Ethics In Research Grad Chem Core Course Fall 2008 Science Ethics – What’s the Big Deal? Credit: Prof. D. Venkataraman made this presentation in Summer

EthicsIn

Research

Grad ChemCore Course

Fall2008

Science Ethics – What’s the Big Deal?Science Ethics – What’s the Big Deal?

Credit: Prof. D. Venkataraman made this presentationin Summer 2008 for the CURE REU students.

Minor additions: Prof. S. Auerbach

EthicsIn

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Fall2008

Ethical SystemsEthical Systems

Aristotle: goal is “deep, long-lasting happiness” or “Eudamonia”Act in a way that leads to such happiness. (Seems selfish)

Kant: “categorical imperative” = when considering an action, do itonly if the world would still be “ok” if everyone does thataction. (Less selfish, more outward view)

Bhagavad Gita: “seek to perform your duty, but lay not claim to itsfruits” = don’t get too consumed with lust for fruit. (Selfless)

Science fruit = adoration from mentor, publications, PhD, job, tenure,awards, fame, fortune, national academy, Nobel prize.

Science duty = honesty, creativity, learning, contributing to society,caring for mentors, students and colleagues.

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Fall2008

PlagiarismPlagiarism

“-to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (another's production) without crediting the source

-to commit literary theft : present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source” -Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Credit: Prof. D. Venkataraman made this presentationin Summer 2008 for the CURE REU students.

EthicsIn

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Fall2008

““Turkish physicists face accusations of Turkish physicists face accusations of plagiarism” plagiarism”

By Geoff Brumfiel in Nature, 2007, 449, 8

“Scores of papers are removed from arXiv server.

“More than a dozen theoretical physicists at four universities in Turkey seem to be involved in a massive plagiarism scandal. Almost 70 papers by 15 authors have been removed from the popular preprint server arXiv, where many physicists post their work, by the server's moderators. They allege that the papers plagiarize the works of others or contain inappropriate levels of overlap with earlier articles. This is probably the largest single incident of its sort ever seen on the server, according to physicist Paul Ginsparg of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and founder of arXiv. "What these guys did was way over the line," he says.”

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Fall2008

“Katepalli Sreenivasan, director of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, which has a programme of collaboration with physicists from the developing world, agrees. "There are some cultures in which plagiarism is not even regarded as deplorable," he says. Problems of academic integrity come up frequently at the centre, and are dealt with on a case-by-case basis, he adds.”

In “Turkish physicists face accusations of plagiarism” by Geoff Brumfiel in Nature, 2007, 449, 8

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Fall2008

“Plagiarism? No, we're just borrowing better English”

By Ihsan Yilmaz in Nature 2007, 449,658

“For those of us whose mother tongue is not English, using beautiful sentences from other studies on the same subject in our introductions is not unusual.

…Borrowing sentences in the part of a paper that simply helps to better introduce the problem should not be seen as plagiarism. Even if our introductions are not entirely original, our results are — and these are the most importantpart of any scientific paper.”

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Fall2008

Integrity and Ethical Conduct of Research and Scholarly Integrity and Ethical Conduct of Research and Scholarly ActivitiesActivities

Personal ethics vs. Professional ethicsPersonal ethics vs. Professional ethicsGood Science vs. Bad ScienceGood Science vs. Bad Science

Errors/Mistakes vs. MisconductErrors/Mistakes vs. Misconduct

“ Misconduct means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting or reporting research. It does not include honest errors or honest differences in interpretations or judgements of data”

From ‘Teaching Scientific Integrity and Research Ethics’, Sponholz, G. Forensic Science International 2000, 113, 511-513

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Fall2008

Errors and MistakesErrors and Mistakes

Errors when trying to do your bestErrors made in haste, inattention, carelessness, methods violation

Acknowledge & CorrectAcknowledge & CorrectRetract & Publish with CorrectionRetract & Publish with Correction

From a Lecture by Prof. John A. Katzenellenbogan at the Annual Meeting of the Organic Area Graduate Students, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 1995.

Failure to Correct is a Misconduct!Failure to Correct is a Misconduct!

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Fall2008

Reporting MisconductReporting Misconduct

An Experienced ColleagueYour Research Advisor Graduate Program DirectorHead of the DepartmentDean NSMVice-Provost for Research

Consult Doc. T91-035A passed by the Board of Trustees, “Procedures for Dealing With the Charges of Misconduct in Research and Scholarly Activities at the University of Massachusetts Amherst”

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Fall2008

Misconduct in ResearchMisconduct in Research

Generation of DataHandling of the DataInterpretation of the DataMaking HypothesesConflict of InterestsAuthorship

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Fall2008

Data Generation, Handling and InterpretationData Generation, Handling and Interpretation

Limitation of Experimental TechniquesLimitation of Theoretical ModelsRole of Control ExperimentsCooking and Trimming (data selection)Check for ConsistencyPersonal Bias & Self-deception in interpretation (favorite hypotheses)Hypotheses that unify the observations, simple/elegant, predictiveMake Hypotheses Based on the Observed DataRole of culture, politics, religion, philosophy, social status, money, fame and fundingBe aware of your values. Don’t allow them to dictate your interpretation and hypotheses

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Fall2008

Authorship, Review, Citation, Credits Authorship, Review, Citation, Credits

Three-out-of-four rule in the DV LabThree-out-of-four rule in the DV LabConceiveConduct InterpretPresent

Active vs. Honorary authorshipActive vs. Honorary authorshipFor UMass Policies on joint authorship see:Policy Statement on Joint AuthorshipAt The University of MassachusettsAt Amherst

Citations- Give Credit Where DuePlagiarism- Do NOT copy phrases or ideas without Credits

All Journals have Ethical Guidelines for the Publication of All Journals have Ethical Guidelines for the Publication of Chemical ResearchChemical Research

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Your Responsibility to SocietyYour Responsibility to Society

Public Funds for our WorkEducation of non-scientists about the Contents and Processes in ScienceDissipation of KnowledgeEnvironment and the Future

Core ValuesCore Values

HonestySkepticismFairnessCollegialityOpenness

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Fall2008

Diamonds are not forever!

