,Stem

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforabdo

minalpain,d

iarrhe

a,scald,

snakebite

451225130728015

Oryza

sativaL.

Dao稻

hu3 kɔk

7 ŋa2

Poaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Seed

-bud

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

gdyspep

ticretention,indige

stion

451225130501036

Oxalis

corniculataL.

Zhajiang

cao酢

浆草

ma1khɣə

m3

Oxalidaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiarrhea,g

onorrhea,

leukorrhea,m

easles,internalh

emorrhage,sore

throat,abscess,p

iles,rectalprolapse.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

fortraumaticinjury,scald

451225130721007

Paederiascan

dens

(Lou

r.)Merr.

Jishiteng

鸡矢藤

ça:u1 cɛ3ci1

Rubiaceae

Liana

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforsnakebite,itching

451225130102016

Paederiascan

dens

(Lou

r.)Merr.var.tomentosa

(Bl.)

Maojishiteng

毛鸡矢藤

ça:u1 ci1cɛ

3 pa:k8

Rubiaceae

Liana

Wild

Root

orWho

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforjaun

dice,d

iarrhe

a,dyspep

ticretention,am

enorrhea

451225130501037

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 26 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Hand.-M

azz.

Pand

anus

austrosin

ensis

T.L.Wu

Ludo

ngcao露

兜草

–Pand

anaceae

Herb

Wild

Fruit

Leaf:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

forreno

meg

aly,diuresis,sweatin

g,anti-

inflammatory.Fruit:Decoctio

n;takenorallyfor

coug

h,ne

phritis

451225130310036

Paris

polyph

ylla

Sm.var.

chinensis

(Franch.)Hara

Qiyeyizhihu

a七叶一枝

花thət

7 fa5ljen2

Trilliaceae

Herb

both

Rhizom

ePo

wde

red,

takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area

forabscessfuruncle,scrofula,sore

throat,chron

ictrache

itis,infantile

convulsion

,snakebite

451225130518006

Passiflorapapilio

H.L.Li

Hud

ieteng

蝴蝶藤

–Passifloraceae

Liana

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

ror

decoction;takenorallyfor

rheumatism,p

aralysis,ind

igestio

n451225130726016

Patriniavillosa

(Thu

nb.)

Juss.

Pand

aozeng

攀倒甑

hɣɔk

8 ja:ŋ6tsja:ŋ5

Caprifoliaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

gintestinalcarbun

cle,diarrhea,leukorrhe

a,abdo

minalpain,red

eyes

swollentoxin,abscess,

hemorrhoids

451225130718007,

451225131108012

Paulow

niafortun

ei(Seem)

Hem

sl.

Baihuapaoton

g白花泡

桐mai5 phɔ

5 tɔŋ

2Scroph

ulariaceae

Tree

Wild

Bark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,

arthritis,ede

ma,toxiche

at,scabies

451225130518011

Pentarhizidium

orientale

Hayata

Don

gfangjiagu

ojue东

方荚果蕨

–Ono

cleaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patitis,carditis

451225130518012

Pentho

rum

chinense

Pursh

Che

gencai扯根菜

–Pentho

raceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury

451225130518034

Pericam

pylusglaucus

(Lam

.)Merr.

Xiyuanteng

细圆藤

ça:u1 nam

2 fɔŋ

1Men

ispe

rmaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

orroot

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinfantile

convulsion

s451225130423031,

451225130611009

Perillafru

tescens(L.)

Britton

Zisu紫苏

–Lamiaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Stem

,Leaf,

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyfordissipatewind-cold,re-

lieve

stasisanddissipateph

legm

,ichthyotoxin,

fishpo

ison

,turtle

poison

451225130519025

Perillafru

tescens(L.)

Britton

var.purpurascens

(Hayata)

H.W

.Li

Yeshen

gzisu野

生紫苏

–Lamiaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Takenorallydirectlyforcold.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,p

romotingwou

ndhe

aling

451225130518038

Perillafru

tescensc

(L.)Britt.

var.crisp

a(Thu

nb.)Hand-

Mazz.

Huihu

isu回

回苏

lau5ma1fa5

Lamiaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Root:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforanem

ofrig

idcold,cou

gh,abd

ominaldisten

tion,threaten

edabortio

n,fishpo

ison

,turtle

poison

.Seed:

Taken

orallydirectlyforcoug

handasthma,

constip

ationdu

eto

intestinaldryness.Stem

:Decoctio

n;takenorallyforthreaten

edabortio

n,abdo

minaldisten

sion

451225130426018

Pholidotachinensis

Lind

l.Shixiantao石仙桃

hwi1tɔ

2 fa5

Orchidaceae

Herb

Wild

Tube

ror

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h,he

mop

tysis,

coug

hwith

lung

heat,nocturnalem

ission

.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforscrofula,traum

aticinjury

451225130101026

Phragm

itesaustralis

(Cav.)

Trin.exSteud.

Luwei芦苇

kɣo3ŋɔ

4Po

aceae

Shrub

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforprostatitis,nep

hritis,

vomiting

dueto

stom

achhe

at,nausea,abscess

oflung

,oliguriawith

redd

ishurine

451225130606041

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 27 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Phyllanthu

surinariaL.

Yexiazhu

叶下珠

–Ph

yllanthaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

detumescenceim

provingeyesight,d

iuresis

451225130611023,

451225130718026,

451225130611023

Phyllodium

pulchellum

(L.)

Desv.

Paiqianshu

排钱树

pa:i2tjen2hɣ

ɔk8

Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandrelieving

exterio

rsynd

rome.Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

gremovingbloo

dand

dissipatebloo

dstasis

451225130607012

Physalisan

gulata

L.Ku

ta苦蘵

–Solanaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,expectorantsup

pressing

coug

h

451225130718031

Physalisperuvian

aL.

Den

glon

gguo

灯笼果

tɔŋ6kw

i5pɔ

m1

Solanaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcommon

cold,sore

throat,hernia.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforpo

ison

edsore

451225130429006

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb.

Shanglu商

陆lən1ləm

6 tjeu1

Phytolaccaceae

Herb

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfored

ema,antralgastritis,

gastric

bleeding

,con

stipation,diuresis,abscess

451225130429035,

451225130518026

Phytolacca

american

aL.

Chu

ixushang

lu垂序商

陆–

Phytolaccaceae

Herb

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forskin

disease

451225130609004

PileacavalerieiH

.Lév.

Shiyou

cai石

油菜

pi2 m

a1mu5

Urticaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

hdu

eto

tube

rculosis,cou

ghwith

lung

heat.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treating

forscald,

sorespainfulswelling

451225130608032

Pinelliaternata(Thu

nb.)

Breit.

Banxia半夏

ma1ɣa:k7 la:k8

Araceae

Herb

Wild

Tube

rPo

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforfuruncleabscess

451225130306013

Pinu

smassonian

aLamb.

Maw

eisong

马尾松

tsuŋ

6 pε:k

7 jəu

2Pinaceae

Tree

Wild

Stem

tube

rcle,Leaf

Branchlettube

rcle:m

edicinalliquo

r,takenorally

orrin

sedtheaffected

area,treatingfor

rheumaticarthritis,tub

erculous

arthritis,b

lood

stasis.Leaf:Decoctio

n;takenorallyandrin

sedfor

rheumatoidarthritis,traum

aticinjury,insom

nia,

edem

a,eczema,he

morrhoids

451225130610011

Piperkadsura(Cho

isy)

Ohw

i.Feng

teng

风藤

ta6 pɣa

1 lɔŋ

2 fa5lo4

Pipe

raceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatoidarthritis,

jointpain,vesselcon

tracture

synd

romes

etc.,

traumaticinjury

451225130610012

Pipernigrum

L.Hujiao胡

椒hu

2 tjeu1

Pipe

raceae

Herb

Wild

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyforcold

phlegm

and

dyspep

sia,nausea,vom

it,diarrhea,coldtype

dysentery,food

-poisoning

451225130610017

Piperwallichii(Miq.)

Hand.-M

azz.

Shinanteng

石南藤

–Pipe

raceae

Liana

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,ostealgia,w

aist-legweakness,coug

handasthma

451225130310071,

451225130425006

Plan

tago

asiaticaL.

Che

qian车前

tu3 m

u5ma1

Plantaginaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforen

riching

bloo

d,clearin

gaw

ayhe

atanddampn

ess,diuresis

strang

uria,h

ematuria,urin

arytractinfection,

neph

ritis

451225130309004

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 28 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Platycladusorientalis(L.)

Franco

Ceb

ai侧柏

pə6 fa5

Cup

ressaceae

Tree

both

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforpiles,internal

hemorrhage,he

morrhoidalh

amorrhage,

metrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis,b

acillarydysentery,

coug

h,sebo

rrho

eicde

rmatitis,alop

ecia

451225130611007

Plum

bago

zeylan

icaL.

Baihuadan白

花丹

–Plum

baginaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath,treatingfored

ema,

infantile

malnu

trition

451225121205037,

451225130606038

Pogostem

oncablin

(Blanco)

Benth.

Guang

huoxiang

广藿香

khɔ6mɣa:ŋ1

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Takenorallywith

salinewater

forabdo

minal

disten

tion,po

orappe

tite,nausea,vom

it451225130611029

Polygalajaponica

Hou

tt.

Guazijin瓜子金

hɣɔk

8 kwa1la:k8

Polygalaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

orRo

otDecoctio

n;takenorallyforsore

throat,cou

ghwith

copiou

sph

legm

,pertussiscoug

h,abscess,

traumaticinjury,insom

nia

451225130804002

Polygona

tum

cyrton

ema

Hua

Don

ghuahu

angjing多

花黄精

ci1 ŋa:n3ma1

Asparagaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eSlicingandde

coction;takenorallydirectlyfor

tube

rculosishe

mop

tysi,w

eakness,sorene

ssand

weaknessof

waistandknee,rhe

umatoidarthritis

451225000000000

Polygonu

mchinense

L.Huo

tanm

u火炭母

–Po

lygo

naceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrelieve

pain

and

inflammation,ulcer

451225130501031

Polygonu

mhydropiperL.

Shuiliao水

蓼–

Polygo

naceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forkilling

parasitesto

relieve

itshing

,eczem

a451225130718008

Polygonu

mmultiflorum

Thun

b.Hesho

uwu何

首乌

ma1tap7tw

i2Po

lygo

naceae

Liana

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforinsomnia,profuse

sweatin

g,skin

erup

tion,kidn

eyde

ficiency,

prem

aturegrayingof

thehair,dizzyof

thehe

adanddim

ofsigh

t,sorene

ssandweaknessof

waistandknees,spermatorrhea,chron

iche

patitis,abscess,con

stipationdu

eto

intestinal

dryness

451225130428007

Polygonu

morientaleL.

