Cost Estimating nl for. Pipellnes and

Structures

J s. G

Gulf Publishing CompanyHouston,

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TWs edition reviewed

the author and

reprinted February 2000.

Cost Estimating nal forPipelines and S.tructures

Copyright 1977 John S. Page. rights reserved. hisbook, or ts thereof, not reproduced in an fnWithout express written nissinof the publisher.

109 8 7 6 5

Gulf Publishing ank Division.. 2608 Houston, Texas 77252-2608

ISBN 0-87201-157-7

Library of Congress Catalog Card N. 76-40868

Printed acid-free paper (00).Printed in the United States of.

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DEDICATION

all those engaged inestimating projects for theproduction and transportation

of oil and gas for energy.

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Contents

"Preface " "................................................. xiiihe umanFactor in Estirnating xilirntroduction xiv1Albor Productivity" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xvi

Section One-CROSS-COUNTRY PIPELINES

Section Introduction 1AveragePipelay -Underground 2Average Pipelay-Supports 3Productivity andPercentage Efficiency Factors.. . 4Example-Application ofFactors 8Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-General Notes 10Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way- Labor Crew ' . . .. 11Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-Equipment Spread 12Pipeline Lay-Out-Labor Crew, Equipment and Tool Spread '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13Unload, Handle, Haul and String Pipe-General Notes ~ '. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14Unload, andle,Haul and String Pipe-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 15Ditching and renching-GeneralNotes 16Ditching and rhig-Lrrw.................................................. 17Ditching and renching-Equipment Spread ,........ 18Bending Operations-General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19Bending Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20Aligning and Welding Operation&-General Notes . . . .. .. 21Aligning and Welding Operations-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22Aligning and Welding Operations-Equipment Spread 23Cleaning, Priming, Corting and Wrapping---General Notes 24Cleaning, Priming, Coating and Wrapping-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25Cleaning, Priming, Coatingand Wrapping-Equipment Spread 26Cleaning, Priming, Coating and Wrapping-Joints Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27Sandblast and Paint Pipe-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28Lowering Pipe in rench-GeneralNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29Lowering Pipe inr-Labor Crew 30Lowering Pipe in rench-EquipmentSpread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31Valve Installation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 32Valve Installation-ieRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4Cleaning aild Testing Pipelines-Labor Crew ,.. 35Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36BackfiIling-GerINotes ... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37BackfiIling-LrCrew and Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38Clean Up Operations-Genera1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39Clean Up Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40Utility Operations-GeraINotes 41'Utllity Operations-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42Utility Operations-Equipment Spread 4

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Sectionw-ARSLANDPIPELINES

Section Introduction ". . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45Average Pipelay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46Productivity and Percentage Efficiency Factors _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47Example-Application ofFactors 50Aligning and Welding-General Notes . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 00Aligning and Welding-Labor Crew 53Aligning and Welding-Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 54Aligning and Welding Land Shove Method-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55"Aligning and Welding Land Shove Method-Equipment Spread 56Aligning and Welding River Crossing Tie-In-Labor Crew 57Aligning and Welding River Crossing ie-In-Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58Tug-LandquimtSd " ~ 59Ditch Operation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 60Valve Installation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 61Valve Installation- ime Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63Cleanirig and Testing Pipelines-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 65

