12 - Ethics

Ethical behavior is as much about common sense and decency as anything else.

A complete document describing ethic principals of psychologists is available from APA. It’s the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code Of Conduct. IGoogle, “ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct” to find the website. I’ve included Section 8 – Research and Publication to this lecture.

Important Topics . . .

1. Research must be in compliance with institutional rules, state and federal laws.

This is understood, but you may want to take some time to think about the legalities of the research.

Most institutions now require that you get Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval prior to the conduct of research. This serves as kind of a protection for us, because it may reveal problems we hadn’t thought of – problems that might lead to trouble during the research.

Certain types of studies that have gained notoriety would face very close IRB scrutiny now: Bystander studies, Milgrim compliance studies, Asch conformity studies.

The IRB is your friend. Take advantage of the perspective and expertise and experience of IRB members.

2. Informed consent must be provided. (You should read all of Section 8.)

Section 8.02 of the code is relevant here. An example is at the end of this document.

This is one of the most significant changes in the past several years. In prior years, participants just participated. Now participants have to be told about the research in which they'll participate.

You must tell participants they are free to withdraw at any time.

Participants be given equitable alternatives if course credit is involved. (8.04) There is a section in the code on dispensing with informed consent – 8.05.

3. Deception in Research. 8.07.

Deception is allowed as long as it is justified, necessary, does not cause physical or psychological harm, and is explained as soon as possible after the research.

The participant must be allowed to withdraw his/her data prior to their analysis. (8.07c)

4. Debriefing. 8.08

The debriefing should be planned prior to the conduct of the research. If possible it should be written. Time should be allocated for participants' questions.

5. Reporting of results. 8.10.

You must not report the results of others as your own.

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6. Plagiarism.

You must not use ideas, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, books of others claiming they are yours. Such text, if used, must be accurately cited.

6’. Fabrication of results.It’s very easy to create simulated data. Don’t do this unless you’re creating a simulation study.

7. Publication Credit 8.12

Credit should reflect amount of participation.

Students are typically listed as first authors on presentations and often on publications based on their theses.Faculty may be listed as second authors if they contributed substantially.

Depending on the project, the faculty could be first author on a tangential or expanded project, for example, the submission to a journal.

8. Sharing data.

You should be prepared to share data upon which conclusions were based. (See RMNET thread: mdbr/rmnet/fraud and sharing data.docx . See “mdbr/1Sebren/Iddekinge Request for data for meta-analysis.txt” for a typical request for data.)

9. IRB Forms

For complete information: http://www.utc.edu/Administration/InstitutionalReviewBoard/Here’s a screen shot of available forms as of 11/28/17

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Old Example of Completed IRB Form B ProposalIRB #: _________________Date Submitted: _________Date Approved: _________

FORM B: APPLICATION FOR EXPEDITED OR FULL IRB REVIEW FOR RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS

Investigator’s Assurance: By submitting this protocol, I attest that I am aware of the applicable principles, policies, regulations, and laws governing the protection of human subjects in research and that I will be guided by them in the conduct of this research.

Provide the required information in the space available. If additional space is needed, attach a separate sheet or expand that section of the form. For both expedited and full board review, submit an application package containing this application from, any consent forms (if applicable), and any research instruments (including questionnaire or survey if applicable). For expedited review submit four (4) application packets and for full board review submit twelve (12) application packages. ALL DOCUMENTS AND FORMS MUST BE TYPED. Incomplete submissions will be returned to the applicant without review.

TYPE OF REVIEW REQUESTED: _X__ Expedited _____ Full Board

Title of Research:Value for Diversity as a Mediator and Moderator of Organizational Relationships.

Dept Mail Code

Phone

Principal Investigator

Michael Biderman Psychology 2803 4268

Other Investigator Quionna CaldwellOther Investigator Douglas Johnson

Funding Agency (if applicable)and ID NumberGrant Submission Deadline

Estimated Start Date:(Cannot begin until IRB approval granted).