Lou and ChenAngew Chem. Int. Ed 2003, 42, 4501

Angew Chem. Int. Ed 2004, 43, 4700

Growth of Large Diamond Crystals by Reduction of Magnesium Carbonate with Metallic Sodium

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Fall2008

An Example for DiscussionAn Example for Discussion

“Enantioselective Reactions In a Static Magnetic Field”Zadel, G.; Eisenbraun, C.; Wolff, G. –J. Breitmaier, E. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 1994, 33, 454-456

Ar

H O R M g X

C6H6, E t2O

ca. 20 °C, 1.5 h

Ar

H O H

RAr

H R

O H+

R Ar Magnetic Field (T)

ee (%)

Me Ph 1.2 65

Me 2-napthyl 1.2 98

Et Ph 1.2 57

“When the reactions were repeated under the same flux density, the enantiomeric excesses were always reproducible, although which

enantiomer dominated was unpredictable”

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Fall2008

From the Editor’s DeskFrom the Editor’s Desk

3 Referees:Referee A: Recommended acceptance with Minor AlterationsReferee B: Major ChangesReferee C: Reject

After RevisionReferee B: “The Importance of these disclosures is such that they must now be made available to our professional colleagues in order to allow an international debate to take place”Referee C: “This work is inherently flawed”

After Retraction“The most critical of the three referees was right, and I regret not taken his advice” “But, all too often, the established ‘peer review’ system is accused of stifling unconventional publications which might introduce a paradigm change.”

Peter GölitzEditor, Angew. Chem.

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The RetractionThe Retraction

“… starting solution prepared by G. Zadel for the reduction of propiophenone with lithium aluminium hydride also contained considerable amounts of (+)-1-phenylpropanol in addition to propipophenonone”

“Enantioselective Reactions In a Static Magnetic Field”Zadel, G.; Eisenbraun, C.; Wolff, G. –J. Breitmaier, E. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 1994, 33, 454-456

E. BreitmaierAngew. Chem. Int. Edn. 1994, 33, 1461.

“Therefore we must assume that the data in the publication as well as ‘successful’ attempts at reproducing the results by other co-workers in my research group and guest scientists in the presence of G. Zadel came about because of consistent and particularly cleverly disguised manipulations. I therefore wish to disassociate myself and the coauthors C. Eisenbraun and G. J. Wolff from all the experimental results in the publication”

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BibliographyBibliography

1. “On Being A Scientist: Responsible Conduct In Research”, Second Edn. National Academy Press, 1995.

2. Gölitz, P. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 1994, 33, 1457.3. Kovac, J. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 926-928.4. Coppola, B. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 1506-1511.5. Bradley, D. Science 1994, 264, 908.6. Zadel, G.; Eisenbraun, C.; Wolff, G. –J.; Breitmaier, E.

Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 1994, 33, 454-456.7. Barron, P. Science 1994, 266, 1491-1492.8. Sponholz, G. Forensic Science International, 2000, 113, 511-

514.9. Feringa, B. L.; Kellog, R. M.; Hulst, R.; Zondervan, C.;

Kruizinga, W. H. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 1994, 33, 1458-1459.

10. Kaupp, G.; Marquardt, T. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. 1994, 33, 1459-1461.

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Tom Lehrer’s LobachevskyTom Lehrer’s Lobachevsky

I am never forget the day I first met the great Lobachevsky.

In one word he told me secret of success in mathematics: Plagiarize!

Plagiarize,

Let no one else's work evade your eyes,

Remember why the good Lord made your eyes,

So don't shade your eyes,

But plagiarize, plagiarize, plagiarize...

Only be sure always to call it please research.

And ever since I meet this man my life is not the same,

And Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky is his name.

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Fall2008

The Woodward- Hoffmann Rules StoryThe Woodward- Hoffmann Rules Story

E. J. Corey’s Claim:

“On May 4, 1964, I suggested to my colleague R. B. Woodward a simple explantion involving the symmetry of ther perturbed (HOMO) molecular orbitals for the stereoselective cyclobutene/1,3-butadiene and 1,3,5-hexatriene/Cyclohexadiene conversions that provided the basis for further development of these ideas into what became known as the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules”

EthicsIn

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Fall2008

The Woodward- Hoffmann Rules StoryThe Woodward- Hoffmann Rules Story

In a letter to Roald Hoffmann in 1984

“Roald, Please consider that history may not dealleniently in this matter, taking seriously the possibilitynot only of Bob’s dishonesty, but of your own not unwitting participation in the extension of fraud”

Documents

Ethics In Research Grad Chem Core Course Fall 2008 Science Ethics – What’s the Big Deal? Credit: Prof. D. Venkataraman made this presentation in Summer