Secti~n hr-NSREAND OF~SHORESURF-ZONE PIPELINES

Section Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67Average Pipelay-Land Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68Average Pipelay -Land, Supports :................................. 69verage Pipelay Table-Offshore, Surf-Zone, Land Fabricate Barge Pull 70Average Pipelay Table-Offshore, Surf-Zone, Barge Fabricate Land Pull 71Productivity and Percentage Efficiency Factors . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72Example-Application ofFactors 77Onshore Clearing and Grading Right-fW-GlNotes 81Onshore Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82Onshore Clearing and Grading Right-of-Way-Equipment Spread 83Onshore Pipeline Lay-Out-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 84Onshore Unload, Handle, Haul and String Pipe-General Notes ~ . . . . . .. . . . . .. 85Onshore Unload, Handle, Haul and String Pipe-Labor Crew and Equipment Spr~ad .... . . .. 86Onshore and Offshore Ditching and renching-General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87Qnshore Ditching and Trenching-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89Onshore Ditching arld Trenching-quitSpread .."................................... 90Offshore Ditching and renching-LaborCrew and Equipment Spread . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 91Onshore Bending Operations-General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 92Onshore Bending Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93Onshore Aligning and Welding-General Notes . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 94Onshore Aligning and Welding-Labor Crew 95Onshore Aligning and Welding-Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 96Onshore Aligning, Welding and Shoving-Labor Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97Onshore Aligning, Welding, and Shoving-Equipment Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98Onshore Aligning and Pulling-Labor Crew 99Onshore Aligning and Pulling-Equipment Spread 100Onshore Cleaning, Priming, Coating and Wrapping-General Notes 101Onshore Cleaning, Priming, Coating and Wrapping-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 102Onshore Cleaning, Priming, Coating and Wrappiilg-Joints Only 103Onshore Sandblast and Paint-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ". 104Onshore Lowering Pipe in rench-GeneralNotes 105Onshore Lowering Pipe in rench-LaborCrew and Equipment Spread 106Onshore Valve Installation- Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 107Onshore Valve Instal1ation-Time Requirements 108Onshore Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-General Notes 109O.nshore Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Labor Crew ~ 110

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Onshore Cleaning and Testing Pipelines-Equipment Spread 111Onshore Backfilling-General Notes 112Onshore renchBackfilling-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 113Onshore Clean-Up tiGs-GlNotes 114

.Onshore Clean-Up Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 115Onshore Utilittins-GealNotes 0..... 116Onshore Utility Operations-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread . 117

Section Four-OCEAN AND SPIPELINES

Section Introduction .. .' . ~ 119Average Pipelay-Water Depth to 50 Feet ... 120Average Pipelay-Water Depth to 50 Feet . ' '.' 0 ~ 1?1Average Pipelay-Water Depth to 50 Feet ... :122Average PiPelayTable-WteDepth. 50 to 75 Feet .. ~. ' ' 123Average Pipelay-Water Depth 50 to 75 Feet .. ~ ' 124Average Pipelay-Water Depth 50 to 75 Feet 125Average Pipelay-Water Depth. 75 to 100 Feet 126Average PipelayTable-WteDepth 75 to 100 Feet~- 0 127Average Pipelay-Water Depth 75 to 100 Feet 128Average Pipelay-Water Depth 100 to 125 Feet 129Average Pipelay-Water Depth 100 to 125 Feet ". 130Average Pipelay-Water Depth 100 to 125 Feet 131Average Pipelay-Water Depth 125 to .150 Feet . 132Average Pipelay Table-Water Depth 125 to 150 Feet ' "' 133Average Pipelay-Water Depth 125 to 150 Feet . 134Average Pipelay-Water Depth 150 to 200 Feet ~ , 135Average Pipelay-Water Depth 150 to 200 Feet . 136Average PiPelay-Water Depth 150 to 200 Feet 137Average Pipelay-Water Depth 200 to 250 Feet 138verage Pipelay-Water Depth 200 to 250 Feet 139Average Pipelay-Water Depth 200 to 250 Feet ~ 140Pipeline to Platform Riser-Water Depth to 150 Feet 0.141Pipeline to Platform Riser-Water Depth to 150 Feet ',0 0 142Pipeline to Platform Riser-Water Depth to 150 to 200 Feet " 143Pipeline to Platform Riser-Water Depth 150 to 200 Feet ' 144Pipeline to Platform Riser-Water Depth 200 to 250 Feet 145Pipeline to Platform Riser-Water Depth 200 to 250 Feet 146Productivity and Percentage Efficiency Factors 147Example-Application ofFactors 150Lay Barge-Labor and Equipment Spreads-General Notes ... 152Aligning, Welding and InstalIing Pipe-Labor Crew 153Lay Barge Equipment Spread 154Lay Derrick Barge Maintenance Operation-Labor Crew 155Quartering and Catering-Labor Crew .... "0 155Crew Boat-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 156Diving---"Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ',' 157Work Supply Boat-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ... ~ 158Survey Spread-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread .. 159ug-LaborCrew and Equipment Spread .. 160Pipe Cleaning and Testing--"-Labor Crew 161PiPe Cleaning and Testing-Equipment Spread 162Sandblast and Paint-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 163

