CHAPTER 7

Ethnicity

TERMS• Ethnicity- identity with a group who share the

cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

• Race- identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor● Traits transmitted genetically

• State- a country• Nation state- a state whose territory corresponds

to that occupied by a particular ethnicity.

KEY ISSUE 1Where are ethnicities distributed?

• U.S. Census Bureau uses TWO questions● Check the box next to one more of the fifteen categories● Respond “yes” or “no” to being Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish

origin

• Hispanics (Latinos)- 14% of total population• African Americans- 12% of total population• Asian American- 4% of total population• American Indian- 1% of total population

• African American vs. Black● What is the difference?

• Hispanic = Ethnicity

ETHNIC CLUSTERING: STATE SCALE• Detroit, Michigan

● 85% of city is African Americans● 7% for rest of the state

• Chicago, Illinois● 33% African American● Less than 10% rest of the state

• New York City, New York● Over 25% Hispanic● 1/16 rest of the state

• Los Angeles, California● 50% Hispanic● Equal to or less than state average every other place

Ethnic Clustering: Regional Scale•Hispanics/Latinos

● Hispanic/Hispanic American- U.S. gov’t established term to describe all people from Spanish-speaking countries

● Latino (males) and Latina (females) have been adopted by some Hispanic Americans• Mexico is Chicanos and Chicanas

● Clustered in the SW • AZ, NM, TX exceed 1/3• CA ¼

•African Americans SE•Asian Americans

● Clustered in West• 40% of population in Hawaii• 12% of the population in CA

AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN THE U.S.

Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE U.S.

Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

ASIAN AMERICANS IN THE U.S.

Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE U.S.

Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

ETHNIC CLUSTERING: URBAN SCALE• 90% of all Hispanics and African Americans live in

urban areas● 75% for all Americans

• African American, Asian, and Hispanics● Move towards inner cities● European ethnicities moved outward starting 20th century

ETHNICITIES IN CHICAGO

Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGELES

Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

ETHNIC DIVERSITY, NEW YORK CITY

KEY ISSUE 2ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhy Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?

• 3 Migration Patterns of United States

● Africa to American colonies 18th century

● From the U.S. South to northern cities first ½ 20th century

● From inner-city ghettos to urban neighborhoods second ½ of the 20th century and first decade of 21st century

FORCED MIGRATION FROM AFRICA• Tribes along east and west coast had superior

weapons to those living inland• First Africans arrived in Jamestown, VA on a Dutch

ship in 1619• B/n 1710 and 1810 at least 10 million Africans were

sold to the Western Hemisphere by Europeans● Triangular slave trade- an efficient triangular trading

pattern b/n Africa, Europe, and Western Hemisphere• 1808 U.S. banned bringing in slaves

● 250,000 were shipped in illegally after that• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves

TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE

Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

AFRICAN SOURCE AREAS FOR SLAVERY

Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.

DIAGRAM OF A SLAVE SHIP

Interregional Migration • Sharecropper- works fields rented from landowner and

pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops

•Farm machinery decreased demand for labor in the early 20th century in the South• Industry was pulling job seekers north• Came in two main waves

• First- 1910’s and 1920’s (before and after WWI)• Second- 1940’s and 1950’s

• War creates jobs for two reasons• Supplies• Labor shortage

COTTON SHARECROPPERS IN U.S.

AFRICAN AMERICAN MIGRATION IN THE U.S., 20TH CENTURY

Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION: EXPANSION OF GHETTO

• African American immigrants of the 20th century clustered with the small number from the 19th century● Neighborhoods became known as ghettos

• After living conditions from those of the Jews● 1/2 million African Americans packed into a 3 square mile of

Chicago known as the South Side ghetto

● Densities• Ghetto’s- 100,000/square-mile• Suburbs- 5,000/square-mile

• 1950’s and 1960’s● Ghetto expand as African Americans begin to move to

adjacent neighborhoods

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN BALTIMORE

Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

White Flight”Whites emigrated certain areas in anticipation of blacks moving into the areaDetroit good example

