Ethics DSST Cheat Sheet by sparkledaisy - Cheatography

Ethics DSST Cheat Sheetby sparkledaisy via cheatography.com/21957/cs/4377/

LOCKE

Treatise on Civil Govern ment

Harm Principle

Mills, Utilit arian

Government can coerce people only to preventharm to others

Free Speech, no censorship

"On Libert y"

Harm Principle (cont)

Certain groups need protection fromthemse lves: Children, " bac kwa rds " societies

Harvard Ethics Class

Harvard Univer sity's Justice with MichaelSandel These are excellent videos discussing avariety of topics relating to ethics. Each videocontains 2 classes, roughly 30 minutes eachclass.

Thomas Hobbes

Video: http://youtu.be/eejsB6PbaAk

youtub e:e ejs B6PbaAk

"Le via tha n"

Nature of man is a state of war against everyman against other men. Materi alist. Temporaryhappiness is all that can be achieved in this life.

Traits like GRATITUDE & MODESTY enablepeople to live harmon iously together in society.Life is solitary, nasty, brutish, and short.

HOBBES

a free man is he that in those things which byhis strength and wit he is able to do is nothindered to do what he hath the will to do- Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes

State of nature: Man's natural state = war &violenceRight of nature: Power of others constrains ouractsLaws of nature: Fear + desire for good life =peaceLaws & enforc ement that make up the socialcontract. Ethical laws originate fromagreements entered into by people & groups. =Social Contracts = give up some freedoms toget safety & group benefitsNeed absolute monarch to rule society &rebellion not allowed.

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Published 22nd June, 2015.Last updated 18th April, 2016.Page 1 of 15.

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Corrective Justice

VoluntaryTransa ctions

Compen satory

Retrib utive Restor ative

Contracts,etc.

Limited tocorrectinginjuredparty forlossessuffered.

Punshwrongdoer

Communityreprat ions.Restorebothparties.

"eye for an eye"

Distri butive Jusice

Deals with how goods are distri buted fairly in asociety. Finite number of things. Laws that governthe country.Rawls - inequality justified only when it benefitseveryone (encourage people to be moreproduc tive)

Distri butive Jusice (cont)

Libe rta rian - diversity in society is valuableand people should have freedom to keepwhat they earned. Never ok to take from oneto give it to another.Rous seau - excessive inequality destroysfreedom if wealthy act like tyrants

It's all about REASON

Aris totle Man alone is a rational animal andration ality (reason) should be used, amongother things, to develop virtues.Reason develops virtue, virtuous people havecertain emotions which lead to right acts.Virtue of Character = using reason to chooseand act wellVirtue of intellect = acquired wisdom orlearningKant lived a life of structure and reason asreflected in his ethical concepts. Critique ofPure ReasonAqui nas Natural Law + reason = we shoulddo what's naturally good and allow reason torestrain us from " nat ura l" impulses that arebadStoics

Empiri cism, Ration alism, Pure Reason

Name several Empirical philos ophers

Locke, Hume, Bacon

What is Empiri cism?

Reasoning from senses using hard facts. (aposter iori)

What is Ration alism?

Some things are known withoutexperi ence.

Name some Rational philos ophers.

Descartes, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle,Leibniz, Spinoza

What was Kants view of reason?

Transc end ental Idealism. " Cri tique of PureReason ". Some reason we were born with(a priori) and some things we discoverthrough experi ence.

Impera tives

Catego rical Impera tive: Do X Hypoth etical Impera tive:If you want X, do Y










HUME

Natur alistic fallacy: can't get an " oug ht" from an" is"

Natural Law & Natural Rights

Natural Law is determined by nature =universal (universe is morally neutral). Refers tothe use of reason to analyze human nature anddeduce rules of moral behavior from it.Suppor ters: Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes,John Locke.Because of the inters ection between naturallaw and natural rights, it has been cited as acomponent in the United States Declar ation ofIndepe ndenceLocke: Life, Liberty & Property.Jeffe rson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit ofHappinessWikipedia = Natural LawNatural rights are those not contingent uponthe laws, customs, or beliefs of any particularculture or govern ment, and therefore universaland inalie nable (i.e., rights that cannot berepealed or restrained by human laws).Wikipedia = Natural Rights

It's all about PLEA SURE

Hedonist maximize net pleasure (minus pain)Epicurian (moder ation)Egoism (long term rational personal selfinterest)Asceticism (no good for yourself - like spiritualpeople who deny all pleasure)Altruism (what's good for others, notnecess arily self)Conseq uences? PLEASURE!

