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R.V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT ON ENERGY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

USN:

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

M. LOKESHWARI,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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Q. List the Environmental Impacts of over usage of Energy

Sources?

The impacts of overusing of Energy Sources are:

Increased Carbon Footprint

The primary environmental effect of energy overuse is an increase in

your carbon footprint, but there are simple changes you can make at home to

avoid this. For example, if you keep devices plugged in and running when

they're not in use, the result is an increase in electrical use and, consequently,

a bump in the amount of greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere. Leaving

your laptop plugged in all the time will use nearly 300 kilowatt hours (kWh) of

electricity each year, and a desktop computer left to idle will use more than

600 kW of electricity annually. Even leaving your fully charged cellphoneattached to its charger can waste almost 20 kWh a year, explains the Lawrence

Berkeley National Laboratory.

Increased Risk of Climate Change

Coal and natural gas supplied more than two-thirds of the energy in the U.S. in

2011. Each energy form contributes to total greenhouse gas emissions.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), fossil fuel

combustion accounted for more than 5,200 million metric tons of carbon

dioxide equivalents (MMT CO2 Eq.) in 2009. This figure is a 10 percent increasefrom 1990. In addition, methane emissions from natural gas increased during

the same period by 17 percent. Part of this increase is due to the careless use

of electricity. The United States wastes more than $2 billion worth of energy

each year from inefficient outdoor lighting alone

Reduction in Supply

In areas with heavy population densities, the price you pay for home electricity

is determined by supply and demand. Some power plants charge consumers

more during peak hours. Your overuse will contribute to a scarcity in this

energy supply and thus an increase in overall electricity costs. Over the long

term, the rise in demand may place additional burdens on threatened

environmental areas -- such as coastal areas or wildlife refuges -- to ensure

adequate resources. Drilling for natural gas or mining for coal to meet

excessive energy demands will negatively impact the environment.

Higher Energy Costs

A natural consequence of overusing energy is increased costs for you. This can

come in the form of fuel and energy bills; you will be paying more without an

appreciable return on your investment. You may also risk lowering the

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expected lifespan of appliances and other electronics. When you have to

replace spent devices, you further impact the environment by generating

waste and purchasing replacement equipment. Your wise use of electricity,

therefore, can translate into long-term savings in energy bills and also reduce

the need for other purchases.

Q. List and Explain Alternate Energy Source.

The various alternate energy sources are:

1. Nuclear Power

2. Compressed Natural Gas

3. Biomass

4. Geothermal Power

5. Radiant Energy

6. Hydroelectricity

7. Wind Power

8. Solar Power

9. Wave Power

10. Tidal Power

Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy

from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions. The only method in usetoday is through nuclear fission, though other methods might one day include

nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. All utility-scale reactors heat water to

produce steam, which is then converted into mechanical work for the purpose

of generating electricity or propulsion. In 2007, 14% of the worlds electricity

came from nuclear power, with the U.S., France, and Japan together

accounting for 56.5% of nuclear generated electricity. There are 439 nuclear

power reactors in operation in the world, operating in 31 countries. According

to the World Nuclear Association, globally during the 1980s one new nuclear

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reactor started up every 17 days on average, and by the year 2015 this rate

could increase to one every 5 days. According to a 2007 story broadcast on 60

Minutes, nuclear power gives France the cleanest air of any industrialized

country, and the cheapest electricity in all of Europe. France reprocesses its

nuclear waste to reduce its mass and make more energy. Reprocessing can

potentially recover up to 95% of the remaining uranium and plutonium in

spent nuclear fuel, putting it into new mixed oxide fuel. This produces a

reduction in long term radioactivity within the remaining waste, since this is

largely short-lived fission products, and reduces its volume by over 90%.

France is generally cited as the most successful reprocessor, but it presently

only recycles 28% (by mass) of the yearly fuel use, 7% within France and

another 21% in Russia.

Proponents of nuclear energy contend that nuclear power is a sustainable

energy source that reduces carbon emissions and increases energy security by

decreasing dependence on foreign oil. Proponents also emphasize that the

risks of storing waste are small and can be further reduced by using the latest

technology in newer reactors, and the operational safety record in the

Western World is excellent when compared to the other major kinds of power

plants. Critics believe that nuclear power is a potentially dangerous energysource, with decreasing proportion of nuclear energy in power production, and

dispute whether the risks can be reduced through new technology. Proponents

advance the notion that nuclear power produces virtually no air pollution, in

contrast to the chief viable alternative of fossil fuel. Proponents also point out

that nuclear power is the only viable course to achieve energy independence

for most Western countries. Critics point to the issue of storing radioactive

waste, the history of and continuing potential for radioactive contamination by

accident or sabotage, the history of and continuing possibility of nuclear

proliferation and the disadvantages of centralized electricity production.

