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Basic courtesy Institutional review board approval
Informed consent Avoiding deception Freedom from coercion Protection from harm Debriefing Confidentiality Costs vs. Benefits
APA’s code of ethicswww.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html
Costs/Benefits analysis
Costs: all potential risks to the participants Physical harm Psychological harm Loss of confidentiality
Benefits: the “good” outcomes Direct benefits to participants Benefits to knowledge base Benefits to world at large
Scientific Integrity
Fraud prevention Replication – repeat a research study to validate results
Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideas• Avoided by citing the ideas or words of others
Peer Review – critical analysis of research by peers in the same area
Ethical responsibility to science
Dirty tricks (this will get you thrown out)
Questionable tricks (these are a little fuzzier, but be wary)
Neat tricks (accepted as okay, and sometimes necessary)
Ethics in Science Quiz
Ethical responsibility to science
Fabrication of results Reformulating your theory as you go Falsifying credentials Plagiarism Little or no attempt to minimize confounds Deliberately hiding (significant) errors in published
work Little or no attempt to minimize demand
characteristics
DT
DT
DT
QTDTQT
NT
Dirty tricks
Questionable tricks
Neat tricks
Ethics in Science Quiz
Ethical responsibility to science
Throwing out data
Reorganizing order of report of experiments
Violations of underlying statistical assumptions
Strategic graphing of the data Duplicate publications (presented as new)
Selective reporting of the results Leaving out some bad experiments (not bad
results)
QT or DT
QTQT
QTNT
NT
DT
Dirty tricks
Questionable tricks
Neat tricks
depends reason for throwing out
Ethics in Science Quiz
Using animals in research
Why use animals in research? Same building blocks (e.g., nervous systems) Control
• Often we can’t control the relevant past experiences of our human subjects, but we can with animals
• Easier to control certain experimental factors with animals
Irreversible and/or harmful effects
Using animals in research
Why use animals in research (cont.)? Some unique, special characteristics
Simpler systems
May allow you to focus on particular variables (IV’s and DV’s), easier to do the experiment without a lot of complex interactions
Using animals in research
But animals and humans are different Well, there are strong similarities
• Evolution - Common ancestry - as a result, things may work in similar ways
But, we do need to be aware that there are differences, and always keep that critical eye, think of alternative explanations
Animal ethics: What rights do animals have?
If animals are so similar to humans, then should they have similar rights that humans have? Is it unethical to do things to them that we wouldn’t do to ourselves?
There is no simple answer, no clear right or wrong. Each individual must decide for themselves.