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Ethics of Genetic Engineering
Technological Advance Could We? Should We?
National DNA registry
Prenatal phenotype diagnosis
Prenatal disorder correction
Non-medical enhancement
Transgenic crops
Transgenic humans
Rate from 1 (no) to 5 (yes) for these potential advances
Describe one pro and one con for each advance.
Difficulties with DNA
1.There are often thousands of genes on a DNA molecule
• Electrophoresis
2.One cell normally provides too little material for study
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)• Gene cloning
Restriction Enzymes
• Bacterial defense against viral DNA• Excise DNA at specific sequences
CCTTTG AATTCCCAGAATCGGAAACTTAA GGGTCTTAG AATTCGGCCATATACG GCCGGTATATGCTTAA
Desired Gene
Target Sitesfor EcoRI
Electrophoresis• Separation of molecules based on size• Negatively charged DNA molecules are
pulled through a gel by an electrical field• Smaller molecules travel faster and farther
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP’s)
AAGAATTCCCTGATCCATATATATATATCGGATCTAGAATTC
TTCTTAAGGGACTAGGTATATATATATAGCCTAGATCTTAAC
AAGAATTCCCTGATCCATATATCGGATCTAGAATTCTTCTTAAGGGACTAGGTATATAGCCTAGATCTTAACVariations in DNA
Variations in fragment sizes
Variations in electrophoresis bands
Restriction Mapping
10 8 6 4 2 (kilobases)
Uncut plasmid
Cut with EcoRI
Cut with BamH3
Cut with Both
DNA Marker
Using Radioactive Probes
Each well contains a sample
An impression is made
Radioactive probes applied
Probe is complementary to desired gene
Adhered probe leaves dot on radiosensitive film
Polymerase Chain Reaction• In vitro amplification of a select length of DNA
DenaturationPrimingElongation Desired Gene