Section Five-DREDGING, BLASlNGAND JEnVG

Section Introduction 165Dredging-Excavating and Backfill-Cubicards hour . 166Jetting-Linear Feet per hour 166

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Dredging-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 167renching Blasting-Average Time Required 168renchBlasting-Labor Crew 169renchBlasting-Equipment Spread '0' 170renchBlasting-Material Requirements 171Jetting Pipe-Labor Crews and Equipment Spreads 172

Section Six-OFFSHORE SRUCTURES

Section Introduction 173Pick and SetJackets-WtDepth to 150 Feet 175Pick and Set J ackets-Water Depth to 250 Feet 176Pick and Set J ackets~Water Depth to 350 Feet '177

.Launch and Set Jackets-Water Depth to 150 Feet '~ .. 178Launch and Set J ackets-Water Depth to 250 Feet 179Launch and SetJackets-WteDepth to 350 Feet 180Drive ubular and Conductors (Time Required) 181Cutting and Beveling-and Conductors (ieRequired) 182Pre-Heating for Butt Welds-Piles and Conductors (Time Required) -182Butt Welding Piling and Conductors (Time Required) 183Radiographic Inspection ofButt Welds (Time Required) 183Drilling and Grouting (Time Required) 184Pick and Set Decks (Time Required) 185Set Shim Plates-Erect Boat Landings (Time Required) 186Set Platform Miscellaneous SOOel lOOms (Time Required) 187Set Platform, Jetties and WharfMiscellaneous lOOms (Time Required) 188Driving SOOel Sheet and ((" ((1" Piling (Time Required) 189Structural and Miscellaneous SOOel for Wharfs and Jetties (Time Required) 190Single Point Mooring, Terminal-General Notes 0 '0 191Single Point Mooring Terminal-Spread Time Required 193Platform Structure Installation-Labor Crew 194Platform Structure Installation-Equipment Spread 195Single-Point Mooring Terminal Installation- Labor Crew 196Derrick Barge Maintenance-Labor Crew 197Quartering and ig-LCrew 0 197ug-LaborCrew and Equipment Spread ~,' 198Crew Boat-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread ',' ' 199Diving-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 200Work Supply Boat-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 201Survey Spread-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 202Sandblast and Paint-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 203Drilling Operation-Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 204Grout Installation- Labor Crew and Equipment Spread 205Productivity and Percentage Efficiency Factors 206Example-Application ofFactors 209hee-, Four-, Six-, Nine- and - Structures-Actual Labor Crew 211hee-, Four-, Six-, Nine- and - Structures-Actual Equipment Spread 212welve- Well Drilling Platform-Actual ieFrames 213Four-Well Drilling Platform-Actual Time Frames 214Four-Pile Production Platform-Actual Time Frames 215Six-Pile Gathering and Production Platform-Actual Time Frames 216Nine-Pile Power and Pump Platform-tuITime Frames 217Three-Pile High-Pressure Flare Structures-Actual imeFrames 218Four-Pile Low-Pressure Flare Structu-tuITimeFrames 219Ten-Pile Main Breasting Dolphin-Actual Time Frames 220Ten-Pile Secondary Breasting Dolpbln-Actual Time Frames 221Ten-Pile Auxiliary Breasting Dolphin-Actual Time Frames 222Six-Pile Loading Platform-Actual ieFrames 223Bridges-Actual Time Frames 224