1950- 1.7 million whites and 300,000 blacks2000- 200,000 whites and 800,000 blacks

“WHITE FLIGHT”• Whites emigrated certain areas in anticipation of

blacks moving into the area● Detroit good example

• 1950- 1.7 million whites and 300,000 blacks• 2000- 200,000 whites and 800,000 blacks

• Created blockbusting● Real estate agents convinced whites to sell house

cheap in fear of blacks “taking over, sold at a higher price to blacks as a house in a “white neighborhood”

• Racism- believing race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

• Racist- a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism

• In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court permitted “separate but equal” treatment of races● Plessy vs. Ferguson● Southern states enacted segregation laws

• “Jim Crow” Laws

SEGREGATION IN THE U.S.

SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE• Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

● Topeka, Kansas● Schools must desegregate “with all deliberate speed”

SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE• Division by Race in South Africa

● Apartheid was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas• Newborn classified in one of four races

• White, Black, Mixed, or Asian • Determined where races lived, attended school, work, shop,

and own land• Blacks could not run for political office or vote• Created by white descendants from Holland

• Boers- Dutch word for farmer• Afrikaners- Dutch dialect

• 10 Homelands created to isolate blacks• 1990’s laws repealed• 1994 blacks were allowed to vote again

• Nelson Mandela was elected as first black president

BLACK “HOMELANDS” IN SOUTH AFRICA

Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

ASSIGNMENT• You are to create an FRQ from key issue 2. Your

question must contain the following:● Involve at least 2 vocabulary words

• Ask for definition or word can be part of an answer● Focus around one main concept in the key issue● At least 2 steps (A and B)● Map/Graph (optional)● A possible 6 to 8 points

• After you have designed your question you will design a rubric. Your rubric can be a bullet point representation of the correct possible answers.

• Last part of the assignment is to create a sample answer that would receive a perfect score.

KEY ISSUE 3ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhy Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities?

ETHNICITIES INTO NATIONALITIES• Ethnicities and Nationalities

● Nation-states● Nationalism

• Ethnic Competition ● Former Soviet Union: The Largest Multinational State● Russia: Now the Largest Multinational State● Turmoil in the Caucasus

• Dividing Ethnicities● Ethnicity and communism● Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

• Nationality- identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

Nationalities in North America● Identifies citizens of the U.S. both born and immigrated● Ethnicity ties to cultural and ancestry● Race distinguishes color of skin

● Nationality based on the beliefs in Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution

ETHNICITIES AND NATIONALITIES IN UNITED KINGDOM

• The United Kingdom● Great Britain and Northern Ireland● 4 Major Ethnicities

• English- Germanic tribes• Welsh- Celtic people formally controlled by England• Scots- Celtics converged with King James VI• Irish- Celtic people ruled by England until 20th Century

● Rory McIlroy• Nationality- UK• Ethnicity- Irish Catholic

• Irish Catholics have a closer tie to Ireland nationality

NATIONALISM• Nationalism- a loyalty and devotion to a nationality

● Exalts one nation above all others● Emphasizes culture and opposes others● Mass media and politicians promote nationalism

• Gov’t controls or regulates media in most nations/states● Promote nationalism with symbols and anthems

• Centripetal force- an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

• Centrifugal force is the opposite meaning spread out from the center

• Ethnic Competition in Lebanon● 4 million people in 4,000 square miles

• Smaller than CT but more populous● Muslims (Shiite) are fighting for control of gov’t over

Christians ● Muslims ethnicity- Arab● Christians- Phoenicians

• A civil war has been fought since 1975• U.S., Israel, and recently Syria have all sent troops to help

restore peace

ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN SRI LANKA• Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities

● Island of 20 million people off coast of India● Sinhalese (74%) ● Tamils (16%) ● Moors (10%)

● Sinhalese dominates gov’t • Tamils feel like they are suppressed

● 1993 president was assassinated by a Tamil● 2002 a cease fire was issued

• Both sides ignore this● 2009 war ends in Sinhalese victory

• Tamils feel their ethnicity is jeopardized

• Dividing South Asian Ethnicities Among Nationalities● India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)

