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Ethics Three “random” chats. “knowing doing gap”. Categories of normative sciences. Logic — things that are true Aesthetics — things that are admirable Ethics — things that are good. Heroic figures in ethics. Aristotle — definitions Kant — criteria Perry — personal - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ethics Three “random” chats
“knowing doing gap”
Categories of normative sciences
• Logic — things that are true• Aesthetics — things that are
admirable• Ethics — things that are good
Heroic figures in ethics
• Aristotle — definitions• Kant — criteria• Perry — personal
– versus communitarian
• Rawls — operational• Professional — liability• Habermas — dialogue• Küng — empirical
• Various schemes:environmental, feminist, power, etc
William Perry
• Levels of intellectual sophistication
• Ethical development
Dualism 1-3
• 1 Assumption of dualistic structure of world taken for granted, unexamined
• 2 Truth exists, but not all authorities are knowledgeable
• 3 Absolute truth has not been discovered, yet
Multiplicity 4-6
• 4 Knowledge is not secure but is any person’s
• 5 Knowledge is always changing or subject to change
Commitment to realism 6-9
• 6 Knowledge is not something that is external and definite but something that each individual constructs
Initial commitment
• 7 Knowledge is the world view one has constructed from learning and experience, along with the ethical implications of this view
• 8 Knowledge is a creative resolution between uncertainty and the need to act
• 9 Individual must break through to new perspectives and discard those no longer useful
Perry summary
• 9 levels• 1-3 absolute• 4-~6 relative• ~6-9 personal
Professional ethics
• Avoiding legal problems• Privacy, permission
Purpose
• Ends• Means• Rationalisable
– E.g., historical, economic
• Objective/subjective
Ethics v meta-ethics
• Environmental ethics• Sadism• Marxism (ideology & false
consciousness)• Feminism• Hedonism• Virtue ethics• Utilitarianism
continued…
• Deontology• Consequentialism• Situation ethics• Monism v pluralism• Utilitarianism• Virtue ethics
continued…
• Relativism• Absolutism
– Universalism– Realism– Absolutism (Perry position 1!)
• Machiavelli– Private– Public
HCI stances
• Standards IS09471• User’s task• Usability• Cost-effectiveness• Metrics. Empirical• Design• Enjoyment
‘Usability’ as applied ethics
• Kant’s categorical imperative• Reciprocity
– Help lines?– Bug reports?– User participation? (evaluation…)
Kant
• Criterion• Some ‘nice’ principles
– E.g., reciprocity, universalisability
Küng’s 6 rules
• Solving problems: don’t create greater problems
• Burden of proof: demonstrate avoids human or environmental damage
• Common good: e.g., benefits the community, for a period
• Urgency: e.g., survival more important than privacy
…continued
• Ecology: system more important than individuals
• Reversibility: system must be reversible, removable, not cause dependency
Post-marxist critical theory
• One dimensional man (Marcuse)– “I shop therefore I am”
• Atomised (Lyotard)– What is choice/democracy when you
have 500 channels of TV?
What I want
• Operational ethics• Bridge ‘knowing-doing gap’
Justice
• Distributive• Restorative• Punitive• Political
Aristotle’s view
• Doing good for others• Only virtue you can’t fake
Justice by programming
• Fair chocolate bar
John Rawls
• Justice• Veil of ignorance• Creating a just world• Creating a just system
Conclusions
• Ethics v politics• CS is politics• Get involved!
Next lecture — Thursday 2pm
An ethical debate on tags and tagging
Where from?
• Communitarian• Individual• Artificial