Jeremy Bentham

Utilit ari anism - greatest good for greatestnumber of people. Group happiness.Conseq uen tial. Hedonic Calculus. Don't abuseanimals because they feel pain.

Modified the philosophy of Epicurus (the firstutilit arian).

Motivated the Philos ophical Radicals (group ofsocial reformers in early 19th cent) Humanhappiness not natural rights. Universal malesuffrage.

Yes, that's Bentham's embalmed head at thefoot of his body. You really should look intoTHIS guy!

Bentham's Hedonistic Calculus

1. Intensity (I)--How intense is the pleasure orpain?2.Duration (D)--How long does the pleasure ofpain last?3.Cert ainty (C)--What is the probab ility that thepleasure or pain will occur?4. Propin quity (nearness or Remote ness) (R)--How far off in the future is the pleasure or pain?5.Fecu ndity (F)--What is the probab ility that thepleasure will lead to other pleasures?6.Purity (P)--What is the probab ility that thepain will lead to other pains?7.Extent (E)--How many persons are affectedby the pleasure?Memory tip: PC FRIED

BENTAHM

Greatest Happiness Princi pleActions are right in proportion as they tend topromote happiness, wrong as they tend toproduce the reverse of happin ess.







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights

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Greatest Happiness Principle

Utilit ari anism - Jeremy Bentham's formul ationOne must always act so as to produce thegreatest aggregate happiness among allsentient beings, within reason.John Stuart Mill's major contri bution toutilit ari anism is his argument for the qualit ativeseparation of pleasures. Bentham treats allforms of happiness as equal, whereas Millargues that intell ectual and moral pleasures(higher pleasures - Shakes peare) are superiorto more physical forms of pleasure (lowerpleasures - The Simpsons).

BENTHAM

Attacked the notion of natural rights as"simply nonsense: natural and impres cri ptiblerights, rhetorical nonsense -- nonsense uponstilts "

Hume

Our moral actions are not guided by reason butby our feelings.Doing good gives people pleasure.Virtue is driven not by benevo lence andsympathy (not self-i nte rest)

Hume (cont)

Slave to passions

REMEMBER THIS...

A few memory tips..." Tre atise of HUMan Nature " written by HUMe"Man is the MEASURE of all things " byPROT(r act or) AGORASa priori = PRIOR knowledge, a poster iori =POST = " aft er" knowledge

Determ inism

Thoughts, behaviors and decisions have tohappen because previous events and laws ofnature determine them.

pre-de sti nation ~ determ inism

Conflicts with philos ophies based on conceptsof individual freedom.

Prima Facie Duties

W.D. RossThe Right and the Good (1930)Best known for developing a pluralist,deonto logical form of intuit ionist ethics. Editedand translated many of Aristo tle's works.1. benefi cence2. non-ma lef icence3. justice4. self-i mpr ovement5. reparation6. gratitude7. fidelity (promise keeping)In a situation, many of these duties may apply.Sometimes they may contradict one another.One duty is always the weightiest and over-rules all the others. This is the absoluteobligation or absolute duty, the action that theperson ought to perform.I promise to meet my friend for lunch at 12:00.On they way I walk past a burning building andsee some children who need help escaping.What do I do?Kant - keep the promised lunch date







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Prima Facie Duties (cont)

Ross - helping the children outweighs the otherpromise keeping duty so do that first

It's all about LOYA LTY

Josiah Royce extended Kant's deonto logicalpathHighest duty = loyalty and other duties flowfrom itAutonomy + Justice + Benevo lence = Loyalty

Mastering DSST Exams

Chapters about each of these DSST tests: Ethics in America, Introd uction to Computing,Principles of Superv ision, Substance Abuse,Business Mathem atics, Principles of PublicSpeaking, Fundam entals of College Algebra,Technical Writing

Each chapter contains a Diagnostic Test (20questi ons), several pages of inform ation aboutthe topic followed by a post test (60 questions)

Find it here on Amazon

Catego rical Imperative

Kant- Act only according to the maxim by which youcan a the same time will that is should becomea universal law. Unive rsa lity If I can do it,everyone can do it.- Act so you treat humanity (self/ others) as anEND and never merely as a MEANS.