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SectionSv-FFSREINSTALLAlONOFEQUlPENANDAPPURENANCES

Section Introduction 225Setting Skid Mounted Package Units 226Setting Tanks, Vessels and Heat Exchangers 227Setting Pumps and Compressors '. 228.Setting Diesel Generators ~ 229Setting Miscellaneous Equipment and ltems 230Marine Loading Arms-General Notes ... . 0 231Assembling Marine Loading Arms . 232Erecting arinLoading Arms . 233Install Fire Protection and Life-Saving Equipment ' 234Installing Zink Bracelet Anodes .. 235Installing Galvalum Anodes, ,; .. 236Handling and Erecting Prefabricated SPOOled I5ping ,; 237Piping-Making-Up Screwed Fittingg and Valves ~ 238Handle and Position Valves 239Flanged Bolt-Ups .... ,, 240Pipe Welding-General Notes .... . : 241Manual Carbon Steel Pipe Butt Welds 24290Carbon Steel Pipe Nozzle Welds 24345 Carboi1 Steel Pipe Nozzle Welds .. 24490 Coupling and Socket Welds 245Plain End Flame Cutting Pipe 246Flame Beveling Pipe For Welding 247Cutting and Threading Pipe .. 248Preheating Butt and Flange Welds 249Preheating Nozzle Welds 250Stress Relieving Butt, Flange and Nozzle Welds 251X-Ray Pipe Welds 252Hydrostatic Testing Piping Systems 253Electrical Boxes and Covers 254,Electrical Gang Boxes and Covers ~ 255Sheet Metal Boxes For Branch Rough-In ' ,256stalling Conduit . ';- 257Cutting, Reaming and Threading Conduit and Make-on ofJoint .. 258Conduit Bending .. 259Wire Pulling-Simple Lay-out .. 260Wire Pulling-Complex Lay-out .. 261Flexible Metallic Armored Installation 262'Connectors, Lugs and Vertical Riser Supports 263Install Switches and Plates 264Install Receptacles and Plates ' , 265Install Standard Panels and Cabinets 266,Insta1l250- and 600-Volt Panels and Cabinets 267Insta1l250- and 600-Volt Safety Switches .... 268Hangers and Fasteners . 269Miscellaneous Hangers and Fasteners 270Motor Starting Switches, Speed Regu1ating Rheostats and Magnetic Switches 271Starting Compensators 272Motor Rheostats and Switches ,; 273Mounting Motors-AC, 60-Cycle, 2- and 3-Phase 274Mounting Motors-Variable Speeds-AC, 60-Cycle, 2- and 3-Phase 275Mounting Motors-Constant and Variable Speeds, , 25-Cycle, 2- and 3-Phase 276Mounting Motors-DC, 115-230 Volts ,' 277Fire Alarm Systems 278Intercommunication and Public Address Systems 279Light Fixtures (Fluorescent and Mercury Vapor) 280Incandescent Lighting Units .' 281

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Lam.p Installation 282Outd.oor FloodLighting 283Installing ray and Fittings 284Large Case Pneumatic Instruments 285Circu1ar Pneumatic Recorders 286Pneumatic Local Indicators-Transmitters 287J;>neumatic ransmitters-D/P 288Large Case Electronic Instruments 289Electronic Magnetic Flow ransmitters 290Electronic Local ransmittersand Indicators 291Miscellaneous Level and Flow Instruments 292Miscellaneous In-Line Instruments 293Miscellaneous Temperature, Pressure and Other Instruments 294Installing Mu1ti-ubeBundles and Fittings ~ ~95Installing Single ubing,Fittings and Valves 296Equipment and Appurtenances Installation, Derrick Barge Labor Crew 297Equipment and Appurtenances Insta11ation, Derrick Ba:rge Equipment Spread ~ 298

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Section Eight-MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTIONIEMS

Section Introduction 299Mobilization and Demobilization ofPersonnel 300Mobilization and Demobilization ofEquipment 300Load-Out, ie-Downand Material Handling 301ransportationand Freight 301Cam.p, Family Quarters, Fieldand Storage Facilities 302Rest and Recreation 302Lay or Derrick Barge Riding Crew 303Load-out and Tie-Down Crew 303

SectionNine-ISCELLANEOUSESIAINGINFORAION

Section Introduction 305Pipe Wall hicknessand Weights 306Pipe Wall hicknessand Weights 307ubularSize, Wall Thicknesses and Weights 308ubularSize, Wall Thicknesses and Weights 309Welding Rod Requirements 310Welding Rod Requirements 311Surface Area and Circumferences ofPipe 312Coating and Wrapping Materials 313Useful Conversion Factors 314Mensuration Units 315Minutes to Decimal Hours Conversion 316

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Preface

his manual compiled to provide time frames, labor crews and equip-ment spreads to assist the estimator in capsulizing an estimate for the iristallationof cross-country pipelines, marsbland pipelines, nearshore and surfzone pipeIines,submerged pipelines, wharfs, jettles, dock facilities, single-point rin~. tenni-nals, offshore drilling and production platforms and equipment an appurtenancesinstalled thereon.he time frames and labor and equipment spreads wblch r throughout tbls

manual r the result of an time and method studies conducted under dconditfons and at locations throughout the world; these time frames and labor andequipment spreads reflect complete, unbiased view of all operations involved.

When one is engaged inJ;~olPiling an ~stimate from an infnti furnished others, as is the case with this manual, should view it in an objective light,giving due consideration to the nature of the project at hand and evaluating allitems that m affect the productivity of labor and aIl other elements involved.

1 Human Factor in Estlmating

In tbls high-tech world of sophisticated software packages, including severalforlabor and cost estjmating, youmight wonder what collection of estimating tablesoffers that computer program does not. he answer is the human factor. Inpreparing complete estimate for heavy industrial project one often confronts12-18 major accounts, and eachaccount s 5-100 or more sub-accounts, depend-ing the project and its engineering design. While it would seem that such numer-ous variables provide the perfect opportunity for computerized algorithmic solu-tion, accurate, cost-effective, realistic estimating is stil1largely function ofinsight and expertise. Each project has unique aspects that still require the sea-soned consideration of an experienced professional, such as general economy, pro-jects supervision, labor relations, job conditions, construction equipment, andweather, .to few.

Computers r wonderful tools. hey an solve problems as nan an, but1 do not believe construction estimating is their forte. 1have reviewed several con-struction estimating software packages and have yet to find one that 1would pletely rely . Construction estimating is an rt, science, and rft, and 1rec-ommend that it done those who understand and appreciate all three of thesefacets. his manual is intended for those individuals.

JohnS. Page

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Any logical system used in the preparation of an estimate for land and sea !pipelines and offshore facilities must based , and confined to, certain pre- ;determined parameters. herefore,your particular tt~jQ;.isdirected to thefollowing:'-'-

No consideration has been given to the dollar value of labor, mate-rials or construction equipment. he dollar cost oflabor and materialwill vary, depending location and tior schedule of the particu-lar project. Outside or third party rental/purchase of construction.equipment will vary, depending location, availability and themarket value at the time the equipment is needed. Ifthe equipment iscontractor-owned, its costs will vary depending its depreciatedvalue, cost of repairs and maintenance, insurance, desired return investment, etc.

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It is ofthe utmost importance that the correct labor crews and equip-ment spreads established and used. No piece ofequipment canfunction properly without its complement of skilled labor to operateand maintain it, and labor cannot produce efficiently without theproper tools and equipment to accomplish the job intended.

Where size or capacity is listed with piece of equipment in theequipment spreads, it is intended solely as guide and should not construed as the only size or capacity that can used. In actualpractice, the project scope and conditions will dictate the size, typeand capacity of the equipment to used. The time frame tables inthis manual based employing the number and type of unitslisted in the spread tables.