Hon

gliao红

蓼la:n3 la6lja:u5

Polygo

naceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhype

rosteo

geny,

abdo

minaldisten

sion

,ascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis,

gastric

disten

tion,diarrhea,n

ecklymph

atic

tube

rculosis

451225130718024

Polygonu

mPerfo

liatum

L.Gangb

angu

i杠板归

hɣɔk

8 twi2khu5ta6

Polygo

naceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordampandho

tjaun

dice,d

iarrhe

a,bacillary

dysentery,po

orurination,strang

uriawith

turbid

discharge,

hemorrhoids,eczem

a,pe

mph

igus,anti-itch

451225000000000

Polygonu

mplebeium

R.Br.

Xijianliao习

见蓼

pjen

5 jøn

6Po

lygo

naceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforpyretic

strang

uria,

jaun

dice,leukorrhe

a,de

privingascarid

,malnu

trition

,hem

orrhoids,eczem

a

451225130721005

Portulacaoleracea

L.Machixian马齿苋

tɔŋ6fan1ma4

Portulacaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforbacillary

phthisis,

diarrhea,b

acillarydysentery,fever,coug

h,internalhe

morrhage,eczema

451225130718010

Pothos

chinensis

(Raf.)

Merr.

Shiganzi石柑子

–Araceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatism,traum

atic

injury,num

bnessof

meridians

andcollaterals

451225130308016

Prun

ella

vulgarisL.

Xiakucao夏枯草

ha5 khu

1 hɣɔk8

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Infru

ctescence

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforscrofula,m

ammary

451225130420001,

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 29 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

abscess,breastcancer,d

izzine

ss,arthralgiaand

myalgia,tub

erculosis,acuteicteric

hepatitis,

metrorrhagia,leukorrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

bleeding

wou

nd

451225130425023

Psidium

guajavaL.

Fanshiliu番石榴

–Myrtaceae

Tree

both

Leaf,Fruit,

Bark

Takenorallydirectlyforstanchingbleeding

,he

patitis,hep

atop

athy

451225130724006

Psycho

triarubra(Lou

r.)Po

ir.Jiu

jie九节

mai4 ta:n5lo4

Rubiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury,b

onefracture,

rheumatism,ostealgia,swollentoxin,sore

throat

451225130307033,

451225130501013,

451225130519040,

451225130608001

Pteridium

aquilinum

(L.)

Kuhn

var.latiusculum

(Desv.)Und

erw.exHeller

Jue蕨

–Den

nstaed

tiaceae

Herb

Wild

Leaf

Med

icinalbath

forclearin

ghe

atandtoxic

materials

451225130726011

PterisvittataL.

Wug

ongcao蜈蚣草

–Pteridaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforeczema,ep

ilatio

n451225130727001

PterismultifidaPo

ir.Jin

glanfeng

weijue井

栏凤尾蕨

hɣɔk

8 ci1jem

1Pteridaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

orRo

otDecoctio

n;takenorallyforabdo

minalpain,

diarrhea,b

acillarydysentery,he

mafecia,d

ysuria,

urinaryurge

ncy.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingforbleeding

wou

nd

451225130311019

Pterolobium

punctatum

Hem

sl.

Laoh

uci老

虎刺

–Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patitis,d

uode

nal

ulcer

451225130727011

Puerariamon

tana

(Lou

reiro

)Merrillvar.

lobata

(Willde

now)

Maesen&S.M.A

lmeida

exSanjappa

&Pred

eep

Ge葛

ɔ6mε:k

8 ça:u1

Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforalleviateahang

over,

verteb

ralsyndrom

,clearingaw

ayhe

atand

relieving

exterio

rsynd

rome,stim

ulatesalivaand

redu

cethirst,measles,d

iarrhe

a

451225130804006

Punica

gran

atum

L.Shiliu石

榴sik8ləu2ŋɣ

a2Lythraceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Peel

Takenorallydirectlyfordiarrhea,b

acillary

dysentery,protracted

dysentery,he

mafecia,rectal

prolapse,leukorrhe

a,metrorrhagiaand

metrostaxis,p

arasiticaccumulationabdo

minal

pain

451225130805001

Pyrrosialingua(Thu

nb.)

Farw

ell

Shiwei石韦

twi2hw

i2Po

lypo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforbleeding

wou

nd,g

unshot

wou

nds.

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

ghe

at,

calculosis,p

romotingdiuresisandrelieving

strang

uria

451225130806004

Pyrrosiatonkinensis

(Giesenh

.)Ching

Zhon

gyueshiwei中越

石韦

–Po

lypo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforne

phritis,urin

ary

ston

e451225131107008

Pyrrosiacalvata(Baker)

Ching

Guang

shiwei光石韦

–Po

lypo

diaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism

451225121205015

Quisqualis

indica

L.Shijunzi使

君子

–Com

bretaceae

Liana

both

Seed

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstom

achache

451225131107011

Raph

anus

sativus

L.Luob

o萝卜

lak8pak8la:k8

Brassicaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyfortreatin

gcoug

h,dyspep

ticretentionandqi

stagnatio

,bosom

451225131107013

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 30 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

frowstyabdo

minaldisten

sion

,diarrhe

a

Reynoutriajaponica

Hou

tt.

Huzhang

虎杖

cəu3lɔŋ2ta:ŋ1

Polygo

naceae

Shrub

Wild

Rhizom

eMed

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,traum

aticinjury.D

ecoctio

n;taken

orallyfordampandho

tjaun

dice,strangu

ria,

leukorrhea,m

enostasis,po

stpartum

bloo

dstasis.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury,b

urnandscald,

malignant

sore

andtin

ea

451225130608004

Rhodom

yrtustomentosa

(Aito

n)Hassk.

Taojinniang桃

金娘

–Myrtaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root,Leaf,

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyor

Med

icinalliquo

r;taken

orallyforastringing

tostop

diarrhea,d

ispe

lling

windandactivatingcollaterals

451225130608030

Rhus

chinensis

Mill.

Yanfum

u盐肤木

kwa6hu

3 mai4

Anacardiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

cool

thebloo

d,coug

h,sore

throat,jaund

ice,

nigh

tsw

eat,diarrhea,kerion,carbun

cletoxin,

head-w

indwhite

scaling

451225131107018

Rhynchosiavolubilis

Lour.

Luhu

o鹿藿

–Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforaiddige

stion

451225130723004

Ricinu

scommun

isL.

Bima蓖

麻la:k8 m

a6la:k8

Euph

orbiaceae

Shrub

both

Seed

Decoctio

nafterfrying;

takenorallyforcarbun

cle,

pharyngitis,ede

ma,scrofula,con

stipation.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforscabies

451225121230004

Rohd

eajaponica

Roth.

Wannianqing

万年青

hwa:n6mɛ1hə

u1Asparagaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforpalpitatio

n,pe

ctoralgia,ed

ema,sore

throat.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

bleeding

wou

nd

451225131107022

Rosa

chinensis

Jacq.

Yuejihua月季花

mwa:n4ci5 hwa1

Rosaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Bud

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforirreg

ular

men

ses,

leukorrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingfortraumaticinjury

451225131107025

Rosa

laevigataMiehx.

Jinying

zi金樱子

la:k8 m

uŋ3 ta:ŋ1

Rosaceae

Liana

Wild

Root,Fruit

Root:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyor

rinsedfor

spermatorrhea,enu

resis,diarrhea,d

iarrhe

a,metrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis,leukorrhe

a,uterine

prolapse,hem

orrhoidcomplicated

byanalfistula,

scald.

Fruit:med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfor

treatin

gspermatorrhea,enu

resis,fre

quen

tmicturition,diarrhea

dueto

spleen

deficiency,

spon

tane

oussw

eatin

g,nigh

tsw

eat,metrorrhagia

andmetrostaxis,leukorrhe

a,rectalprolapse

451225130517014,

451225130519046

Rosa

multiflora

Thun

b.Yeqiangw

ei野蔷薇

tshja:ŋ6wəi

6 ta:ŋ1

Rosaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

abscessof

lung

,diarrhe

a,arthritis,internal

hemorrhage,irreg

ular

men

ses,furuncle,

hemorrhoids.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingfortraumaticinjury,

acariasis

451225131108002

Rosa

sp.

Meigu

i玫瑰

məi

6 ji1hw

a1Ro

saceae

Shrub

Hom

egarden

Flow

erTakenorallydirectlyforspittingbloo

d,he

mop

tysis,irreg

ular

men

ses,leukorrhea,

diarrhea,m

astalgia,swollentoxin

451225131107030

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 31 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Rotalarotund

ifolia

(Buch.-

Ham

.exRo

xb.)Ko

ehne

Yuanyejiejiecai圆

叶节

节菜

–Lythraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h451225130425036

Rubiacordifolia

L.Qiancao茜草

hɣɔk

8 la:n3ta:ŋ1

Rubiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,

internalhe

morrhage,am

enorrhea,jaund

ice,

chronicbron

chitis.Po

unde

dfre

shpartapplied

ontheaffected

area,treatingforrheumatoid

arthritis,traum

aticinjury,p

ainful

swelling

451225130311033

RubusalceifoliusPo

ir.Cuyexuang

ouzi粗叶悬

钩子

–Ro

saceae

Liana

Wild

Root,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

clearin

ghe

at,stanching

bleeding

,promoting

bloo

dcirculationforremovingbloo

dstasis

451225130608042,

451225130730004

Rubuscorcho

rifoliusL.f.

Shanmei山莓

–Ro

saceae

Liana

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis,prostatitis,tracheitis

451225130308013,

451225130310029,

451225130425022

Rubusph

oenicolasiu

sMaxim

.Don

gxianxuang

ouzi多

腺悬钩子

–Ro

saceae

Liana

Wild

Root

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism

451225131108010

RubusrosifoliusSm

ithKo

ngxinp

ao空心泡

–Ro

saceae

Herb

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis

451225131108017

Salix

babylonica

L.Chu

iliu垂柳

ja:ŋ6 liu3 ŋa5

Salicaceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrheumatoidarthritis,

gono

rrhe

a,go

norrhe

a,urinarystop

page

,infectious

hepatitisB,pe

mph

igus,erysipe

las,

decayedtooth,sw

ellingandaching

ofgu

m

451225131109002

Salviachinensis

Benth.

Huashuw

eicao华

鼠尾

草tw

i2nə

n1tshø

n1Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyformen

ostasis,

leukorrhea,swellingandpain,costalgia,d

amp

andho

tjaun

dice

451225140504030

Sambucuschinensis

Lind

l.Jie

gucao接

骨草

–Ado

xaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fordispellingwind

andremovedampn

ess

451225130426004

Sang

uisorbaoffieinalisL.