KANT

Metap hysics of Morals. Critique of pure reason. Doctrine of Right, Doctrine of Virtue

It's all about DUTY

Deonto log ists. Kant.

Economic Inequality

Egal ita rian - drastic inequality is unfair &unethicalRawls - people in " ori ginal positi on" wouldoppose inequality unless it was justified to allAct & Rule Utilit ari ans - relief of povertywould bring greatest happiness to greatestnumberNozick - unethical to tax labor of one to give toanother

Animal Rights

Histor ically, animals were outside the ethicalframe.Bentham, Utilit arian = animals can experiencepleasure or pain. This consid eration must bebalanced against any offsetting benefit.







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http://www.amazon.com/Official-Guide-Mastering-DSST-Exams/dp/076892832X

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Carol Gilligan

Video: http://youtu.be/2W_9MozRoKE

youtub e:2 W_9 MozRoKE

1936- American educat or/ psy cho logist.

Watching young boys/girls play games.Observed even in young children, boys tend tobe oriented towards the " rules of the game"while girls are less focused on rules and oftenquit playing to avoid conflict.

Ethics of Justice = Men = rules > emotionsEthics of Care = Women = Considerrelati onships & respon sib ilities

It's all about DIVINE COMMAND

What God commands is ethically right and whatGod prohibits is ethically wrong.(If God doesn't mention it, we assume it is" maybe OK".)Hebrew BibleChristian BibleIslamAquinas (Christian + Stoic + Aristotle) (NaturalLaw)(Natural Law = God commands it because it iswrong)

GANDHI

"I object to violence because when it appears todo good, the good is only temporary; the evil itdoes is permanent. "

Gandhi

Universe = organic whole

Philosophy = several planes - the spiritual orreligious, moral, political, economic, social,individual and collec tive. God at core. Humannature = fundam entally virtuous. All arebelieved to be capable of high moraldevelo pment and reform.

TRUTH & NONVIO LENCE

emphasis on practical idealism rooted inhighest religious idealism

Read more.

GANDHI

"I believe in equality for everyone, exceptreporters and photog rap hers. "

Libert arians

opposed to political restri ctions on individualfreedom. Respect for other people meansletting them pursue their own concept of whatis good.Freedom of speech, religion & privacyfreedom from coercive interf erence from thegovernmentMinimal governmentLocke, Rand, Mill, Nozick*

NOZICK

Indiv iduals have rights and there are things noperson or group may do to them (withoutviolating their rights).

Nozick

Compared income tax to forced labor andstated that the redist rib ution of wealth is onlyjustif iable when it is resolving a past injustice.







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http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/brief_philosophy/brief_philosophy.html




Nozick (cont)

Libert arian* Later in life he recanted thelibert arian position because of implic ations forthe weakest members of society.

John Locke

Life, Liberty & Property. Tabula Rosa.Empiri cist. Father of Classical Libera lism.Treatise on Civil Govern ment, Human Nature.

Immanuel Kant

Moral law. He was a proponent of duty. Motivebased on duty=m oral.

Catego rical Impera tive= would you still think it isvirtuous if everyone did it? Tell us what to doNOT based on desires. People can only be theend not the means to an end

Doctrine of right= justice & law

Doctrine of virtue =ethics & virtue

Hypoth etical Impera tiv e=p eople who want toachieve a goal they refer to..?

Hobbes /Locke

Video: http://youtu.be/N2LVcu01QEU

John Locke compared to Thomas Hobbes

yout ube :N2 LVc u01 QEU

Emotivism

Emotivism is a meta-e thical view that claimsethical sentences do not express propos itionsbut emotional attitudes (also known as thehurrah/boo theory)- Ayer

" Ste aling is wrong." This is just an emotionalopinion that relates solely to how I feel aboutthis issue.

Corrective Justice - Types of Punishment

Disa ble ment - placing convicted criminal inprison or executing

Dete rre nce - potential criminals attempt toavoid being impris one d/e xec uted, so they donot commit crimes

Reha bil ita tion - prisoners spend time earningan education or learning a trade that can beused once released from prison to avoid thelure of criminal activity.

Prescr ipt ivism

Using moral statements to prescribe a generalcourse of action. " Ste aling is wrong, so no oneshould steal."

Intuit ionism

You instin ctively know if it is right or wrong."Come on man, you know it's not right to stealthat."