In keeping with the many time f tables wblch appear through-out this manual, the labor crew and equipment spread tables areintended to provide ample labor and equipment for the installation ofll items listed. In addition to the General Notes and the notes thatappear with the individual tables, consideration should given tothe following when forming and applying these crews and spreads.

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following items are listed and defined in Section 8, "Miscellaneous Construc-tion Items," and, therefore, consideration has been given them in the othersections of this book:

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1) Mobilization and demobilization ofpersonnel2) Mobilization and demobilization ofequipment3) Load-out, tie-down and material handling4) ransportation and freight5) , family quarters, field office and storage facilities6) Rest and recreation

Alllabor crews liste.din this manual based open shop operations. Ifunion closed shop operations the case, general foremen, various craft foremen,stewards and other craft classifications will have to given consideration andadded to 'the crews as necessary.

1) Alllabor and equipment spreads adjusted upward downward, depending project type, size and scope.

2) equipment should ofthe size and type suitable for thework intended.

3) Various crews and equipment spreads, such as derrick barge~tug, crewboat, etc., must combined to obtain total work-ing spread. The type and scope ofthe project will determinethe spreads that are to combined.

4) Offshore construction material and/or cargo barg~s, in thenumber and size needed, must added tothe spread attheirdaily rates for the time they actually involved,attheconstruction site.

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Small tools, consumable supplies, fuel, and grease have not been considered.,:,,( ,',:,' .hese are items that vary widely with particular projects and should EJ added to the various spreads asapplicable.I Purchase of right-of-way, or structure damage repair replacement

,\~ cost:s. cost ofother d~agedite~. ~eB.?e~its.licenses.fees of ll types and(1'~ dutles have not been gIven conslderatlon ln thlS manual. These and do vary! . 80 greatly that they must given individual consideration for each location and

'1" project and added to the e8timate accordingly.

"' ..~ ,..1 ~ ~ Where work is to performed in foreign country, consideration should ,

given to the forming and use of mixed crew comprised of at least portion of',;I,[L. f craft,men from that country. Usually thi8 fosters better relationsblp with the~ j country, and it is often less expensive than completely expatriate crew. It

4 8hould recognized an expatriate craftsman is any craftsman who is not ,L" citizen ofthe country in wblch the project is being constructed.t",

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have not been included for overall project management, field manage-ment or supervision. The ofthe individual project will govern the need forthese personnel, and they must added to the estimate for project requiringtheir services.

Labor Productivity

Before one thinks in terms oflabor dollars for anestimate, many things must consid-ered, the most important of which are called productivity efficiency and production ele-ments. Consideration ofthese two factors is essential ifthe many labor time frames thatfollow are to correctly applieq..

Mter extensive comparison ofmany projects, we have found that production percentages classified into five categories and that production elements can grouped inOO six 1

!different listings or classifications:

Production Elements1. "General Economy2. Project Supervision3. Labor Relations4. Job Conditions5. Equipment6. Weather

Productivity Efficiency Percentages

Percentage Range1. Very Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 Through 402. Low.............................. 41 Through 603. Average 61 Through 804. Very Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81 Through 905. Excellent 91 Through 100

From the above paragraph agree that this is true but that the' percentageproductivity range is 000 wide to accommodate accuracy. evaluating ofthe sixelements and illustrating with an example of , see just how simple it is toarrive at productivity efficiency percentage.

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1. GENERAL ECONOMY

This is simply the state of the nation or the area in which your project is 00 developed. hings that should looked at and evaluated under this category are:

() Business rendsand Outlooks() Construction Volume() he Empl0yment Situation (. ....