Diyu地

榆tsi3ph

ɣə:t7kɣa2

Rosaceae

Herb

Wild

Root,

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforinternalhe

morrhage,

diarrhea,analfistula.Pou

nded

fresh

partapplied

ontheaffected

area,treatingforscald

451225140505011

Sapium

sebiferum

(L.)

Roxb.

Wujiu乌桕

u4tsin5

Euph

orbiaceae

Tree

Wild

Bark

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforfuruncle,eczem

a,pruritu

s,bleeding

wou

nd.D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyfored

ema,

constip

ation,abdo

minaldisten

sion

,eczem

a

451225130519026

Sarcan

draglabra

(Thu

nb.)

Nakai

Caoshanhu草珊瑚

cəu3kw

ət7 tsa

2Chloranthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforsore

throat,w

ind-he

attype

common

cold,d

iarrhe

abacillary

dysentery.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforrheumatism,traum

aticinjury

451225130518041

Sargentodoxa

cuneata

(Oliv.)Rehd

eret

E.H.

Wilson

Daxueteng

大血藤

ça:u1 phɣ

ə:t7lo4

Lardizabalaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,ostealgia,b

ackache,traumaticinjury,

beadache

dueto

deficiencyof

bloo

d,intestines

carbun

cle

451225131108025

Saururus

chinenisi

(Lou

r.)Baill.

Sanb

aicao三

白草

hɣɔk

8 ta:m

1 pɛ:k8

Saururaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

fordampandho

t,ed

ema,strang

uriawith

turbid

discharge,

451225130426027

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 32 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

leukorrhea,carbu

ncle,inchacao

Scheffleraheptaphylla

(L.)

Frod

inEzhang

chai鹅掌柴

–Araliaceae

Tree

Wild

Bark,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

rheumatism,rhe

umatoid,

sweatin

g451225121204025,

451225130309015

Taccaplan

taginea(Hance)

Drenth

Lieg

uoshu裂果薯

nəm

4 lak

8 pak

8Dioscoreaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforgastrosis

451225130422026,

451225130429009

Scutellaria

barbataD.Don

.Banzhilian半枝莲

mɣa:ŋ6 ŋa5ljen6

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcancer,ascitesdu

eto

cirrho

sis,internalhe

morrhage,sore

throat,

jaun

dice.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforsnakebite,carbu

ncle

toxin,traumaticinjury

451225130718028

Scutellaria

baicalensis

Geo

rgi

Huang

qin黄

芩–

Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patitis,nep

hritis

451225140504021

Sedum

lineareThun

b.Fojiacao佛

甲草

hɣɔk

8 fu6cap7

Crassulaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforsore

throat,jaund

ice,

diarrhea.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforabscess,furuncle,

erysipelas,scald,snake

bite

451225130422042

Sedum

sarm

entosum

Bge.

Chu

ipen

cao垂

盆草

hɣɔk

8 pa:i2pə

n2Crassulaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordampandho

tjaun

dice.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforskin

andexternal

diseases,snake

bite,scald

451225140506013

Selaginella

tamariscina

(Beauv.)Sprin

g.Juanbai卷柏

kon3pɛ:k8

Selagine

llaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforstim

ulatingsaliva,

internalhe

morrhage,coug

h,asthma,jaun

dice,

leukorrhea,strangu

ria.Pou

nded

fresh

part

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfored

ema,

scald

451225140508012

Selaginella

uncina

ta(Desv.)Sprin

g.Cuiyuncao翠云草

tshə

i4jyn6hɣ

ɔk8

Selagine

llaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforjaun

dice,d

iarrhe

a,ed

ema,rheumatoidarthritis,h

emop

tysis,sore

throat,analfistula,coldsw

eat.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

bleeding

wou

nd,scald

451225121230022,

451225130311029,

451225130612003

Semiaquilegiaadoxoides

(DC.)Mak.

Tiankui天

葵mən

1 khw

əi6 la:k8

Ranu

nculaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h,asthma,

edem

a,strang

uria.Pou

nded

fresh

partapplied

ontheaffected

area,treatingforfuruncleand

carbun

cle,traumaticinjury

451225130306014

Semiliquidam

bar

cathayensis

H.T.C

hang

Banfen

ghe半枫荷

–Alting

iaceae

Tree

Wild

Root,b

ark

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatoidarthritis,

lumbarmusclede

gene

ratio

n

451225131109028

Senecioscan

dens

Buch.-

Ham

.exD.D

onQianliguang

千里光

ça:u1 jɛ5

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforrhinitis,he

patitis,

clearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,sore

throat,swellingandpain,p

ruritus

451225121204007

Senn

aoccidentalis(L.)Link

Wangjiang

nan望

江南

moŋ

6 ca:ŋ1na:m

2Fabaceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h,asthma,

bloo

dystrang

uria,con

stipation,he

adache

,red

eyes.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

theaffected

area,treatingforfurunclesw

ollentoxin,snake

451225140507003

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 33 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

bite

Senn

atora

(L.)Ro

xb.

Juem

ing决

明–

Fabaceae

Herb

both

Seed

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gliver

and

eyesight,d

iuresis,anti-hype

rten

sive

451225131107001

Serissa

japonica

(Thu

nb.)

Thun

b.Liuyuexue六月雪

–Ru

biaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforne

phropathy,

pharyngitis,urin

aryston

e451225140508032

Sesamum

indicum

L.Zh

ima芝

麻yəu6ma2nam

1Pedaliaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Seed

Powde

red,

takenorallywith

water

forprem

ature

grayinghair,dizzyof

thehe

adanddim

ofsigh

t,constip

ationdu

eto

intestinaldryness

451225130726012

Setaria

italica(L.)Beauv.

var.germ

anica(M

ill.)

Schrad.

Su粟

–Po

aceae

Tree

Hom

egarden

Stigma,Pu

lpof infru

ctescence

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordiuresisstrang

uria,

removingjaun

dice

detumescence

451225130306003

Sigesbeckiapubescens

(Makino)

Makino

Xiange

ngxixian腺梗豨

莶çi1 tshjen1hɣ

ɔk8

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

rheumatism,num

bnessof

limbs,apo

plexy,

abscess,eczemapruritu

s,hype

rten

sion

451225130429025

Smilaxbium

bellata

T.Ko

yama

Xinanb

aqia西南菝葜

ça:u1 cəm

1 ka:ŋ1

Smilacaceae

Liana

Wild

Rhizom

eMed

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,for

treatin

gdispellingwindand

removedampn

ess,rheumatism,traum

aticinjury,

scrofula

451225130423029

SmilaxchinaL.

Baqia菝

葜–

Smilacaceae

Liana

Wild

Tube

rMed

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortonifyingkidn

ey,

gene

ralfatigue,cou

gh451225130430025

Smilaxglabra

Roxb.

Tufuling土茯苓

hu3 kɔk

7 ta:ŋ1

Smilacaceae

Liana

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforsyph

ilis,turbidity,

inchacao,furun

cle,abscess,scrofula

451225130501042,

451225130611002

Solanu

mmelon

gena

L.Qie茄

ca6 la:i4ta:ŋ1

Solanaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Root,Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

rheumaticarthritis,p

rotracteddysentery,

hemafecia,inchacao.Po

unde

dfre

shpartapplied

ontheaffected

area,treatingforchilblain,

toothache

451225131109029

Solanu

mnigrum

L.Long

kui龙

葵tɔŋ6taŋ1lɔŋ2

Solanaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,d

iuresisde

tumescence,

anticancer.Po

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforfuruncle,traum

atic

injury

451225130307003

Solanu

mverbascifolium

L.Jiayanyeshu

假烟叶树

jen1ja4 fa5

Solanaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

rheumatism,too

thache

,scrofula,metrorrhagia.

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury,furun

cleabscess,

eczema

451225121205029

Solena

heteroph

yllaLour.

Maogu

a茅瓜

–Cucurbitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area

ormed

icinalbath,treatingforpe

dalede

ma

451225130606028

SolidagodecurrensLour.

Yizhihuang

hua一枝黄

花nə

5 ŋa5ŋa:n3 hwa1

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcommon

cold

with

headache

,sorethroat,cou

gh,jaund

ice;

med

icinalbath,treatingforinfantile

convulsion

s,traumaticinjury,furun

cle,eczemaitch

451225130307026

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 34 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Soph

oraflavescensAlt.

Kucan苦

参sən5kam

1Fabaceae

Herb

both

Root

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,ostealgia.D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

forinfantile

malnu

trition

,toxic

heat,d

ischarging

fresh

bloo

dstoo

l,jaun

dice,

leukorrhea,acute

tonsillitis,he

morrhoid

complicated

byanalfistula,rectalp

rolapse,

pruritu

s,scald

451225130719007

Soph

orajaponica

L.Huai槐

hwa:i6mai4 hwa1

Fabaceae

Shrub

Hom

egarden

Flow

erDecoctio

n;takenorallyforpiles,internal

hemorrhage,hype

rten

sion

.Stewed

with

tailof

pigintestineanddrun

kthesoup

,treatingfor

syph

ilis

451225130428048

Soph

oratonkinensis

Gagne

p.Yu

enanhu

ai越南槐

–Fabaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root

Takenorallydirectlyforsore

throat,g

astric

cancer,stomachache,gastric

ulcer,prostatitis,

diuresis

451225130311063

Spatho

lobussuberectus

Dun

n.Mihuado

ng密花豆

ça:u1 ci1ph

ɣə:t7

Fabaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

gdizzinessdu

eto

deficiencyof

bloo

d,sorene

ssof

waist,p

aralysis,irreg

ular

men

ses

451225130429024

Speran

skiacanton

ensis

(Hance)Paxet

Hoffm

.Guang

dong

digo

uye广

东地构叶

–Euph

orbiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath,treatingforague

orfever

451225130428050

Spirodelapolyrhiza

(Linnaeus)Schleide

nZiping

紫萍

ai3

Araceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

affectionof

exog

enou

swind-he

at,m

easles,p

rur-

itus,ed

ema

451225130429034

Stachytarpheta

jamaicensis

(L.)Vahl

Jiamabian假

马鞭

–Verben

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,d

iuresisstrang

uria,stone

,urinarytractinfection

451225131108026

Stah

lianthu

sinvolucratus

(Kingex

Bak.)Craib

Tutianq

i土田七

–Zing

iberaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Tube

rStew

edwith

meatandeateddirectlyforbo

dily

weakness

451225130607010

Stellaria

alsin

eGrim

mQueshecao雀舌草

–Caryoph

yllaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforclearin

gaw

ayhe

atandtoxicmaterials,d

iuresis,de

tumescence

relieve

pain

451225130307021

Stem

onatuberosa

Lour.