August 1, 2003

Estimated Completion Date:(Include all aspects of research and final reports).

July 31, 2004

For Student ResearchFaculty Sponsor Dept Mail Code Phone

Student Address (where form will be sent to)

Type of Research (Dissertation, thesis, class project, other)

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Purpose/Objectives of Research: (Briefly state, in non-technical language, the purpose of the research and the problem to be investigated. When possible, state specific hypotheses to be tested or specific research questions to be answered. For pilot or exploratory studies, discuss the way in which the information obtained will be used in future studies so that the long term benefits can be assessed.

The objective of the research is to extend a previous research project on diversity perceptions in organizations. In our previous research we found that employee perceptions of their employer’s fairness and inclusion activities with regard to diversity were positively related to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and negatively related to intent to leave. We also found that the relationships were moderated by employees’ personal value for diversity -the relationships were stronger for those with greater personal value for diversity. The previous research sampled only from the population of African American females. No male African Americans and no whites were included in the study. The purpose of the research proposed here is to extend the study to African Americans and whites of both genders.

Relevant Background and Rational for the Research: (This section should present the context of the work by explaining the relation of the proposed research to previous investigations in the field).

The seeking of diversity in organizations and the management of that diversity have become increasingly important topics in the last 40 years. Until recently, however, there has been little research on the implications of organizations’ diversity management efforts. In 1998, Mar Borak published a scale measuring four dimensions of perception of diversity in organizations – two organizational dimensions and two personal dimensions. Our first paper, which was Quionna Caldwell’s thesis, was the first application of the Mar Borak scales. In a sample of African American females we found that personal value for diversity was a moderator of the relationships of the two organizational dimensions to valued organizational outcomes. This study will extend the previous work by using a more heterogeneous sample with both African American and white males and females.

Methods/Procedures: (Briefly discuss in non-technical language, the research methods which directly involve use of human subjects. List any potential risks, or lack of such, to subjects and any protection measures. Discuss how the methods employed will allow the investigator to address his/her hypotheses and/or research question(s). Explain how anonymity of names and confidentiality of materials with names and/or data will be obtained and maintained. List the names of individuals who will have access to names and/or data.)

I will administer a paper-and-pencil questionnaire containing the Mor Barak scale, measures of job satisfaction and affective commitment, and intent to leave, replicating the questionnaire administered in the previous research. The questionnaire will also ask for demographic information and a description of the participant’s job. I will correlate scores on the measures of organizational fairness and inclusion with job satisfaction, affective commitment, and intent to leave. I will perform moderated regression analyses to determine if value for diversity moderates those relationships. I will also investigate the extent to which ethic group moderates the same relationships. Finally, I will investigate the extent to which personal value for diversity mediates the moderating effect of ethnic group.

Subject Population: (List the number to be used and check if any of the populations listed apply to the study. Discuss criteria of selection or exclusion, population from which they will be selected, and duration of involvement. NOTE: Federal guidelines require selection of subjects be equitable within the exclusions, and subjects meeting the criteria cannot be discriminated against for gender, race, social or financial status, or any other reason.)

The participant population will be the population of UTC undergraduate and graduate students. They will be participating either as a favor to me or for class credit. No one will be denied the opportunity to participate for any reason.

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Approximate Number of Subjects: ____200____

Subjects Include (check if applicable): Minors (under 18) ___Involuntarily institutionalized _____Mentally handicapped _____

Incentives: What incentives will be offered, if any? (Indicate whether not subjects are to be paid , how and when they will be paid, , how and when they will be paid, amount, and the rationale for payment. The proposed payment should be commensurate with the time required for participation, travel expenses, and/or inconvenience assumed by the subject, but should not be so great as to constitute undue influence on an individual to assume risks of study participation that would not otherwise be undertaken.)

Incentives will be class credit in those cases in which the instructor of the class offers it. Otherwise, there will be no external incentive.