Biomass

Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead

biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. In this

context, biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or

produce for example trash such as dead trees and branches, yard clippings and

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wood chips biofuel, and it also includes plant or animal matter used for

production of fibers, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include

biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. Industrial biomass can be

grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass,

hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, and a variety of tree species,

ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil). The particular plant used is

usually not important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of

the raw material. Production of biomass is a growing industry as interest in

sustainable fuel sources is growing. The existing commercial biomass power

generating industry in the United States produces about 0.5 percent of the U.S.

electricity supply. Currently, the New Hope Power Partnership is the largest

biomass power plant in North America. The facility reduces dependence on oilby more than one million barrels per year, and by recycling sugar cane and

wood waste,preserves landfill space in urban communities in Florida.

Q. Explain Vehicular Emission Standards of fuel consumption.

The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became

effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by massemission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were

gradually tightened during the 1990s. Since the year 2000, India started

adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty

and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two-

and three-wheeled vehicles. The implementation schedule of EU emission

standards in India is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles)

Standard Reference Date Region

India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide

Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai

2003.04 NCR*, 11 Cities

2005.04 Nationwide

Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 11 Cities

2010.04 Nationwide

Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 11 Cities

* National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune,

Surat, Kanpur and Agra

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The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in

the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces

certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or

terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities.

For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II is applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage

III standards come in force from April 1, 2010.

Light Duty Vehicles

Emission standards for light-duty vehicles (GVW 3,500 kg) are summarized in

Table 2. Ranges of emission limits refer to different categories and classes of

vehicles; compare theEU light-duty vehicleemission standards page for details

on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to

passenger cars (GVW 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). When three limits are listed,they refer to vehicles category M & N1 Class I, N1 Class II, and N1 Class III,

respectively.

Table 2Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles, g/km

Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM

Diesel

1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - - -

1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - -

2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 - 0.14-0.25

2005 Euro 2 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 - 0.08-0.17

2010 Euro 3 0.64

0.80

0.95

- 0.56

0.72

0.86

0.50

0.65

0.78

0.05

0.07

0.10

2010 Euro 4 0.50

0.63

0.74

- 0.30

0.39

0.46

0.25

0.33

0.39

0.025

0.04

0.06

Gasoline

1991 - 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 - - -1996 - 8.68-12.4 - 3.00-4.36 - -

1998* - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18 - -

2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 - -

2005 Euro 2 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7 - -

2010 Euro 3 2.3

4.17

5.22

0.20

0.25

0.29

- 0.15

0.18

0.21

-

2010 Euro 4 1.0

1.81

2.27

0.1

0.13

0.16

- 0.08

0.10

0.11

-

* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles earlier introduction in selected regions, seeTable 1

http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.phphttp://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.phphttp://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php

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only in selected regions, seeTable 1

The test cycle has been theNEDCfor low-powered vehicles (max. speed

limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test

cycle.

Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test

(effective 2000).

Through the BS II (Euro II) stage, engines for use in light-duty vehicles could be

alternatively emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective

emission standards are listed in Table 3.

Table 3Alternative Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh

Year Reference CO HC NOx PM

1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -

1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -

2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*

2005 Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW

earlier introduction in selected regions, seeTable 1

2- And 3-Wheel Vehicles

Emission standards for 2- and 3-wheel vehicles are listed in the following table.

Table 5Emission Standards for 2- And 3-Wheel Vehicles, g/km

Year Standard CO HC HC+NOx PM

2-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles

1991 12-30 8-12 - -

1996 4.50 - 3.60 -

2000 2.00 - 2.00 -

2005.04 BS II 1.5 - 1.5 -

2010.04 BS III 1.0 - 1.0 -

3-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles

1991 12-30 8-12 - -

1996 6.75 - 5.40 -

2000 4.00 - 2.00 -

2005.04 BS II 2.25 - 2.00 -

2010.04 BS III 1.25 - 1.25 -2- And 3-Wheel Diesel Vehicles

http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ece_eudc.htmlhttp://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ece_eudc.htmlhttp://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ece_eudc.htmlhttp://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ece_eudc.htmlhttp://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/#tab1

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2005.04 BS II 1.00 - 0.85 0.10

2010.04 BS III 0.50 - 0.50 0.05

Q. Explain Green Buildings and Rating Systems.

Green building design is a practical and climate conscious approach to building

design. Various factors, like geographical location, prevailing climatic

conditions, use of locally available and low embodied energy materials and

design parameters relevant to the type of usage of the building are normally

taken into consideartion. Such an approach ensures minimum harm to the

environment, while constructing and using the building.