Dabaibu

大百部

–Stem

onaceae

Herb

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforrelieving

thirstand

asthma,insecticidalrelieve

pain,cou

ghwith

lung

heat,tub

erculosis

451225130423020

Stepha

niajaponica

(Thu

nb.)Miers

Qianjinteng

千金藤

ça:u1 thjen

1 can

1Men

ispe

rmaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

orroot,

Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforsore

blister,diarrhea,

rheumatism,ede

ma,strang

uriawith

turbid

discharge,sore

throat,abscess,furun

cle

451225130805003

Strigaasiatica(L.)O.Ktze.

Don

gjiaojin独脚金

na:u3 tin1 cəm

1Orobanchaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinfantile

malnu

trition

,ed

ema

451225130721002

Strobilanthescusia

(Nees)

Kuntze

Banlan板蓝

lo4 həu

1 fa5

Acanthaceae

Herb

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforprotrusion

oflumbarintervertebral

disc,snake

bite,traum

aticinjury.D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

forfever,

headache

,sorethroat,m

umps,furun

cle,miliaria,

eczema

451225130726001

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 35 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Strychno

snu

x-vomicaL.

Maqianzi马

钱子

–Loganiaceae

Shrub

both

Seed

Che

wing,

treatin

gfortoothache

451225130501039

Talinum

paniculatum

(Jacq.)gaertn.

Turencan土人参

tɔŋ6ma1pi2

Talinaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Stew

edwith

meatanddrun

kthesoup

,treating

forweaknessof

spleen

andstom

ach,po

orappe

tite,coug

hhe

mop

tysis,spon

tane

ous

sweatin

g,palpitatio

n,irreg

ular

men

ses

451225130422044

Taraxacum

mon

golicum

Hand.-M

azz.

Pugo

ngying

蒲公英

ma1pa:k8 hɣɔk8

Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

treatin

gtoxiche

at,abscess

oflung

,intestin

alcarbun

cle,mam

maryabscess

451225130519001

Taxilluschinensis

(DC.)

Danser

Guang

jishe

ng广寄生

–Loranthaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyforrheumatism,

activatecollaterals,lum

barmusclede

gene

ratio

n,paralysis

451225130424027

Taxuswallichian

aZu

cc.

var.mairei(Lemée

etH.

Lév.)L.K.Fu

etNan

Li

Nanfang

hong

dong

shan

南方红豆杉

–Taxaceae

Tree

both

Stem

pith

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

artdisease,

hepatopathy

451225131108003

Tetrastigmaplan

icaule

(Hoo

k.f.)Gagne

p.Biandanten

g扁担藤

ça:u1 pjɛn3

Vitaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

,Roo

tMed

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

rinsed,

treatin

gforischialgia,rhe

umatism,hem

iplegia

451225130727009

Teucrium

viscidum

Bl.

Xuejiancho

u血见愁

–Lamiaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyfordifficultlabo

ur451225130718001

Tino

sporasagittata(Oliv.)

Gagne

p.Qingn

iudan青

牛胆

–Men

ispe

rmaceae

Liana

Wild

Rhizom

eDecoctio

n;takenorallyforhe

patitis,p

rostatitis.

Takenorallydirectlyforabdo

minalpain

451225130423033

Tino

sporasin

ensis

(Lou

r.)Merr.

Zhon

ghuaqing

niud

an中华青牛胆

ça:u1 hɣa:ŋ4 cen

1Men

ispe

rmaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforbreaking

ofmuscleandtend

on,

rheumatism,ostealgia.M

edicinalliquo

r;taken

orallyforactivatecollaterals

451225121231021

Toddaliaasiatica(L.)Lam.

Feilong

zhangxue飞龙

掌血

lən1ph

ɣə:t7ta:n5

Rutaceae

Liana

Wild

Root

orRo

otbark

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism,traum

aticinjury.Pow

derand

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

bleeding

wou

nd

451225121205031

Toon

asin

ensis

(Juss.)

Roem

.Xiangchu

n香椿

mai4 jam

4 ŋɣa

2 pa:k8

Meliaceae

Tree

both

Bark

orRo

otbark

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforchronicdiarrhea,

protracted

dysentery,he

morrhoidalh

emafecia,

metrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis,leukorrhe

a,spermatorrhea,g

onorrhea,m

alnu

trition

,de

privingascarid

,tinea

sores

451225130611026

Torilisscabra

(Thu

nb.)DC.

Qieyi窃衣

–Apiaceae

Herb

Wild

Seed

Stew

edwith

pork

liver

andtakenorallydirectly

fortreatin

gblurredvision

,helom

a451225130420004

Toxicodend

ron

succedan

eum

(L.)Ku

ntze

Yeqi野漆

–Anacardiaceae

Tree

Wild

Leaf

Decoctio

n;Med

icinalbath

fortreatin

gde

rmatitis

451225130311047

Toxicodend

ron

vernicifluum

(Stokes)F.A.

Barkley

Qi漆

–Anacardiaceae

Tree

both

Leaf

Decoctio

n;Med

icinalbath

fortreatin

gde

rmatitis

451225130519035

Trachelospermum

jasm

inoides(Lindl.)Lem.

Luoshi络石

lɔ6 twi2ça:u1

Apo

cynaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatism,traum

atic

injury,m

uscleandvesselcontractureetc

synd

romes,swellingandpain.D

ecoctio

n;taken

451225121205021,

451225130429013

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 36 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

orallyforspittingbloo

d,po

stpartum

lochia

Tradescantiapallida

(Rose)

D.R.H

unt

Zizhum

ei紫竹梅

–Com

melinaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalbath

forsterilizatio

nandanti-itch

451225130607017

Tricho

santheskirilow

iiMaxim

.Gualou栝

楼thjen1la2 pən

5Cucurbitaceae

Liana

both

Root

Root:D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

hwith

lung

heat,jaund

ice,pe

mph

igus;Fruit:Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcoug

h,palpitatio

n,costalgia,

marasmus,frequ

entmicturition

451225130518025

Tripterygium

wilfordii

Hoo

k.f.

Leigon

gten

g雷公藤

ça:u1 ləi

6 pɣa

3Celastraceae

Liana

Wild

Root,Leaf,

Flow

erMed

icinalliquo

r;App

liedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforscabies,eczema,rheumaticarthritis

451225130309033

Tupistra

sp.

Kaikou

jian开

口箭

–Asparagaceae

Herb

both

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforbo

neinjury

451225131108040

Typh

adomingensis

Persoo

nChang

baoxiang

pu长苞

香蒲

pu2 ŋa:n3

Typh

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforinternalhe

morrhage,

metrorrhagiaandmetrostaxis,d

ysmen

orrhea,

men

ostasis,po

stpartum

bloo

dstasis,b

lood

ystrang

uria

451225130608027

Uncariarhynchophylla

(Miq.)Miq.exHavil.

Gou

teng

钩藤

ça:u1 kau

1Ru

biaceae

Liana

Wild

Hoo

kedstem

Hoo

kedstem

:Decoctio

n;takenorallyforbloo

dpressure

lowering,

epilepsy,dizziness.Ro

ot:

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyfortreatin

grheumatism

451225130430001

Urena

lobata

L.Ditaoh

ua地桃花

–Malvaceae

Shrub

Wild

Root,Leaf

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforbacillary

phthisis,

coug

h,anti-inflammato

451225130427023,

451225130606027

VerbenaofficinalisL.

Mabiancao马鞭草

hɣɔk

8 ma4pjen

1Verben

aceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcommom

cold,

tonsillitis,acutene

phritis,sorethroat,d

ampand

hotjaun

dice.Pou

nded

fresh

partappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingformastitis,ede

ma,

rheumatoidarthritis,traum

aticinjury

451225130421046,

451225130427025

Verniciafordii(Hem

sl.)Airy

Shaw

Youton

g油桐

mai4 tɔŋ

6 lau

5Euph

orbiaceae

Tree

both

Who

leplant

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforscrofula,hem

orrhoids,

scald,

crustedtetter,erysipe

las,dyspep

ticretentionabdo

minaldisten

sion

,urin

arystop

page

andconstip

ation,rheumatism,ostealgia

451225130425010

Viburnum

taitoense

Hayata

Taidon

gjiasan台

东荚蒾

–Ado

xaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Poun

dedfre

shpartwith

saltappliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforhype

rosteo

geny,

protrusion

oflumbarintervertebraldisc,relieve

pain,traum

aticinjury

451225130429025

Vign

aradiata(L.)Wilczek

Lvdo

ng绿豆

lɔk8tau6

Fabaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Seed

Takenorallydirectlyor

poun

dedfre

shpart

appliedon

theaffected

area,treatingfor

polydipsia,carbu

ncle,crotonism

451225130606005

Vign

aum

bellata

(Thu

nb.)

Ohw

ietH.O

hashi

Chixiaodo

ng赤小豆

tau6la:n3 niŋ5

Fabaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Seed

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfored

ema,inchacao,jaund

ice,toxic

heat,carbu

ncle

451225130723004

Violajaponica

Lang

sd.

Litoucao犁头草

hɣɔk

8 kɣo

3 khɣ

əi1

Violaceae

Herb

Wild

Who

leplant

orRo

otPo

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gforfuruncle,acute

mastitis,intestin

alcarbun

cle,erysipelas,red

eyes,snake

bite

451225130306012

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 37 of 50

Table

2Inventoryof

med

icinalplantstradition

allyused

byMulam

peop

le(Con

tinued)

Scientificname

Chine

sename

Mulam

name

Family

Habit

Habitat

Partsused

Prep

arationanduses

Citedsources

Viscum

articulatum

Burm

.F.

Bianzhihujishe

ng扁枝

槲寄生

–Santalaceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Poun

dedfre

shpartwith

thefeet

ofcrab

applied

ontheaffected

area,treatingforfractura

451225130612005

Vitexnegund

oL.

Huang

jing黄荆

mai4 jin1 la:k8

Lamiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Fruit

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforcommom

cold,

coug

h,asthma,rheumatoidarthritis,

stom

achache,he

rnia,m

alaria,analfistula

451225130729004

Vitexnegund

oL.var.

cann

abifolia

(Sieb.

etZu

cc.)Hand.-M

azz.