SOCRATES

"An unexamined life is not worth living "

Branches of Ethics

Desc rip tive = Describes ethical standards ofa societyNorm ative = evaluates and searches fornorms in a society, what people should believeto be right or wrongAppl ied = applying ethics to specific problemsMeta -Et hics = studying the nature & meaningof moral judgments, terms & concepts

Click here for a pdf (UMass Amherst) with lotsof good inform ation describing the differ ence.







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http://people.umass.edu/klement/160/intro-et.pdf




Alison Jaggar

Feminist Ethics

She was instru mental in the creation of the fieldof feminist studies, and taught what shebelieves to have been the first feministphilosophy course ever offered

Utilit ari anism

Utilit ari anism - What brings about the greatestgood for the greatest number of people?- Bentham, Mills

Act Utilit ari anism: The act which brings thegreatest increase in overall happiness. Varieswith circum stance.

Rule Utilit ari anism: Follow moral rules

BENTHAM

"It is the greatest happiness of the greatestnumber that is the measure of right andwrong"

Augustine

Thelog ian /Ph ilo sopher - Happiness is the basisfor philos ophy.Happiness is growing in the knowledge of God.Man's original nature: depraved & bound byoriginal sin.

Buddhism

Reinca rnation or nirvanaAncestors are honored but not particular gods

Siddhartha Gautama " Bud dha " - theenligh tened one (was a Brahmin priest)

Life is suffering. 4 noble truths. Live helpful life.Eightfold path.

Happiness comes from being loving,compas sio nate, patient, forgiving andrespon sible.

Actions & Duties

BUDDHA

And what, monks, is Right View? It is, monks,the knowledge of suffering, the knowledge ofthe origin of suffering, the knowledge of thecessation of suffering, and the knowledge ofthe way of practice leading to the cessation ofsuffering. This is called Right View.

BUDDHA

Holy community (Aryas amgha)The reality of human interd epe ndence with allother beings.cultivate universal awareness, includingharmony with nature. Our most important dutyis not to harm living beings (ahimsa). All livingbeings, not just humans, have a correl ativeright not to be harmed.

Socrates

"I know that I know nothin g"

Quizlet Cards

Link to my flashcards about ethics.Link to my flashcards about philos ophers andtheir work (quotes or writings).

Thucydides

" Might Makes Right" History of thePelopo nnesian Wars.Athens vs. MelosDomest ic= social contract,Foreign policy=no contract (strongest staterules).







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https://quizlet.com/84428844/dsst-ethics-flash-cards/

https://quizlet.com/85677044/philosophers-their-work-flash-cards/




Thucydides (cont)

Indivi duals are basically selfish and notmoderated by moral rules (very cynicalof human nature).

Aristotle

Sparks Notes

Moral virtues - indicate excellence of character= temper ance, courage, self- respect,gentle ness, truthf ulness, generosity (liber ality).(learn by habit & practice)

Inte lle ctual virtues - scientific knowledge,intuition, practical wisdom, skill & wisdom(scien tific knowledge + intuit ion). (learn throughinstru ction)

Autonomy of will to choose mean

Sophists

teache rs/ lec turers of virtue & excellence (notphilos ophers) who taught their beliefs for a highprice in Athens where there was free speechand moneyProtagoras

Sophists (cont)

1st Relativist - relies on persuasion more thantruth. Every point of view is equally valid anddifferent people have different standards ofbehaviorGrowing democratic system in Ancient Greecemost likely led to it. They traveled aroundtalking politics with Athenian citizens who wererequired to partic ipate in politics.

MILL

"Ac tions are right in proportion as they tend topromote happiness, wrong as they tend toproduce the reverse of happin ess "- Utilit ari anism

Adam Smith

Founder of capita lism.

Common good of society advances whenindivi duals focus on benefiting themselves(moral egoism)

It's all about HAPP INESS

Mill, Bentham, Headon ists, Aristotle, Kant,Socrates, Epictitus

John Stuart Mill

Father = Member of Radicals, friend ofBentham."On Libert y". Utilit arian.Only time government has moral authority tolimit person's liberty is when harm may occurotherwise."The Subjug ation of Women"

St. Thomas Aquinas

A 13th century Catholic priest who drew aconnection between theology & science. Hebelieved learning about nature was a way tolearn about God.