Risks/Benefits to Participants and Precautions to Be Taken: (This section should discuss all possible risks and discomforts from participation in the study, indicating both severity and likelihood of occurrence for each. Risks may range from the physical to the psychological. Inconvenience, travel or boredom may also be considered risks of participation in the study. The methods that will be used to minimize these risks should also be discussed. Many studies hold the potential for loss of privacy and confidentiality. These concerns should be noted in this section. If subjects are vulnerable populations, or if risks are more than minimal, please describe what additional safeguards will be taken).

The questionnaire is quite innocuous. I can’t imagine any risks associated with filling it out. There are no special benefits associated with participation other than possible intrinsic benefit associated with participating in a research project.

In your opinion, do benefits outweigh risks? Yes _X_No _____

Privacy/Confidentiality: (Please describe whether the research would involve observation in situations where subjects have a reasonable expectation of privacy. If identifiable existing records are to be examined, has appropriate permission been sought, i.e. from institutions, subjects, and physicians? What provision has been made to protect the confidentiality of sensitive information about individuals? Are research records anonymous? If not, there should be discussion of how records will be coded, and where and how they will be stored. It should also note where and how signed consent forms will be maintained. If video or audio tapes will be made as part of the study, disposition of these tapes should be addressed. In general, the IRB recommends that research tapes be destroyed as soon as the needed data are transcribed, and that only restricted study personnel be allowed access to the tapes. If other procedures are proposed [for example, retaining tapes for future use, allowing individuals other than study investigators access to the tapes] justification should be presented, and separate)

The questionnaire will be filled out publicly. There will be no unobtrusive observation of participants. No existing records will be examined. Research records will be anonymous. No video or audio tape of the participants will be made.

Signatures:___________________________ Michael Biderman __________ Principal Investigator or Student Printed/Typed Name Date___________________________ _____________________________ __________Faculty Advisor (for student apps) Printed/Typed Name Date___________________________ Paul Watson __________ Department Head Printed/Typed Name Date___________________________ Herbert Burhenn __________ Dean Printed/Typed Name DateIRB Approved:___________________________ _____________________________ __________IRB Chair or Designee Printed/Typed Name Date

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Example Informed Consent.

Informed Consent

Principle Investigator: Michael Biderman Phone number: 423 - ‐ 425 - ‐ 4268

The research in which you are about to participate is sponsored by the UTC Psychology Department.

Research conducted by the UTC Psychology Department has been recognized around the world. It is helping make UTC a university known internationally as a place where cutting edge research is being conducted. Ultimately, projects like this may help you by increasing the name recognition of the university from which you will graduate. You may benefit from the fact that a prospective employer knows of the reputation of the university.

Your involvement in this research project is voluntary, and you may choose to end your participation in this study at any time without penalty. You must be 18 years of age or older to participate in this study. If you are not 18, please contact Dr. Michael Biderman at xxx-‐xxx-‐xxxx for further instructions.

You will be one of up to 300 participants in this study.

We anticipate that your participation in this experiment should last no more than 50 minutes. In this research, you will be shown a computerized personality questionnaire and asked to respond to the items of that questionnaire. In order to permit us to state the general demographic characteristics of the persons who responded to the items, you will also be asked to provide some demographic information about yourself, such as your age, sex and ethnic group. Finally we ask your permission to record your UTC overall GPA and admission test, e.g., ACT or SAT test scores. All of this information will be used in a summary fashion. At no time will any information that can be linked to an individual be disseminated.

This test is being conducted by Dr. Michael Biderman, a faculty member in the Psychology Department at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. This project has the approval and authorization of both the UTC Psychology Department and the UTC Institutional Review Board (IRB). If you have any questions about the study, please contact Michael Biderman at 425-‐4268. If you have any questions concerning your rights as a participant, please contact Dr. xxx x. xxxxxxxx, IRB Chair at xxx-‐xxxx.

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Section 8 of the 2017 Ethical Principles document

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