Estimating Costing V

Eleventh Edition 2011.....

ESTIMATING COSTING AND VALUATION

[PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ANDQUANTITY SURVEYING]

by RANGWALAThis well-known text-book now published its Thirteenth edition.

Each topic of the book has been arranged in such a way that reader is empowered with an in-depth knowledge in the subject of Estimating and Costing, Professional Practice, Quantity Surveying, Valuation etc. The book is divided in following three parts:

Part I : Elements of Estimating and Costing, Part II : Estimating and Costing in Practice, Part III : Valuation of Real Properties.

It contains number of Specifications, Rate Analysis and Estimates of various engineering structures, it also comprise chapter on “Construction Management and Planning” in which CPM technique, bar chart, material resources, material management, etc. are described in detail. Following Appendices are also provided at the end of the book:

Appendix I : Mode of measurement of Building work based on IS: 1200Appendix II : Task Work Per Day as per Schedule of Rates.Appendix III : Load Carrying Capacity of a Truck and Calculation of Materials for different Items.Appendix IV : Approximate Maximum Quantity of Steel Required per cu m of Concrete for different

R.C.C. items.Appendix V : Typical project of a residential building.

The estimates for R.C.C. work is revised using concrete grade M20 instead of grade M15 as per provision made in the latest IS:456 after earthquake 2001. Also rate analysis of corresponding R.C.C. items using grade M20 are added. Latest rates for materials are considered after enforcement of VAT (Value Added Tax) announced in budget 2006.

The book now contains: 66 Specifications 77 Worked Examples 97 Rate Analysis 111 Practical Questions and Answers 56 Typical Estimates 255 Questions at the end of Chapters. 128 Neatly Drawn Computerised Drawings

It is hoped that the book will satisfy the needs of the Civil Engineering students preparing for the Degree examinations of almost all the Indian Universities, Diploma examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate courses as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional Examinations. It should also be of an immense help to the practising Civil Engineers.

Size 170 mm × 240 mm] Fourteenth Edition 2012 [Pages 738 + 24

Paperback] ` 250-00 [ISBN 978-93-80358-54-3

Opposite Amul Dairy, Old Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388001 (Gujarat) IndiaPhone: +91 2692 256237 Fax +91 2692 240089

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SINCE1944

ESTIMATING, COSTING AND VALUATIONDETAILED CONTENTS

CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. ANAND; www.cphbooks.com

PART IELEMENTS OF ESTIMATING AND

COSTINGChapter 1 APPROXIMATE METHODS OF COSTING1-1. General1-2. Estimate and estimating1-3. Types of estimates1-3-1. Detailed estimate (1) General (2) Preparationofdetailedestimate (3) Standardmeasurement form (4) Abstract of estimate (5) Importantfactorsfordetailed

estimate1-3-2. Approximate estimate (1) General (2) General principle of approx-

imatemethodsofcosting (3) Construction cost index (4) Approximatemethodsofcosting

forvariousstructures (A) Buildings (B) Steel bridges (C) R.C.C. retainingwalls (D) Highways and roads (E) Dams (F) Culverts (G) Irrigation canals (H) Watersupplyandsanitary

projects1-3-3. Quantity estimate1-3-4. Revised estimate1-3-5. Supplementary estimate1-3-6. Revised estimate and supple-

mentaryestimateduetoreductionofcost(followingP.W.D.manual)

1-3-7. Complete estimate1-3-8. Annual maintenance and repair

estimate PracticalQuestions – 1 Questions – 1

Chapter 2 SPECIFICATIONS2-1. General2-2. Definition2-3. Objects of specifications2-4. Importance of specifications2-5. Use of specifications2-6. Types of specifications2-6-1. Brief specifications2-6-2. Detailed specifications (1) General provisions (2) Technical provisions (3) Standard specifications2-7. Classification of specifications (1) Open specifications (2) Restricted specifications (3) Closed specifications2-8. Design of specifications2-9. Importantaspectsofthedesignof

a specification (1) Changes

(19)Specification for pointing inc.m. (1:1)

(20)Specificationfor20mmsandfaced cement plaster

(21)Specificationfor18mmthicksingle coatmala plaster

(22)Specificationforwhitewashingin three coats

(23)Specification for painting inthree coats

(24)SpecificationforFrenchpolish (25)Specification forwax polish (26)Specification for suspended

ceiling of plaster of Paris (27)Specification for Manglore-

tiled roof (28)Specification for cast-iron

articles (29)Speci f ica t ion for f ix ing

cement corrugated asbestosroofingsheetsonsteelpurlins

(30)Specificationforfixing1mmthick corrugated galvanizedironsheetsonwoodenpurlins

(31)Specification for drivingprecast R.C.C. piles

(32)Specificationforuncasedcast-in-situ R.C.C. piles

(33)Specification for providingand laying 150mmdiameterS.W. pipe

(34)Specification for providingand laying 900mmdiameterR.C.C. hume pipe

(35)Specification for 160 mmwater-bound macadam roadfor heavy traffic

(36)Specification for 50mm fullgroutsurfaceonanexistingroad

(37)Specification for earthworkfor road in embankment

(38)Specification for lighteningconductor

(39)Specificationforcastironpipes (40)Specification for supplying

and fixing Indian type W.C.with foot rest

(41)Specificationforprovidingandfixing European typeW.C.