A look at traditional building techniques clearly shows that the concept of

green or sustainable buildings has existed in our country for a long time. These

buildings were generally made of locally available materials like wood, mud

and stone and dealt with the vagaries of weather without using a large amount

of external energy to keep the inhabitants comfortable.

Buildings are among the greatest consumers of energy. Combining cutting

edge energy efficient technologies with adaptation of practices used in

vernacular architecture which used more of locally available materials andresources is necessary, especially for countries like India where per capita

energy consumption is rising rapidly due to high economic growth. This will

reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels which have to be imported and are

depleting at an alarming rate.

A green building uses minimum amount of energy, consumes less water,

conserves natural resources, generates less waste and creates space for

healthy and comfortable living.

When a number of green buildings are located in proximity, they would create

a green zone, providing much healthier environment and minimise heat-island

effect. The ultimate aim will then be to create many such areas, which would

help the towns and cities and therefore the nation in reducing total energy

requirement and also the overall global carbon footprint.

The measures that need to be taken to make a green building can be

distributed over three different phases of construction. These are:

Measures taken before construction Site selection

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Soil and landscape conservation

Health and well being

Conservation and efficient utilisation of energy and resources

Waste management.

Measures taken during construction Soil and landscape conservation

Conservation and efficient utilisation of energy and resources

Waste management

Health and well-being

Green building rating systems are an important tool in measuring and

evaluating the environmental performance of a building. These rating systems

cover a broad range of environmental considerations from the building siteselection, design, and construction, to building operations and workspace

quality.

LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design)

Provides a framework for developing and evaluating high performance green

buildings. LEED Canada is administered by the Canada Green Building Council

(CaGBC). LEED is administered by the US Green Building Council in the USA.

BuiltGreen

Owned and managed by the Built Green Society of Canada, BuiltGreen BC

offers certification for new single family homes and row homes. Membership

in Built Green is open to all members of participating Home Builders

Associations (HBAs) including builders, renovators, product suppliers or

manufacturers, service providers, community developers and municipalities.

BOMA BESt (Building Environmental Standards)BOMA BESt is the leading environmental certification program for commercial

buildings. This national program was launched in 2005 by BOMA Canada to

address an industry need for realistic standards for energy and environmental

performance of existing buildings based on accurate, independently verified

information.

Today, BOMA BESt has evolved from simply identifying key best practices to

providing common standards; an array of educational and on-line assessment

tools; independent data audits; and a four-level performance certification

program.

http://www.cagbc.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=LEEDhttp://www.cagbc.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=LEEDhttp://www.builtgreencanada.ca/http://www.builtgreencanada.ca/http://www.bomabest.com/index.htmlhttp://www.bomabest.com/index.htmlhttp://www.bomabest.com/index.htmlhttp://www.builtgreencanada.ca/http://www.cagbc.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=LEED

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BOMA Go Green Plus

An online assessment tool that measures the environmental performance of

commercial buildings. Go Green Plus delivers scoring reports on how abuilding is performing, as well as providing very specific questions that enable

the building manager to look at the components needed to achieve the

benchmarks.

Green Globes Design

On-line auditing tool to help integrate environmental performance in project

delivery and to evaluate new building design against best practices and

standards.

SBTool

Formerly known as GBTool, SBTool is a generic framework for rating the

sustainable performance of buildings and projects. It may also be thought of

as a toolkit that assists local organizations to develop rating systems. The

system handles large projects or single buildings, residential or commercial,

new and existing construction, or a mix of the two. Download SBTool from the

International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment site.

There are three primary rating systems in India: GRIHA, IGBC and BEE.

GRIHAstands for "Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment" and has

been developed keeping in mind the various conditions and requirements

specific to the design and construction of green buildings in India.

IGBCstands for "Indian Green Building Council" and provides the LEED(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) ratings for green buildings

devised in the United States in India.

The Bureau of Energy Efficieny (BEE) launched a Star Rating Programme in

2009, for office buildings in order to accelerate the Energy Efficiency activities

in commercial buildings. The programme developed by the Bureau of Energy

Efficiency, BEE is based on actual performance of the building, in terms of

specific energy usage (in kWh/sq m/year).

http://www.boma.bc.ca/gogreen.php#plushttp://www.boma.bc.ca/gogreen.php#plushttp://www.greenglobes.com/http://www.greenglobes.com/http://www.iisbe.org/sbmethodhttp://www.iisbe.org/sbmethodhttp://www.grihaindia.org/http://www.grihaindia.org/http://www.igbc.in/http://www.igbc.in/http://www.igbc.in/http://www.grihaindia.org/http://www.iisbe.org/sbmethodhttp://www.greenglobes.com/http://www.boma.bc.ca/gogreen.php#plus

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