• Resulted from a split after British control ended in 1947• Originally had West and East Pakistan

• Separated Muslims and Hindus• East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971

• Hinduism is a centripetal force for India• Hundreds of languages and ethnic groups, pulled by religion

• Muslims have fought for control over India• British invaded in 1800 creating a 3 way struggle

• British, Hindus, and Muslims• Mahatma Gandhi assassinated 1948 ending chances of

Muslims and Hindus living peacefully

• Forced Migration● 17 million people caught on wrong side of boundaries

• Boundaries did not correspond directly to ethnicities• Immigrants were attacked and murdered during migration

• Ethnic Disputes● Boundary never agreed on in Kashmir (northern region)

by Pakistan● “Line of Control” established ● 25 million Sikhs

• Resent not having own independent nation-state• Extremist fight for control Punjab

DIVIDING THE KURDS AMONG NATIONALITIES• Caucasus Mountain Region

● Kurds- Sunni Muslims with distinct culture● After WWI Kurdistan becomes independent state● Mustafa Kemal expands Turkey in 1920

• Kurdistan disappears

● Kurds are now split in several countries• Turkey 19%• Iraq 16%• Syria 9%• Iran 6%

● Laws outlaw Kurdish culture in most of these countries• Kurds constantly rebel

ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN WESTERN ASIA• Ethnic Diversity in Iraq

● Iraqis are 3/4 Arabs (ethnicity) 1/6 Kurds• Arabs are divided Sunni 1/3 Shiite 2/3

● U.S. led attacks removing pres. Saddam Hussein starting an ethnic war/battle• Kurds welcomed the U.S. in hopes of support• Sunni Muslims opposed b/c feared loss of POWER

• Hussein was Sunni• Shiite Muslim opposed b/c of allies with other Shiite

communities

• Ethnic Diversity in Iran● Persian is most numerous ethnicity (Shiite Muslims)

• Believed to be descendants from Persian Empire● Azeri and Baluchi minority groups

• Ethnic Diversity in Afghanistan● Pastun, Tajik, and Hazara major ethnicities● Several ethnic groups rebelled against gov’t 1979

• Taliban gained control in 1995• 2001 U.S. remove Taliban creating new struggle for power

• Ethnic Diversity in Pakistan● Punjabi (Sunni) most numerous ehtnicities

• Baluchi and Pashtun (Shiite) minorities• Fight over support for Taliban

RISE OF NATIONALITIES• Nation-States in Europe

● France fused together through ethnic culture traditions, language, and the Roman Catholic religion

● By 1900 most of Western Europe is considered nation-states● 1930’s Germans claim all German-speaking parts of Europe

constituted one nationality and should be a nation-state• Germans invade Poland and outside forces get involved (WWII)

• Denmark: No Perfect Nation-States● Good example of a nation-state

• Danish ethnicity closely occupies Denmark● Danish and Germans not divided precisely● Denmark controls two territories in the Atlantic Ocean

• Does not share same culture● Denmark controls Greenland

MULTINATIONAL STATES • Multi-ethnic state- a state that contains more than

one ethnicity● Belgium is a divided by Flemish and Walloons

• Both claim Belgian nationality● Multinational states- same as multi-ethnic but recognize

separate nationalities• Agree to coexist peacefully (most of the time)

● United Kingdom• England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland

FORMER SOVIET UNION: LARGEST MULTINATIONAL STATE• 15 republics based on 15 largest ethnicities• Soviet Union collapsed in the 1900’s• Republics are now independent countries

● 5 Groups• Three Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • Three European: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine• Five Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan• Three Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia• Russia

MULTINATIONAL STATES• New Baltic Nation-states

● Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia● Located on the Baltic Sea● Lithuania most resembles a nation-state

• Lithuanians 83%• Estonians 68%• Latvians 58%

● Lithuania- Roman Catholic● Estonia- Protestant● Latvia- Lutheran

MULTINATIONAL STATES• New European Nation-States

● Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine (Europe)● All are considered nation-states around 80%● Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Russians all similar in