Just WarSumma Theolo gica

4 Cardinal Virtues : prudence, justice, fortitude,temperance

7 Deadly Sins: pride, avarice, lust, envy,gluttony, anger, sloth

Natural laws are self evident

Laws should punish offenders.

People have a natural inclin ation to want toprotect life & be good.

Liked Aristotle and added faith, hope & love.







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http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/ethics/section2.rhtml

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ARISTOTLE

Everything in life has a purpose

Moral Law

Similar to physical, scientific laws in that it isuniversal. Can be discovered through humannature and reason.Natural law theorySocial contract theoryKantism

It's all about CONS EQU ENCES

Action is good/bad based on conseq uences ofthe action. Focuses on outcomes, not actions.Hedonism = pleasu re/painEpicurus = pleasure, no gods influence,moderationCyrenean = anything goesUtilit ari anism = good if good conseq uencesoutweigh bad for allAltruism = welfare of others more importantthan selfEgoism = all about me

Morals vs. Ethics

Ethics = wider view (society, workplace) ofwhat's right or wrongMorals = someone's personal values &feelings about ethical subjects

Roe v. Wade

1973 Supreme Court ruling. Woman has non-ab solute right to choose abortion during the 1sttrimester of pregnancy.1st trimester (1-3 months)- Woman's sole choice- State has no authority2nd trimester (4-6 months)- Woman's choice- State may intervene only to protect woman'slife3rd trimester (7-birth)- State may protect " pot ential human life"except at risk to mother

LOCKE

Human Unders tan ding Reason

Various Ethical Perspe ctives

Utilit arian

the one that will produce the greatestbenefits and least harm

Kantian

the one that most dutifully respects therights of all affected

Social Contract

the one that contri butes most to theachiev ement of a quality common lifetogether

Virtue Theory

the one that embodies the habits andvalues of humans at their best (right beingover right action)

Ask each of these perspe ctives the question:

"What is the ethical action?"and they would say....







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Cosmogony

Ancient Greek theory thatdeals with the origin of theuniverse, especially thesolar system.Cosmogony can bedistin guished fromcosmology, which studiesthe universe at large andthroughout its existence,and which techni cally doesnot inquire directly into thesource of its origins.Physical cosmology is thescience that attempts toexplain all observ ationsrelevant to thedevelo pment andcharac ter istics of theuniverse as a whole.The Big Bang theory is theprevailing cosmol ogicalmodel of the earlydevelo pment of theuniverse

PYTHAGORAS

Pyth agorean theorem:" The sum of the areas ofthe two squares on thelegs (a and b) equals thearea of the square on thehypotenuse (c)."a2 + b2 = c2

Pythagoras

Pre-So cratic Philos opher

Ionian Greek,mathem ati cian, founder of" Pyt hag ore ani sm" c 570 –c. 495 BC

Great mathem atician &scientist. (Pytha goreantheorem)

The philosophy associatedwith him was related tomathem atics and numberswere import ant /magic.Reinca rna tion.Cosmol ogist.

He may have been the firstman to call himself aphilos opher, or lover ofwisdom.

RESOURCES

Ethics: An IntroductionMarianne Talbot is DirectorOf Studies in Philosophy atthe University of Oxford'sDepartment for ContinuingEducationSeries of 7 lectures fromher class.This series is the basis forOUDCE’s short onlinecourse Ethics: anIntrod uction

Why do people do wrong?

Rous seau Society has corrupted themSocr ates Don't have knowledge of right

RESOURCES

Introducing Ethics: A Graphic Guide.

Get it on Amazon or from the local library.

AQUINAS

"An unjust law is no law at all"

John Rawls

Video:http://youtu.be/A8GDEaJtbq4&index=55&list=PLAZB0DTmEXqc3s6nuXBzWIbw0BqBBJjuK

Veil of Ignorance. Original position. Difference principle. Inequality is only acceptable if itworks to the advantage of the worst off in a society.

" Justice as Fairne ss". Theory of Justice.

yout ube :A8 GDE aJt bq4 &i nde x=5 5& lis t=P LAZ B0D TmE Xqc 3s6 nuX BzW Ibw 0Bq BBJ juK

This link includes a playlist of many videos I found helpful.