Mujing牡荆

–Lamiaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

commom

cold,cou

gh,rhe

umatism,elim

inating

stagnatio

n

451225130729006

Vitis

balansan

aPlanchon

Xiaogu

oputao小果葡

萄pɣ

a2pɣ

a1məm

4Vitaceae

Liana

Wild

Tend

rilMed

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

rinsed,

for

treatin

gsw

ollensore,traum

aticinjury,

rheumatism

451225130309044

Vitis

heyneana

Roem

.et

Schu

lt.Maopu

tao毛

葡萄

ça:u1 lak

8 jyt7 ja4

Vitaceae

Liana

Wild

Stem

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyor

appliedon

the

affected

area,treatingforrheumatoidarthritis,

traumaticinjury,soresw

ollentoxin

451225130722008

Vitis

vinifera

L.Pu

tao葡

萄–

Vitaceae

Liana

Hom

egarden

Fruit

Takenorallydirectlyforanti-inflammatory,he

pa-

topathy,he

patitis

451225130518017

Wikstroem

iaindica

(L.)C.

A.M

eyLiaoge

wang了

哥王

–Thym

elaeaceae

Shrub

Wild

Stem

andleaf

Decoctio

n;med

icinalbath

forkilling

parasitesto

relieve

itshing

451225130428014

Xanthium

sibiricum

Patr.

exWidd

Cangd

ong苍

耳hɣ

ɔk8 tsha:ŋ5khɣa

1Asteraceae

Herb

Wild

Seed

,Stem,

Leaf

Seed

:Decoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

foranem

ofrig

idhe

adache

,nasosinusitis,

rheumatoidarthritis,scabies,p

ruritus.Stem

and

leaf:D

ecoctio

n;med

icinalbath,treatingfor

rheumatoidarthritis

451225130607021

Zantho

xylum

nitidum

(Roxb.)D

C.

Liangm

ianzhe

n两面针

–Ru

taceae

Shrub

Wild

Who

leplant

Med

icinalliquo

r;takenorallyforrheumatism,

relieve

pain.D

ecoctio

n;takenorallyforgastric

ulcer,stom

achache,prostatitis

451225130312018

Zantho

xylum

bung

eanu

mMaxim

.Huajiao花

椒hw

a5tsja:u5

Rutaceae

Shrub

both

Peel

Stew

edwith

meatandTakenorallydirectlyfor

invigo

ratin

gspleen

,coldpain

inabdo

men

,vomit,diarrhea,rhe

umatoidarthritis,colic;taken

orallydirectlyforde

privingascarid

,enterob

iasis;

Med

icinalbath

forpruritu

svulvae,p

emph

igus

451225130421062

ZeamaysL.

Yushushu

玉蜀黍

jəu6mɛ4mut

8Po

aceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Stigmata

Decoctio

n;takenorallyforne

phrotic

synd

rome,

edem

a,jaun

dice,hypertension,dampandho

tjaun

dice,d

iabe

tes

451225130518032

Zeph

yran

thes

carinata

Herbe

rtJiu

lian韭莲

–Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Wild

Bulb

Poun

dedfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

forstanchingbleeding

451225130517016

Zing

iberlingyun

ense

D.

Fang

Wujiang

乌姜

–Zing

iberaceae

Herb

Wild

Tube

rPo

unde

dfre

shpartappliedon

theaffected

area,

treatin

gfortraumaticinjury

451225130607040

Zing

iberofficinaleRo

scoe

Jiang

姜çiŋ1khɣɔ

3Zing

iberaceae

Herb

Hom

egarden

Tube

rDecoctio

n;takenorallyor

med

icinalbath

for

coug

h,he

mop

tysis,hiccou

gh,ane

mofrig

idcold,

vomit,coug

h,redu

ceph

legm

451225130519031

Mulam

name:

aswrittenin

theinternationa

lpho

netic

alph

abet

(IPA)

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 38 of 50

2.39%), and 26 other plant parts (e.g., bulbs, flowers, rootbark, aril, stigma; 16%) (Fig. 4).A total of 456 species of medicinal plants were col-

lected from the study area, most of which (335 species,

73.47%) were obtained from wild habitats; 68 (14.91%)species were from home gardens, and 53 (11.62%) spe-cies were both from home gardens and wild habitats(Fig. 5).

Table 3 Taxonomic diversity of medicinal plants in the study area

Family Number of medicinal plant species Percentage of species (%) Number of genera Percentage of genus (%)

Asteraceae 29 6.36 20 5.71

Fabaceae 29 6.36 21 6.00

Lamiaceae 21 4.61 15 4.29

Rosaceae 16 3.51 10 2.86

Poaceae 15 3.29 15 4.29

Euphorbiaceae 14 3.07 9 2.57

Rubiaceae 13 2.85 12 3.43

Rutaceae 10 2.19 6 1.71

Amaranthaceae 9 1.97 6 1.71

Cucurbitaceae 9 1.97 9 2.57

Moraceae 9 1.97 3 0.86

Malvaceae 8 1.75 6 1.71

Polygonaceae 8 1.75 3 0.86

Amaryllidaceae 7 1.54 4 1.14

Vitaceae 7 1.54 4 1.14

Apiaceae 6 1.32 6 1.71

Araceae 6 1.32 6 1.71

Asparagaceae 6 1.32 6 1.71

Polypodiaceae 6 1.32 4 1.14

Solanaceae 6 1.32 3 0.86

Zingiberaceae 6 1.32 4 1.14

Acanthaceae 5 1.10 4 1.14

Berberidaceae 5 1.10 4 1.14

Lauraceae 5 1.10 4 1.14

Menispermaceae 5 1.10 4 1.14

Orchidaceae 5 1.10 4 1.14

Primulaceae 5 1.10 2 0.57

Anacardiaceae 4 0.88 3 0.86

Apocynaceae 4 0.88 3 0.86

Araliaceae 4 0.88 3 0.86

Brassicaceae 4 0.88 4 1.14

Celastraceae 4 0.88 3 0.86

Dioscoreaceae 4 0.88 2 0.57

Myrtaceae 4 0.88 3 0.86

Oleaceae 4 0.88 2 0.57

Phyllanthaceae 4 0.88 3 0.86

Urticaceae 4 0.88 4 1.14

Verbenaceae 4 0.88 4 1.14

Others 142 31.14 122 34.86

Total 456 100.00 350 100.00

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 39 of 50

Preparation and application methodsThere are numerous different ways to prepare medicinalplants to treat human ailments. In the study area, themost common methods of preparation of traditionalmedicines from plant material were decoction (54.11%),followed by pounding (20.48%), preparing a medicinal li-quor (9.64%), raw (9.64%), stewing (2.75%), and others(Table 4).Table 5 shows that the traditional medicines are used

in four main ways. The most common method is oraladministration (390 plant species, 62.70%), followed byexternal application (143 species, 22.99%), a medicated

bath or rinsing (87 species, 13.99%), and chewing (twospecies, 0.32%).

Diseases treated in the study areaBased on our investigation and records, medicinal plantswere used to treat 312 human ailments in the study area.Based on the statistical analysis, rheumatism was themost common disease treated with 84 medicinal plantspecies, followed by traumatic injury (71 species), cough(68 species), diarrhea (54 species), jaundice (47 species),abscesses (42 species), furuncles (38 species), edema (36

Fig. 3 Habits of medicinal plants in the study area

Fig. 4 Plant parts used in the treatment of human ailments

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 40 of 50

species), sore throat (34 species), carbuncles (33 species),and eczema (30 species).

Ranking and informant consensus factor of medicinalplantsAmong all of the ailments in the study area, rheumatismwas the most common disease and was treated by a highnumber of medicinal plants (82 species). Ten medicinalplant species were used effectively to treat rheumatismaccording to key informants. The results revealed thatSemiliquidambar cathayensis was the most preferredmedicinal plant for rheumatism, followed by Tetrastigmaplanicaule, Bauhinia championii, and Millettia lasiope-tala (Table 6).Twelve ailment categories were identified based on the

eight systems of the human body and the medicationcharacteristics of the Mulam people. The ICF was calcu-lated for each ailment category, and the range was from0.51 to 0.92 (Table 7). The highest ICF (0.92) was re-ported for gynecological ailments, with 12 species and138 use reports, followed by nerves and psychosomaticproblems (0.90), digestive system diseases (0.89), urinarysystem diseases (0.88), skin diseases (0.88), and circula-tory system diseases (0.88).

Fidelity levels of most commonly used plants by keyinformantsFor each of the 15 most commonly used plant species asranked by key informants, the fidelity level (FL) (Table 8)was calculated to quantify their importance in treating amajor ailment [31, 35]. The results showed a high FL ofgreater than 50% for 12 plant species, which highlights theimportance of these species in the treatment of the fre-quently mentioned diseases in the study area. Polygonummultiflorum, Semiliquidambar cathayensis, Zingiber offici-nale, and Striga asiatica had FLs of 100% for strengthen-ing the body and treating rheumatism, infantilemalnutrition and cough.

Threats to traditional medicinal knowledge and medicinalplantsAccording to our investigation (Table 1), more than 80%of key informants who showed mastery of rich trad-itional medicinal knowledge were over 50 years old, andmore than 60% of key informants were illiterate or hadonly received a primary education. Currently, Mulamchildren spend most of their time in schools, where theyreceive mainstream culture and education and have nochance to study traditional medicinal knowledge. Inaddition, young people prefer to look for jobs in urbanareas to earn higher incomes. Furthermore, Mulamhealers are unwilling to pass on their traditional medi-cinal knowledge to young people under 30 years old.

Fig. 5 Habitats of medicinal plants in the study area

Table 4 Ways of preparation of medicinal plants

Method of preparation Frequency Percentage

Decoction 316 54.11

Pounded 119 20.48

Medicinal liquor 56 9.64

Natural 56 9.64

Stewed 16 2.75

Others (powdered, drying, frying, slicing) 18 3.48

Table 5 Application method by local Mulam people

Application method Frequency Percentage

Oral taking 390 62.70

External application 143 22.99

Medicinal bath or rinsed 87 13.99

Chewing 2 0.32

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 41 of 50

During our surveys, we found that one-third of doctorsdid not have a successor. The inheritance process oftraditional Mulam medicinal knowledge is experiencinga dilemma. In addition, due to the lack of a written lan-guage, basic information on the use of plants, the partsused, drug preparation methods, diseases treated, andother information may be lost or discarded in the trans-mission process.According to our field investigation and the group

discussions, most of the medicinal plants were foundto be under threat from anthropogenic pressure, suchas agricultural activities, firewood collection,

overgrazing, and logging. Most Mulam villages are lo-cated on small strips of flat land or slopes in karstmountainous areas, and most Mulam people engagein traditional agriculture (Fig. 1). Informants rankedagricultural activities as the most serious threat tomedicinal plants, followed by firewood collection andovergrazing. The overharvesting of wild medicinalplants was also a key threat because Mulam peopleprefer to collect whole plants, roots, stems, and rhi-zomes. This collection method damages or totally de-stroys the plant and diminishes the sustainability ofmedicinal plant use.