Ethnicity• East Slavic languages• Eastern Orthodox Christians

● Moldova are ethnically different• Part of Romania• Seized by Soviets in 1940

MULTINATIONAL STATES• New Central Asian States

● Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan

● Former Soviet Union● Kyrgyzstan are Muslims

• Resent Russians for taking best farmland in 20th century● Kazakhstan is also Muslim

• Kazakhs 54% of the population• Russians 30%

• Eastern Orthodox Christians• Peaceful b/c of less depressed economy

● Tajikistan• 79% Tajik, 15% Uzbek, and 1% Russian• Suffers from civil war b/n Tajik people

• Former Communist and Muslim Fundimentalists

RUSSIA: NOW THE LARGEST MULTINATIONAL STATE

• 39 different nationalities● 20% of the country’s population is non-Russian

• Chechnya seeking independence ● Brought under Russian control in 19th century● Chechens are a group of Sunni Muslims● Declared independence in 1991 (Soviet Union Breakup)

• Refused to join Russia● Russians wanted Chechnya for its petroleum sources

• Also to make statement for other ethnicities that may try to claim independece

RUSSIA: NOW THE LARGEST MULTINATIONAL STATE

TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• B/N the Black and Caspian seas• Size of Colorado• Home to several ethnicities

● Azeris, Armenians, and Georgians most dominant● Others include Abkhazians, Chechens, Ingush,

Ossetians, Kurds, Russians• Soviet Union demanded peace to allegiance to

communism and by force● After breakup, long standing conflicts have erupted

into armed conflicts● All have the same goal

• To become a nation-state and govern themselves

TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• Azeries (Azerbaijanis)

● Roots traced to Turkish invaders in 8th century● 1828 treaty allocated north Azeri to Russia and

southern part Persia (now Iran)● Claimed independence in 1991 (Soviet breakup)

TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• Armenians

● 19th and 20th century attacks by the Turkish Muslims killed thousands

● Others forced to migrate to Russia• Russian controlled eastern part since 1828

● WWI allies created an independent state for Armenia• By 1921 Turkey and Soviet Union had divided Armenia• Soviet portion became and independent country in 1991

TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS• Georgians

● Ethnicities include• Georgians (84) Azeri (7) Armenian (6) Russian (2)

Abkhazian, Ajar, and Ossetian (3)

● Constant turmoil, especially b/n Ossetians and Abkhazians• Want independent nation-states rather than sovereign

nation-states

TURMOIL IN CAUCASUS

REVIVAL OF ETHNIC IDENTITY• Ethnicity and Communism

● Communism became a vehicle promoting nationalism• Controlled languages spoken and culture practices• Centripetal forces were used by gov’t to control ethnic identities

• Official languages/Religions

• Rebirth of Nationalism● Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia were

dismantled by smaller ethnic groups pushing for more control• Push for nation-states creates numerous smaller states

WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH?• Ethnic competition to dominate nationality

● Competition in the Horn of Africa• Ethiopia and Eritrea• Sudan• Somalia

● Competition in Lebanon

• Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State● Dividing Ethnicities in South Asia

• Forced Migration• Ethnic Disputes

● Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities

ETHNIC COMPETITION TO DOMINATE NATIONALITY

• Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa

● Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia

ETHNIC COMPETITION TO DOMINATE NATIONALITY• Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa

ETHNIC COMPETITION TO DOMINATE NATIONALITY

• Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa

KEY ISSUE 4ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhat is ethnic cleansing?