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http://mariannetalbot.co.uk/ethics-an-introduction/

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http://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Ethics-Graphic-Dave-Robinson/dp/1848310080/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1434376085&sr=8-1&keywords=ethics+graphic+guide




It's all about JUST ICE

John Rawls " Theory of Justic e". (Aris totle alsodefines Justice in " Nic hom achean Ethics ")

Just War

What is Jus ad Bellum?

When use of force is justified. (right to go towar)

What is Jus in Bello?

Ethical behavior during a war.

Who outlined this theory?

Thomas Aquinas

What are the 3 criteria that need to be met inorder to go to war?

1. Authorized by proper authority. 2. Goodreason (self defense) 3. Peace is theultimate goal

What 3 criteria neet to be met in during theconduct of a war?

1. War against military only and not civilians.2. Use of propor tional force. 3. Use ofminimal force.

SOCRATES

"C omm itting an injustice is worse thansuffering one."

Aristo tle's Justice

Universal (lawful, right, for all)

Particular (distr ibu tive, retrib ution - 2 people)

Study Helps

Wise Owl Guide to DSST Ethics in America isa great study help when preparing for this test.It even comes with a sample quiz in the back.

Slightly describing meta ethics

Video: http://youtu.be/5uLH8yro8_I

Meta-e thics = branch of philosophy concernedwith what makes moral statements true or falseor if they even can be right or wrong

Metaph ysics

Morality should be valued in itself and relate toour unders tanding of the world and our place init. Moral choices are related to ourunders tanding of life.

ARISTOTLE

Golden Mean - the desirable middle betweentwo extremes, one of excess and the other ofdeficiencyreckle ssness --- cour age --- cowardice

Jean-J acques Rousseau

"The Social Contra ct". Man's original nature =good. General Will - vote is the best thing formost people in a society. Direct Democracy.People can revolt at any time. Inspir ation forthe French Revolu tion. DON'T give upfreedoms to a govern ment. No political parties -everyone should represent themselves andpartic ipate in making & obeying laws. Disobeylaws = forced to be free.

People are naturally inclined to self protection& pity others

Discourse on Political Economy







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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls

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/uploads/sparkledaisy_1434049479_wise owl.png

http://www.amazon.com/Dantes-Subject-Standardized-Ethics-America/dp/1440486549/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1434049287&sr=8-1&keywords=wise+owl+dsst+ethics+in+america

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Snazzl efrag's Study Notes

Snazzl efrag's Notes to help you study for theDSST exam.

Hinduism

Body dies, soul immortal.

Ahimsa - do no harmVedic, Bhagav adgita - writingsSamsara - religionkarma - actions determine what happens to youDharma - righteous duties of person to peopleand gods.

Brahmins, Kshatr iyas, vaisyas, sudras, pariah(untou cha bles)

Cows are sacred

Actions & Duties

Plato's Soul

"The Republ ic" The Soul can be compared toan Ideal City.

Reason (Intel lect) = Rulers (Philo sop her -kings)

Appetite (desire) = Workers (producersmotivated by some greed)

Spirit (emotions, honor) = Guardi ans /Wa rriors(unsel fish, moral & courag eous)

Political justice replaces democracy & tyranny1. Rule: non contra diction2. reason contra dicts appetite so they areseparate3. spirit contra dicts appetite & reason so it toomust be separate

It's all about EXCE LLE NCE

The pursuit of excellence is most often linkedwith Ancient Greece.

Arete Greek word - in its basic sense, means" exc ellence of any kind".

Stoicism

Video: http://youtu.be/VqmOs8Zqw5o

yout ube :Vq mOs 8Zq w5o

Absolute law rules the universe and humanscan't change fate.

Virtue requires living & acting according toreason and self-c ontrol

Epictetus (Roman slave tortured by his masterexempl ified this philos ophy)

Epictetus

the Handbook " Enc hir idi on"

Nel Noddings

Focused her research on origins of care withinthe home (paren t-child relati ons hips)

Natural caring - care because of attach ment,friendship or love

Ethical caring - care because it's the " rightthing to do"

RAND

If some men are entitled by right to theproducts of the work of others, it means thatthose others are deprived of rights andcondemned to slave labor. Any alleged " rig ht"of one man, which necess itates the violation ofthe rights of another, is not and cannot be aright.