Table 6 Preference ranking to medicinal plants used to treat rheumatism

List of medicinal plants Informants Total Rank

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

Ardisia crenata 2 1 2 1 6 9 5 4 5 2 37 8

Ardisia gigantifolia 5 4 5 2 5 6 4 5 3 4 43 6

Bauhinia championi 9 5 6 9 4 8 10 9 9 5 74 3

Cibotium barometz 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 4 3 30 9

Clerodendrum japonicum 4 7 1 8 10 1 3 2 1 1 38 7

Kadsura coccinea 6 6 7 4 2 5 7 8 6 8 59 5

Maclura cochinchinensis 1 2 3 5 1 2 2 1 2 7 26 10

Millettia lasiopetala 7 8 10 6 7 4 6 6 7 9 70 4

Semiliquidambar cathayensis 10 9 9 10 9 10 9 7 10 10 93 1

Tetrastigma planicaule 8 10 8 7 8 7 8 10 8 6 80 2

R represented respondents; scores in the table indicated ranks given to medicinal plants based on their scarcity. Highest number (10) is for the medicinal plantswhich informants thought most preferred in the area and the lowest number (1) for the least preferred medicinal plant

Table 7 Informant consensus factor by categories of diseases in the study area

Category Specific conditions nur nt ICF

Gynecological aliments Leukorrhea (28), metrorrhagia and metrostaxis (8), irregular menses (12), dysmenorrhea (9),postpartum blood stasis (5), etc.

138 12 0.92

Nerves and psychosomatic problems Headache (17), insomnia (10), dizziness (8), hemiplegia (5), etc. 83 9 0.90

Digestive system diarrhea (54), jaundice (47), abdominal pain (18), stomachache (19), abdominal distension (18),constipation (17), etc.

314 36 0.89

Urinary system diuresis (21), stranguria (19), calculosis (17), urinary frequency (13), dysuria (5), etc. 105 13 0.88

Skin diseases abscess (42), pruritus (42), furuncle (38), eczema (30), scald (19), inchacao (12), piles (11), scabies(9), etc.

233 28 0.88

circulatory system internal hemorrhage (25), clearing away heat and toxic materials (23), hypertension (13),hemoptysis (15) , etc.

124 16 0.88

Respiratory system cough (68), sore throat (34), common cold (30), abscess of lung (8), etc. 189 42 0.78

Traumatic injury and sprain andbleeding wound

traumatic injury (71), bleeding wound (32), bone fracture (7), wound infection, etc. 129 33 0.75

Inflammation nephritis (16), prostatitis (9), enteritis (10), tracheitis (10), erysipelas (9), cancer (7), dermatitis (5),gastritis (5), pneumonia (5), etc.

129 33 0.75

Rheumatic problems Rheumatism (60), rheumatoid arthritis (24), etc. 92 43 0.53

Strong body and relieve pain numbness of limbs (6), backache (8), soreness and weakness of waist and knees (4), stop pains(8), etc.

71 35 0.51

Other Uses edema (36), male problems (36), pediatric disease (22), scrofula (15), toothache (8),hyperosteogeny (7), etc.

152 36 0.77

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 42 of 50

DiscussionCharacteristics of informants and their traditionalknowledgeOur study included a similar number of men andwomen as general informants, who have less traditionalmedicinal knowledge than key informants. Most infor-mants only knew a small number of medicinal plants fortreating some common ailments, such as traumatic in-juries, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Every key inform-ant knew more than 60 species and more therapeuticmethods for different diseases than the general infor-mants. Most of the key informants were male becauseMulam women mainly perform housework and farmwork. According to the customary inheritance practice,local traditional medicinal knowledge is typically passedon from an older herbalist to a male successor, ratherthan a female successor. The number and use methodsof medicinal plants reported increased with informantage. Older informants possess more traditional know-ledge of medicinal plants than younger people. Localherbalists are unwilling to pass on traditional medicinalknowledge to people who are under 30 years old becausethey believe that young people are too immature to ser-iously learn the traditional knowledge. Differences inknowledge of medicinal plants among age and gendergroups were also reported in other studies from Chinaand other countries [10, 14, 37, 38].Most informants in our study have attained low levels

of education. Only 33 informants received secondaryeducation, and four informants received tertiary educa-tion. Currently, highly educated people tend to prefermodern medicinal technology to traditional knowledge.They are not interested in studying or practicing

ethnomedicinal knowledge, especially younger genera-tions. Similar results from other studies also reportedthat most traditional medicinal herbalists and inheritorsworldwide have low formal education levels [10, 15, 17,22].

Methods of medicinal plant collection and patientdiagnosis and treatmentAccording to our investigation, local herbalists believethat it is much better to collect medicinal plants fromnoon to evening in autumn or winter because many me-dicinal plants may enter dormancy and have relativelydry bodies with the highest efficacy. The herbalists alsosaid that if they met a pregnant woman or someonecombing their hair on their way to pick medicinal plants,the collected medicinal plants would have a negative im-pact on the medication made from the plant. Therefore,the herbalist would not go to collect medicinal plants onthat day. They reported that if the first herb were ob-tained very easily, all of the medicinal plants collectedon the same day would have good efficacy. In addition,when Mulam healers collect medicinal plants, there is atradition of “keeping a line,” that is, they will put moneyand rice under the roots of the collected plant and leavea few organs rather than collecting the whole plant.The Mulam herbalists would let their patients rest for

10–20 min to allow their heart rhythm to normalize be-fore feeling their pulse and inquiring about their condi-tion. Many herbalists would diagnose the disease incombination with the hospital’s inspection report. Theywould ask patients to go to the hospital for a recheck toensure that the disease would be cured by the end oftheir therapy. The key informants believed that when

Table 8 Fidelity Levels (FL) of most commonly used plants by key informants

Plant species Therapeutic uses Ip Iu FL%

Artemisia carvifolia Malaria 11 33 33.33

Camellia oleifera Scald 16 25 64.00

Curculigo orchioides Impotence 12 21 57.14

Eriobotrya japonica cough 36 38 94.74

Gynostemma pentaphyllum Anti-inflammatory 34 42 80.95

Lygodium japonicum Renal calculus 16 28 57.14

Polygonum multiflorum Premature graying of the hair 39 39 100.00

Pueraria montana var. lobata Hangover alleviation 16 44 36.36

Ricinus communis Scabies 12 18 66.67

Rosa laeuigata Spermatorrhea 18 44 40.91

Sarcandra glabra Common cold 36 43 83.72

Semiliquidambar cathayensis Rheumatism 35 35 100.00

Sophora tonkinensis Stomachache 23 25 92.00

Striga asiatica Malnutritional stagnation 26 26 100.00

Zingiber officinale Cough 42 42 100.00

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 43 of 50

patients filled their prescriptions, if the herbalist weresmoking or going out with a hoe, the medicine wouldnot be effective. However, if the herbalist were eating ordrinking, the medicine would have good efficacy. Toprevent their prescriptions from being stolen and tomaintain a sense of mystery, the doctors often made themedicines into granules or pills for patients.

Diversity of medicinal plantsA total of 456 medicinal plant species belonging to 350genera and 132 families were documented and identifiedfor treating human ailments. Both Fabaceae and Astera-ceae (with 29 species) occupied the highest proportion(6.36%), followed by Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae, Eu-phorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Rutaceae. Various studies inChina showed a similar result, in which these familiescontain many medicinal species [19, 20, 22, 37, 39].Most of the families were represented in the study areaby one or two species, and the distribution of medicinalplant species in the various families was relatively scat-tered; this finding reflects the rich biodiversity of themedicinal plants used by Mulam people.Mulam people believe that wild medicinal plants have

stronger efficacy than those from home gardens; there-fore, most of the mentioned medicinal plants were har-vested from the wild (335 species, 73.47%). Similarfindings were reported by other studies from southernChina [22, 25, 37, 39]. The herbalists grew a few plantsin their home gardens that have multiple uses, are critic-ally endangered in the field, or are urgently needed, suchas Paris polyphylla var. chinensis and Cynanchumatratum.The medicinal plants most widely used by Mulam

people were obtained from herbs, which constituted thelargest habit category with 246 species (54%). This find-ing is consistent with other results [37, 39–41]. To ex-plain this phenomenon, Moa et al. suggested that herbsare more widely distributed (roadsides, home gardens,farmlands, and wild habitats) than plants with otherhabits, such as trees, shrubs, and lianas [30]. In addition,herbs are more easily gathered than tree species [41].Mulam people like to use whole plants (182 species,

33.46%) in the preparation of traditional drugs, and simi-lar results were found in the neighboring Maonan, Yao,and Zhuang communities [24, 38, 40–42]. The use ofroots (73 species, 13.42%), stems (46 species, 8.46%), andrhizomes (30 species, 5.51%) was also common in thestudy area. However, a clear relationship exists betweenplant parts collected or the collection method and theimpact on the harvested plant [42]. The collection ofwhole plants, roots, stems, and rhizomes damages or to-tally destroys the plant and negatively affects the sustain-able use of the species. Mulam healers believe thatdifferent parts of the same plant may have different

medicinal efficacy. The root and stem of Kadsura longi-pedunculata, for example, are decocted and taken orallyfor gastritis, and a medicinal liquor made from the fruitis taken orally to treat rheumatism and stomachache.The herbalists also reported that different parts of differ-ent plants may have the same medicinal purpose. For in-stance, the stem of Sargentodoxa cuneata, the root ofSemiliquidambar cathayensis, the stem of Tetrastigmaplanicaule, and the whole plant of Zanthoxylum nitidumcould be used to treat rheumatism.Mulam healers are skilled at using the principle of

“lingqi” and have a tradition of “treating diseases usingmedicine with a similar shape or color.” The herbalistsreported using medicines from hollow-stem plants suchas Equisetum hyemale, Siegesbeckia orientalis, Leonurusjaponicus, and Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen to treatedema based on the aeration of the hollow stems. Thebranch joints of Achyranthes bidentata, Polygonum cap-sicum, and Taxillus chinensis are similar to human jointsand are often used to treat arthritis. Black soya bean,black sesame seed, mulberry, black ants, and black fun-gus have black “lingqi” and can be used for treating pre-maturely white hair.