• Ethnic Cleansing- a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region● Not intended to just defeat your enemy● You want to be the sole survivor (ethnically)

• Balkan Peninsula is a hot bed for ethnic cleansing● Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and several

countries that formed former Yugoslavia● About the size of Texas

MULTIETHNIC YUGOSLAVIA• Creation of Yugoslavia

● Austria-Hungary Empire controlled northern portion● 1878 extended control into Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Converted citizens to Islam● 1914 heir to throne for Austria-Hungary was

assassinated by a Serb• Seeking independence for Bosnia• This started WWI

● After WWI allies created Yugoslavia• Combined ethnicities that spoke similar languages

• Ethnic Diversity in the Former Yugoslavia● Josip Broz Tito governed Yugoslavia 1953-1980● Seven neighbors

• Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania

● Six Republics• Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia

● Five nationalities• Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrens, Serbs, and Slovens

● Four languages• Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Slovene

● Three religions• Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Islam

● Two alphabets• Roman Alphabet (Croatian and Slovene) Cryillic (Macedonian

and Serbian● One dinar (Money)

DESTRUCTION OF MULTI-ETHNIC YUGOSLAVIA

● Tito’s death brought back ethnic rivalries

● Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia sought independence in 1990’s • Montenegro broke away 2006• Serbia forced into independence through break-up

● Problems arose with boundaries• Territories did not match nationalities• Other ethnicities were not recognized by local gov’t

ETHNIC CLEANSING IN BOSNIA● Bosnian Muslims were considered an ethnicity not a

nationality• Even though they were the largest group in area• Serbs and Croats sought independence rather than living in a

multi-ethnic country• Bosnian Serbs vs. Bosnian Muslims

• Croatians pulled in as well

● Results• Bosnian Serbs receive nearly ½ of country

• Comprised only 1/3 of population• Bosnian Croats received ¼ of country

• 1/6 of population• Bosnian Muslims received ¼ of country

• ½ of the population

ETHNIC CLEANSING IN KOSOVOAlbanians are a growing population in Kosovo●Serbia took control of Kosovo after Yugoslavia

• Launched an ethnic cleansing campaign against the Albanians

• In 1999 750,000 of 2 million Albanians were forced from Kosovo to camps in Albanian

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) launched an air strike against Serbia• Bombing stopped when Serbia pulled all forces from Kosovo

BALKINIZATION● Balkanized- used to describe a region that can not

be organized into one or more states b/c of ethnic complexity

● Balkinization- the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

● Peace in the Balkans means ethnic cleansing “worked”

• Sudan● Civil War has raged since 1980’s

• Black Christian and animist rebels (South) vs. Arab-Muslims (North)• Males and Females separated in all aspects • 2 Million (5%) of Sudanese have died in Civil War• 2005 an accord for autonomy was called

● South wanted full independence

● Darfur region (west) also experienced ethnic war• African rebel forces launched an attack on gov’t• Over 450,000 rebel forces killed• 2.5 million living in dire conditions in refugee camps

ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA● Ethiopia was awarded Eritrea by the United Nations

after WWII

● Created a 30 year civil war (1961-1991)• Created strong sense of nationality (especially in Eritrea)

● 665,000 Eritreans refugees fled to Sudan

● Eritrea gained independence in 1991

● Since 1998 more wars have occurred over specific boundaries

SOMALIA● Sunni Muslims and speak Somali● 9 million inhabitants are divided into 6 clans

• Isaak, Darod, and Dir (North)• Digil , Hawiye, and Rahawayn (South)

● Clans are divided into sub-clans• Treaties and alliances have muddled the traditional

geographic distinctions ● Powerful clans take food, property, and weapons from

less powerful clans● 1992 U.S. troops were sent to Somalia after 300,000

women and children died from famine● Islamist militia overthrew warlords and now controls

Somalia• U.S. believes they may support terrorism

CENTRAL AFRICA● Hutus (farmers) and Tutsis (cattle herders)

• Two major ethnic groups in Central Africa• Tutsi lived in Rwanda and Burundi• Controlled Hutu as their serfs

• Despite being only 15% of the population

• Rwanda gained independence in 1962• Hutus ethnically cleansed Tutsis

• 1994 Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi killed in plane crash

• Uganda came to Rwanda and killed .5 million Hutus• 7 more million emigrated

COLONIAL LEGACY IN AFRICA● Present day boundaries do not match ethnicities

• European countries broke Africa into colonies

● Several thousand ethnicities (referred to as tribes)

● Colonies gained independence matching boundaries of former colonies and not tribal boundaries

• Tribes were split between two states or grouped with dissimilar tribes