Ayn Rand

Video: http://youtu.be/HXtiDVYvVK8

Me, Me, Me, Me...Egoism, Conseq uen tial. No man has the rightto force another to do something. Reason =values and action. Object ivism - Rationalhappiness is the highest moral purpose.Opposed Kant.

yout ube :HX tiD VYv VK8

Fount ain headAtlas Shrugged

KANT

a priori - you are born with some intuitions thatyou know to be true before you have anyexperience (Plato's forms, Descartes, Aquinas)Causality, Space, Substance, Time (CSST)







http://www.free-clep-prep.com/support-files/snazzlefrags-ethics-in-america-dsst-study-notes.pdf

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KANT (cont)

a poster iori - ideas form after contact withreality. Relies on inform ation from yourexperience (Empir icism, Hume, Mill)Phen omena are the appear ances, whichconstitute our experience - refers to anythingthat appears to, or is an object of, the sensesnoum ena are the (presumed) thingsthemse lves, which constitute reality - object orevent that is known (if at all) without the use ofthe senses (Plato ideas = noumenal realm)Our a priori judgments apply to the phenomenalrealm, not the noumenal.

Double Effect Principle

Summa Theologica - St. Thomas Aquinas

Action can have 2 effects - Good & Bad

1. Object of act must be good. Do good, avoidevil.2. Bad must not have been intended but can betolerated as foreseen3. Good can't come from result of evil effect.4. Foreseen good greater than or equal to eviltolerated.

Never ok to do evil even if good results

Suicide

Plato - wrong unless gods encourage itStoic - acceptable when it seems like areasonable and justif iable actJews & Christians - believe God prohibitssuicideUtilit arian - moral only if increases totalhappiness of everyone involvedKant - always an immoral act

Euthanasia

Active - killing a sick or injured person for thesake of mercy, possibly giving a high dosage ofdrugs

Passive - letting someone die withoutattempting to save them

Voluntary euthanasia - Competent andcompletely informed patient freelyreques ts/ con sents to death

Nonvol untary euthanasia - incomp etent patientor one who has not given consent

Involu ntary euthanasia - Intent ionally killing apatient against his/her will - considered murder

Autonomy = informed consent

Kohlberg

Heinz Dilemma - a man's wife is dying and thepharmacist who found the cure wants to sell itat a high price. The man cannot afford themedicine and the pharmacist is not willing tonegotiate. Should he steal, kill?

3 stages of moral develo pment1. Pre-moral a. Obedience v.s. develo pment 2. Conven tional c. good boy, girl-boys and girlsare good so they are seen as being a goodperson. d. law and social order start3. Post-c onv ent ional e. Social Contract f.universal ethical principle

RESOURCES

DANTES test prep

Good inform ation for reviewing the test.Practice test at the end.







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http://www.dantestestprep.com/free-study-guides-and-practice-tests/pdfs/DTP-Ethics-in-America-Study-Guide-And-Practice-Test.pdf




PROTAGORAS

" Con cerning the gods, I have no means ofknowing whether they exist or not, nor of whatsort they may be, because of the obscurity ofthe subject, and the brevity of human life."

Protagoras

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher

Invented role of profes sional sophist. (saysPlato) Created major contro versy stating, "Manis the measure of all things ", interp reted byPlato to mean there is no absolute truth, butwhat indivi duals deem to be the truth.

Credited with relativism

Agnostic

PROTAGORAS

"Man is the measure of all things "

Virtue Ethics

Emphasizes right being over right action. Aperson of virtuous character can be dependedon to do the right thing. Not an altern ative toright conduct theories (utili tar ianism &deonto log ical) but comple ments them.Suppor ters: Buddhism, Taoism, feminist careethics, Hume's moral philos ophies, Aristotle,JesusConfucian (virtue ethics + deonto logy)

ARISTOTLE

We are not concerned to know what goodnessis, but how we are to become good men, forthis alone gives the study (of ethics) itspractical value.

Virtue & Vice

virtue = admirable character trait ordispos ition habitually act to benefit self &othersvice = character trait or dispos ition to act in amanner that harms self & others

Epictetus

55-135 ADPeople can't change fate because absolute lawrules the universe.Roman slave gained freedom. Used Socratesteaching style.StoicVirtuous happy life in the middle of uncert ainty"do what's in accordance with nature "Universal brothe rhoodVirtue = choose rightly, free will, nothing forceschoice, complete self control, choose reason







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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras



Documents

Ethics DSST Cheat Sheet by sparkledaisy - Cheatography