Methods of medicinal plant preparation and applicationIn the study area, various methods used by the localMulam people for the preparation and administration ofmedicinal plants were investigated and documented. De-coction (316 species involved, 54.11%) is the most com-mon application method for Mulam people. Mulampeople and herbalists believe that decoction acceleratesthe absorption of medicinal ingredients and improvesthe taste of medicinal plants. Decoction is cited as themost common method of preparation of herbal remediesand is used widely by other ethnic groups [10, 22, 43–47]. Pounding also had a high frequency (119) and per-centage (20.48%).Mulam people and herbalists prefer to prepare fresh

materials directly through decoction or pounding. Theybelieve that the raw medicinal plants possess better effi-cacy than cooked plants. In addition, the rich plant di-versity around Mulam villages provides a material basisfor the use of raw medicinal plants. Additionally, the rawmaterial may maintain its volatile oils and other ingredi-ents [22]. However, the utilization of fresh plant partsmay threaten the plants due to frequent collection, in-cluding in dry seasons [30]. Certain measures andmethods should be taken immediately to guide and en-courage local people to grow medicinal herbs and tostore commonly consumed medicinal materials.Oral administration (390 species involved, 62.7%) is

the most common method of administration of trad-itional medicine by Mulam people. Oral use was consid-ered popular because it is a simple administration

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 44 of 50

method. It has also been found to be widely applied inother studies [10, 22, 43–47]. Different additives, such asalcohol, honey, salt, and sugar, are widely used byMulam healers to improve the flavor, taste, and generalacceptability of certain orally administered remedies. Inaddition, Mulam people often stew animal bones, in-nards, or meat with medicinal plants. Mulam healers be-lieve that animal organs can nourish the correspondingparts of the human body. For example, chicken liver andBuddleja officinalis, Senecio scandens, and Centipedaminima cooked together can be used to treat hepatitis.Pork kidney and Eucommia ulmoides and Allium tubero-sum cooked together are used to improve renal function.They also believe that improving patient nutrition canimprove the efficacy of medicinal plants for patients.Medicinal baths were frequently mentioned during our

investigations. Mulam people reported that medicinalbaths are safe, simple to perform, and did not result inside effects as an external treatment method. A medi-cinal bath is usually used for sweating, fever reduction,activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis, ex-pelling wind to relieve excess gas, and providing itchingrelief [18]. Medicinal baths can treat diseases and canalso prevent diseases. When taking a medicinal bath, theskin is fully exposed to the medicinal bath water so thatthe bath constituents with medicinal value can beabsorbed [48, 49]. Hot water can also stimulate bloodcapillaries and metabolism. Medicinal baths are com-monly used by the Yao and Zhuang people who live inhumid mountainous areas of southern and southwesternChina [18, 37, 49–51].

Diseases, ranking, and informant consensus factor ofmedicinal plantsBased on our investigations, 312 human ailments aretreated with medicinal plants by Mulam people. Accord-ing to our statistical analysis, rheumatism had the high-est number (84 species) of medicinal plants used for itstreatment. Mulam people living in humid and mountain-ous areas engage in heavy manual labor to survive. Thus,rheumatism is the most common disease in the studyarea. Because of the complexity of rheumatism, itspathogenesis has not been fully clarified [52]. Rheuma-tism is common all over the world and has been studiedby different research institutions and organizations [52–55]. Numerous medicinal plants are used by Mulamherbalists to treat rheumatism. Ten medicinal plant spe-cies are widely used to treat rheumatism according tothe key informants. In the preference ranking exercise,Semiliquidambar cathayensis was the most preferredmedicinal plant. S. cathayensis is mainly used to treatrheumatism, lumbar muscle injury, hemiplegia, trau-matic injury, and other conditions [56]. It is a very popu-lar and effective traditional local medicine for

rheumatism in Yao communities [37]. Mulam healersprefer to use the roots and bark of S. cathayensis col-lected from the wild to treat rheumatism. The large-scale collection of roots and bark threatens the sustain-able development of S. cathayensis. Alternative plantparts or species for treating rheumatism urgently needto be discovered and studied.Most of the ailment categories had a high ICF value

(greater than 0.7), such as gynecological ailments (0.92),nerves and psychosomatic problems (0.90), digestive sys-tem ailments (0.89), and urinary system ailments (0.88).The higher the ICF value is, the higher the diversity ofplant species used by herbalists to treat the disease. Thelower the ICF value is, the lower the number of plantspecies used by herbalists to treat the disease [31]. Thehigh ICF for gynecological ailments can probably be at-tributed to the local people preferring to obtain medi-cinal plants from wild habitats nearby, inheritingtraditional medicinal knowledge from their parents orgrandparents, and having little communication withother people to prevent others from stealing relevantprescriptions. The category of plants used to strengthenthe body and release pain had the lowest degree of con-sensus (0.51) because most of these medicinal plants areeasily obtained and used for multiple purposes, such asfoods, vegetables, and tea substitutes.

Fidelity levels of the most commonly used plants by keyinformantsPolygonum multiflorum, Semiliquidambar cathayensis,Zingiber officinale, and Striga asiatica have the highestfidelity level (FL) values (100.00%). Eriobotrya japonica(94.74%) and Sophora tonkinensis (92.00%) also havehigh FL values. The remedies for frequently reported ail-ments have the highest FL values, and those with a lownumber of reports have the lowest FL values [36]. Obvi-ously, these medicinal plants were very effective in thetreatment of premature hair graying, rheumatism, in-fantile malnutrition, cough, and stomachache, which arefrequently reported in the Mulam district and widelyused by Mulam healers. Additionally, E. japonica (38),Gynostemma pentaphyllum (42), P. multiflorum (39),Pueraria montana var. lobata (44), Rosa laevigata (44),Sarcandra glabra (43), and Z. officinale (42) have high Iuvalues, showing that these medicinal plants were widelyapplied by Mulam healers and have high medicinalvalue.

Comparison with traditional Chinese medicine andprevious ethnobotanical studiesTo assess the novelty of the ethnomedicinal use of theencountered species, we chose 33 frequently or uniquelyused medicinal plant species and compared their usewith traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and previously

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published reports from neighboring areas of southernChina (Table 9) [18–20, 22, 25, 37, 39, 50, 51, 57–66].The comparison showed that the diseases treated

with the most frequently used plants by Mulampeople were similar to those found in previous ethno-botanical studies and TCM. For example, Acorustatarinowii was the most frequently used plant forepilepsy, phlegm heat, abdominal distension, abdom-inal pain, and traumatic injury in the study area.Similarly, it is used to treat epilepsy and phlegm heatin TCM [57]. In addition, this plant is used forrheumatism and beautification in the Yao communi-ties of Longsheng County, Northern Guangxi [25],and it is used to treat stomachache, stomach flu, limbnumbness, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, gall, injuries fromfalls, and dysmenorrhea and as an invigorant by Yaopeople in Jinping County, southeastern Yunnan [50].In Guangdong, this plant is used to treat flu, detu-mescence, and pain by Hakka people [59]. There aresome similarities and differences in the diseasestreated with A. tatarinowii, and it is used in differentplaces and by different groups of people. However,some unique medicinal plant species (e.g., Achyr-anthes longifolia, Cupressus funebris, Euphorbia esula,Flemingia macrophylla, Laportea violacea, Pinus mas-soniana, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Viburnum tai-toense) had completely novel medicinal functionsreported in our study area that had never been re-ported in other investigations or recorded in TCM.For example, A. longifolia was reported in the presentstudy as only being used for calculosis, whereas it isused for traumatic injury, rheumatism, dysentery,diphtheria, sore throat, sore carbuncle, stranguria, andedema in TCM [57]. In southern and southwesternChina, this plant was used to treat blood stasis,empty-kidney lumbago, sore throat, dysmenorrhea,hypertension, and traumatic injury by Yao and Miaopeople [20, 58]. Euphorbia esula is another speciesmentioned for the first time. It was reportedly usedas a disinfectant and to treat chills and fever in a me-dicinal bath or by placing it on the patient’s bed. Pre-vious studies conducted in other areas mentioned theuse of Euphorbia spp. to treat rheumatism, promoteblood circulation, cure furuncles, and treat inflamma-tions of unknown origin [22, 61]. V. taitoense is a Vi-burnum medicinal species mentioned for the firsttime. It was reported as being used to treat hyperos-teogeny, protrusion of the lumbar intervertebral disc,pain, and traumatic injury in the current study. Previ-ous studies conducted in other areas mentionedtreatment with Viburnum spp. for toxicoderma,rheumatism, traumatic injury, and to stop bleeding[25, 61]. The pharmacological activity of these plantsis a novel finding that has only been reported for

such medicinal purposes in this area. Our investiga-tion found that traumatic injury, bacterial infection,calculosis, hyperosteogeny, cough, and fever were themost common diseases in Mulam villages. Mulampeople are skilled in using plants from their sur-roundings to treat diseases in their daily lives. Theynot only make full use of the surrounding plant re-sources but also continuously communicate and learnfrom other ethnic groups in their long-term strugglewith the natural environment and diseases.

Threats to traditional medicinal knowledge and medicinalplantsOur investigation and group discussions revealed thattraditional medicinal knowledge is greatly threateneddue to the lack of a written record, conservative inherit-ance patterns, and low interest in traditional medicinalknowledge from young people. In addition, agriculturalactivities, firewood collection, overgrazing, logging, andoverharvesting of medicinal plants resulted in a decreasein medicinal plant resources and associated traditionalknowledge. Additionally, the superstition and the mys-tery surrounding the Mulam healers’ traditional medi-cinal knowledge are also regarded as obstacles todissemination and promotion. Thus, policies to improvethe conservation, development, and sustainable use ofMulam medicinal plants and associated traditionalknowledge are essential. First, further investigation anddocumentation of traditional Mulam medicinal know-ledge is imperative. Books and databases of medicinalplants, animals, and minerals should be published, withfree access provided to local healers and those (especiallyyoung people) who are interested in Mulam ethnomedi-cine. Second, advanced theories and methods of pharma-cology, chemistry, and molecular biology should beapplied to study the traditional Mulam medicinal know-ledge and enhance Mulam people’s understanding andconfidence. Third, it is also necessary to encourage theMulam people to conserve medicinal plants in situ andex situ, such as by planting endangered and preferredmedicinal species in their home gardens or farmlands.