Let us say that after giving due consideration 00 these items you find them 00 verygood or excellent. This sounds good but actually it means that your productivity rangewill very low. This is due to the fact that with business eingexcellent the type of

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supervision and craftsmen that you will have to draw from will very poor. Becauseof this it will tend to create bad labor relations between your and supervi-sion, thus making very unfavorable job conditions. From this it would seem that thegeneral economy of the nation or area sets off chain reactionto the other fiveelements. This we have found to true. the other hand, let us say that we haveevaluated this element and find the general economy to of fairly good average.Here we find that the productivity efficiency tends to rise. his isdue to the fact thatunder normal conditions there are enough good supervisors and craftsmen to goaround, they are satisfied, thus creating goodjob conditions.

For our l,to show how final productivity efficiency percentage'can.be arrivedat, let us say thatwe are estimatlng project in,a given' areaand .aftet catefulconsideration of this element, we find it to of high average. Since it is ofa highaverage, but lneans excellent, we estimate our 'productivity percentage atseventy-five (75) per cent.

2. PROJECT SUPERVISION

What is the caliber of your supervision? What experience have they had? What afford to them? What have to draw from? Things that should 100ked atand evaluated under this element are:

() Experience() Supply()

Like general this too must carefully analyzed. Ifbusiness is excellent, thechances are that will have poor lot to draw from. Ifbusiness is normal, llhave fair chance of obtaining good supervision. contractor who tries to cutoverhead using supervision usually winds doing very poor job. Thisusually results in dissatisfied client, 10ss of profit and 10ss of future work.However, the estimator has control over this. It must left to management. llthe estimator do is estimate his projects accordingly.

follow through with our l, after careful analysis of the three items listedunder this element, we find that our supervision will normal for this type ofworkand we arrive at an estimated productivity rate ofseventy (70) per cent.

3. LABOR CONDITIONS

Have you good labor relations man in your organization? Are the craftsmen in thearea experienced and satisfied? Are there adequate first class craftsmen in the area?Like project supervision things that should analyzed under this elementare:

() Experience() Supply()

he area where yourproject is to constructed should checked to see ifthe properexperienced craftsmen are available locally or will you have to rely travelers to fI11

. your needs. and will your organization the prevailing wage rates?

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For our example let us say that for project in given area we have found our laborrelations to fair but feel that they could little better. Since th~s is the case, wearrive at an efficiency rating ofsixty-five (65) per cent for this element.

4. JOB CONDITIONS

What is the scope ofwork andjust what is involved in the project? Is the schedule tightor do ample time to complete the work? What is the condition ofthe site? Is it land or at sea? If land is it high and dry or is it low and muddy? Ifat sea are 'thewaters relatively ca1m or are they occasioned storms? What type ofoperations areinvolved? What kind ofmaterialproc~r~mentwi11you have? There are manyitemsthat could considered here, dependent the project; however, we feel thatthemostimportant ofthese items are as fo11ows:

() Scope ofWork() Site Conditions() Material Procurement(d) Ease ofOperations

c~reful study and analysis of the plans, specifications and other project informa-tion coupled with site or area visitation 'should to correctly estimate productivity effi.ciency for this item.

For our example, let us say that the project we are estimating allows ample time tocomplete the project, that the site location is low and muddy, material procurementwill bit slow and the ease ofoperation wi11 normal for the type ofwork involved.Therefore, after evaluation we estimate productivity rating of only sixty (60)percent.

5. EQUIPMENT

Do have ample equipment to do your job? What kind of shape is it in? Wi11 have good maintenance and repair help? main items to study under this elementare:

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() Usability() Condition() Maintenance and Repair

This should the simplest of 11 elements to analyze. Every estimator should knowwhat type and kind ofequipment his company has as well as what kind ofmechanicalshape it is in.

Let us assume, for our example, that our company equipment is in very good shape,that we an ample supply to draw from and that we have average mechanics.Since this is the case we estimate productivity percentage ofseventy (70).

6. WEATER

Check the past weather conditions for the area in which your project is to located.During the months that ll constructing what are the weather predictionsbased these past reports?main items to check and analyze here are as follows:

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