ConclusionsA total of 456 medicinal plant species used by Mulampeople to treat 312 human ailments were investigatedand recorded. This result reflects the rich diversity ofmedicinal plants in the Mulam area. These medicinalplants play an important role in the Mulam health-care system. Most of the plants (335 species, 73.47%)were obtained from wild habitats, and the herbaceoushabit was the most common growth habit (246 spe-cies, 54%). The most common method of administra-tion was oral administration, which was used for 390species (62.70%), and the most common method of

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Table 9 Comparison with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and previous ethnobotanical studies

Plant species Diseases treated by Mulam Diseases treated in traditional Chinese medicine and previousethnobotanical studies

Achyrantheslongifolia

Calculosis Traumatic injury, rheumatism, dysentery, diphtheria, sore throat,sore carbuncle, stranguria, edema, removing blood stasis, kidneyempty lumbago, dysmenorrhea, hypertension

Acorusgramineus

Epilepsy, phlegm heat, abdominal distension, abdominal pain,traumatic injury

Epilepsy, phlegm heat, rheumatism, beautifying, bellyache,tummy bug, numbness of limbs, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, gall,injuries from falls, dysmenorrhea

Artemisia argyi Tocolysis, dysmenorrhea, irregular menses, leukorrhea,metrorrhagia and metrostaxis

Irregular menstruation, spitting blood, uterine bleeding,postpartum hemorrhage, carbuncle and scabies, stoppingbleeding by warming meridians, expel cold and alleviate pain

Artemisiacarvifolia

Malaria, diarrhea, jaundice, scab capillaris ies, pruritus Malaria, sunstroke, dysentery, jaundice, scabies, pruritus

Camellia oleifera Abdominal pain, depriving ascarid, intestinal dryness, scabies,scald

Acute laryngopharyngitis, cold, diarrhea, stomachache, pruritus

Clerodendrumbungei

Tuberculosis, carbuncle, furuncle, eczema, piles, rectal prolapse,infantile convulsion

Carbuncle, furuncle, eczema, enriching the blood

Corydalis saxicola Anti-inflammatory Acute or chronic hepatitis, scabies swelling poison

Cupressusfunebris

Liver ascites Children with high fever, vomiting blood, burns, hemorrhoids,dysentery

Curculigoorchioides

Impotence, aconuresis, carbuncle, scrofula Impotence, urinary incontinence, uterine bleeding, ulcer, scrofula,headache due to common cold, rheumatic arthritis, rheumatism,nourishing, strengthening muscles and bones

Dioscoreabulbifcra

Antral gastritis, enteritis, thyroid disease, cough with lung heat,pudendal ulcer

Goiter, lymphatic tuberculosis, sore throat, hematemesis,hemoptysis, whooping cough, cancer, sore furuncle, epistaxis,pneumonia

Eriobotryajaponica

Ascites due to cirrhosis, cough with lung heat, hemoptysis,clearing away heat and toxic materials

Pertussis, cough, hematemesis, emesis

Euphorbia esula degerming, chills, fever –

Ficus hirta Stomachache, cough, abdominal distension, edema,leukorrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, lumbago

Consumption, cough, abdominal distention, edema, rheumatismarthralgia, hepatitis, leucorrhea, no milk after delivery

Flemingiamacrophylla

Caligo of old people Rheumatic, lumbar muscle strain, hemiplegia and impotence

Gynostemmapentaphyllum

Relieve fever, anti-inflammator, chronic tracheitis, cough,asthma, stomachache, insomnia, headache

Cough, chronic gastroenteritis, rheumatism, bronchitis,stomachache

Hedyotis diffusa Lung heat, sore throat, jaundice, pelvic inflammation,carbuncle, snake bite

Appendicitis, sphagitis, jaundice, adverse urination, dysentery,tumors, boils swelling, snake bite, hepatitis, cough, bronchitis,tonsillitis, toothache, cancer

Laporteaviolacea

Ascites due to cirrhosis Rheumatic arthritis, urticaria, eczema, stomachache, malnutrition,epilepsy, sciatica

Lygodiumjaponicum

Kidney stone, clearing heat and diuresis, stranguria. Poundedfresh part applied on the affected area for anaesthesia

Stranguria, gonorrhea, leukorrhea, hepatitis, sorethroat, enteritis,dysentery, eczema, shingles, hematemesis, bleeding wound,jaundice, itch, diuresis, calculus, rheumatism, chronic ulcer, skininfection, furuncle, foot rot

Pinusmassoniana

Rheumatic arthritis, tuberculous arthritis, blood stasis,rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic injury, insomnia, edema,eczema, hemorrhoids

Vertigo, stomachache, dysentery, traumatic hemorrhage, eczema,skin erosion, measles

Polygonummultiflorum

Insomnia, profuse sweating, skin eruption, kidney deficiency,premature graying of the hair, dizzy of the head and dim ofsight, soreness and weakness of waist and knees,spermatorrhea, chronic hepatitis, abscess, constipation due tointestinal dryness

Vertigo, tinnitus, premature graying of the hair, lumbar and kneepain, limb numbness, neurasthenia, hyperlipidemia, carbuncle,rubella, constipation, spermatorrhea, malaria, dysentery, chronichepatitis, scrofula, intestinal wind, hemorrhoid, kidney deficit,dizziness, insomnia, postpartum bellyache, retention of blood inuteru

Puerariamontana var.lobata

Alleviate a hangover, vertebral syndrom, clearing away heatand relieving exterior syndrome, stimulate saliva and reducethirst, measles, diarrhea

Fever, headache, diarrhea, hypertension, stenocardia, epicophosis

Ricinuscommunis

Carbuncle, pharyngitis, edema, scrofula, constipation, scabies Rheumatoid arthralgia, tetanus, epilepsy, schizophrenia, ulcer,pharyngitis, scrofula, scald, scabies

Hu et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2020) 16:40 Page 47 of 50

preparation was decoction (316 species, 54.11%).Mulam people are skilled in using the plants in theirsurroundings to treat diseases in their daily lives.Additionally, they continuously communicate andlearn from other ethnic groups in their long-termstruggle to survive the natural environment and dis-eases. However, traditional medicinal knowledge andmedicinal plants are greatly threatened by rapideconomic development for various reasons. Thus, pol-icies and practices for the conservation of medicinalplants and their associated traditional knowledge arenecessary.

AbbreviationsICF: Informant consensus factor; FL: Fidelity levels; TCM: Traditional Chinesemedicine

AcknowledgementsWe are grateful to all the traditional healers and local people of the studyarea for sharing their knowledge, cooperation, and hospitality. The authorswould like to thank Changsong He from the Central Hospital of DongmenTownship in Luocheng, Guangxi for providing guidance and local languagetranslation in our field investigations. We are also grateful to Jing Liu, YusongHuang, Xinyi Huang, and Zhaocen Lu from Guangxi Institute of Botany,

Guangxi Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences for participating in thefield investigations.

Authors’ contributionsYL and CLL conceived of and designed the study. RCH, CRL, and WBXconducted data collection. RCH and CRL integrated the inventory and itsanalysis. RCH, YL, CLL, CRL, and WBX identified the plants. HRC wrote themanuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

FundingThis research was supported by Special Funds for Local Science andTechnology Development Guided by the Central Committee (ZY1949013),Ethnobotany Study of Baikuyao in Nandan, Guangxi (2018GXNSFBA281162),National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870316, 31560088 &31761143001), Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(2019HJ2096001006), Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University ofChina) of Ministry of Education of China (KLEM-ZZ201904 & KLEM-ZZ201906),the 2018 Chinese Medicine Public Health Service Subsidy Special “NationalChinese Medicine Resources Census Project” (GXZYZYPC18-3-2), JianshengFresh Herb Medicine R & D Foundation (JSYY-20190101-043), and BiodiversitySurvey, Observation and Assessment Program of Ministry of Ecology and En-vironment of China (8-3-7-20-5).

Availability of data and materialsWe have already included all data in this manuscript.

Table 9 Comparison with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and previous ethnobotanical studies (Continued)

Plant species Diseases treated by Mulam Diseases treated in traditional Chinese medicine and previousethnobotanical studies

Rosa laevigata Spermatorrhea, enuresis, diarrhea, diarrhea, metrorrhagia andmetrostaxis, leukorrhea, hemorrhoid complicated by analfistula, scald, frequent micturition, diarrhea due to spleendeficiency, spontaneous sweating, night sweat, leukorrhea,rectal prolapse

Spermatorrhea, enuresis, diarrhea, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis,leukorrhea, uterine prolapse, rectal prolapse, hemorrhoid, scald,spontaneous sweating, night sweat, bone fracture, traumaticinjury, appendicitis, enteritis, stomachache

Sarcandra glabra Sore throat, wind-heat type common cold, diarrhea bacillarydysentery, rheumatism, traumatic injury

Rheumatic arthralgia, traumatic injury, fracture, pneumonia,appendicitis, tumour, bacillary dysentery, cholecystitis, abscess,sore throat, rheumatism, promoting blood circulation, heatclearing and detoxifying

Scheffleraheptaphylla

Rheumatism, rheumatoid, sweating Fever, rheumatism, traumatic injury, sore throat, for eczema,allergic dermatitis, dermatitis, eczema

Semiliquidambarcathayensis

Rheumatoid arthritis, lumbar muscle degeneration Rheumatism, rheumatoid, traumatic injury, relaxing tendons andactivating collaterals, promoting blood circulation, postpartumrecovery, skin disease

Sophoratonkinensis

Sore throat, gastric cancer, stomachache, gastric ulcer,prostatitis, diuresis

Sorethroat, swelling and aching of gum, jaundice, diarrhea,hemorrhoids, scabies, snake bite, acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis,cough, constipation, clearing heat and detoxifying, diminishinginflammation, relieving pain

Striga asiatica Nfantile malnutrition, edema Pacify liver and clear heat, remove food retention, infantilemalnutrition, dampness-heat constitution, diarrhea, jaundicedhepatitis

Toddalia asiatica Rheumatism, traumatic injury, bleeding wound Rheumatism, traumatic injury, stomachache, bleeding wound,amenorrhea, algomenorrhea, furuncle, intercostal neuralgia, skindisease, relieving pain, hemiplegia

Toxicodendronvernicifluum

Dermatitis Traumatic injury, traumatic bleeding, sore carbuncle

Viburnumtaitoense

Hyperosteogeny, protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc,relieve pain, traumatic injury

–

Zanthoxylumnitidum

Rheumatism, relieve pain, gastric ulcer, stomachache, prostatitis Traumatic injury, rheumatism, stomachache, toothache, snakebite,diarrhea, malaria, chronic gastricism

Zingiberofficinale

Cough, hemoptysis, hiccough, anemofrigid cold, vomit, cough,reduce phlegm

Cold, vomiting, cough, release superficies, warm the middle,resolve phlegm and stop cough

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Ethics approval and consent to participatePermissions were provided by all participants in this study, including thelocal Mulam people and healers. Consent was obtained from the localcommunities prior to the field investigations. The authors have all copyrights.

Consent for publicationNot applicable.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author details1Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,Nanning 530022, China. 2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional ChineseMedicine Quality Standards (Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical andPharmaceutical Sciences), Nanning 530022, China. 3Guangxi Institute ofBotany, Guangxi Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006,China. 4College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University ofChina, Beijing 100081, China. 5Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (MinzuUniversity of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China. 6KunmingInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.

Received: 20 February 2020 Accepted: 28 May 2020

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