(42)Specificationforprovidingandfixing wash basin includingall fittings

(43)Specifications for supplying,laying and fixing galvanizediron pipes

2-13. Specifications in outlines (1)Specificationforthebrickwork

inarchinc.m.(1:4) (2)SpecificationforbrickworkII

class in c.m. (1:6) (3)Specification for brickwork

III class in c.m. (1:6)

(2)Clearness (3)Co-operation, (4) Cost (5)Designer (6)Flexibility (7)Product control2-10. Principlesofspecificationwriting (1)Subjectmatter (2)Grammar (3)Abbreviations (4)Development of style (5)Selection ofwords (6)Accuracy (7)Conflicting requirements (8)Practicallimitsandcommercial

sizes (9)Clearness (10)Fairness (11)Brevity2-11. Sources of information (1)Contract drawings (2)Previous specifications (3)Requirements of owner (4)Site investigations (5)Standard specifications (6)Trade catalogues2-12. Typical specifications (1)Specification for excavation (2)Specification for removal of

water from foundations (3)Specification for damp proof

course (4)Specification for brickbat

lime concrete for foundationin proportion (1:2:4)

(5)Specification forbrickwork Iclass in c.m. (1:6)

(6)Specificationfortimberdoorsandwindows

(7)Specifications forsteeldoorsandwindows

(8)Specificationforbricknoggedpartition in c.m. (1:4)

(9)Specification for randomrubblemasonry

(10)Specification for coursedrubblemasonry

(11)Speci f ica t ion for ashlarmasonry in c.m. (1:3)

(12)SpecificationforR.C.C.workproportion (1:2:4)

(13)Specification for reinforcedbrickwork for slab of onebrick depth

(14)Specificationforterrazofinish (15)Specificationformarblefinish (16)SpecificationforpolishedKotah

machinecutstonepaving (17)Specificationforbrickonedge

flooring (18)Specification for cement

concreteflooringinproportion(1:2:4)



(4)Specification for the brickpartitionwall in c.m. (1:4)

(5)Specification for reinforcedbrick-workforwallsinc.m.(1:3)

(6)Specification for coursedrubblemasonryIsort inc.m.(1:6)

(7)Specification for coursedrubblemasonryIIsortinc.m.(1:6)

(8)Specification for coursedrubble masonry III sort inc.m. (1:6)

(9)Specification forR.C.C. slab12 cm thick prop. (1:2:4)

(10)SpecificationforR.C.C.beamprop. (1:2:4)

(11)SpecificationforR.C.C.stairof1metrewidthprop.(1:2:4)

(12)Specification for 40 mmthickIndianpatentstoneprop.(1:2:4)

(13)Specification for woodencupboards

(14)Specificationfor12mmthickcement plaster in c.m. (1:4)

(15)Specification for manhole ofsize1m×1manddepthnotexceeding 2m

(16)Specification for centrifugalpumps

(17)Specificationformosaictiles (18)Specification for 80mm full

groutsurfaceonexistingroad (19)Specificationfor50mmthick

asphalticconcreteroadsurface (20)Specificationfor150mmthick

cement concrete road (1:2:4)laid in single layer

(21)Specification for cementmacadam road on existingW.B. road surface

(22)Specification for fabricatingsteelrooftrussbywelding

(23)Specification for earthworkfor road in cutting

PracticalQuestions – 2 Questions – 2

Chapter 3 CONTRACTS AND TENDERS

3-1. Definition of the term contract3-2. Essentialrequirementsorelements

of a valid contract (1)Lawful subjectmatter (2)Legally competent parties (3)Valid consideration (4)Free consent (5)Provisionsoflawwithregard

to form3-3. Trade usages (1)Certainty (2)Lawful

3-14-4. Scrutiny of tenders (1) Modeofsubmissionoftender (2) Opening of tenders3-14-5. Acceptance of tender (1) Conduct of the parties (2) Acceptance by telegram (3) Acceptance inwriting (4) Absolute acceptance3-14-6. Revocation of tender3-14-7. Workexecutedwithoutacontract3-14-8. Tender form (1)Price (2)Earnestmoney (3)Security deposit (4)Time limit (5)Tender validity period (6)Miscellaneous3-14-9. Unbalanced tender (1)Use of equipment and

organization (2)Working capital (3)Speculationonthemistakes

in the estimate3-15. Liquidated damages (1)Act of owner (2)Certificate of engineer (3)Clauseofextensionoftime (4)Original contractor3-16. Advertisement (1)Title (2)Owner (3)Brief description of the

work (4)Issue of tender form (5)Receiving of the tenders (6)Form of contract (7)Earnestmoneyandsecurity

deposit (8)Plans and specifications (9)Award of the contract (10)Signature3-17. Contract documents (1)Title page (2)Index (3)Tender notice (4)Information (5)Tender form (6)Conditions of contract (7)Specifications (8)Drawings3-18. Qualification of contractors (1)Post-qualification of

contractors (2)Advantages of post-

qualification (3)Disadvantages of post-

qualification (4)Pre-qualification of

contractors (5)Advantages of pre-

qualification (6)Disadvantages of pre-

qualification

(3)Reasonable (4)Well-known3-4. Methods for execution of work

done in P.W.D. (1) Departmental Execution (2) Contract system3-5. Difference between departmental

execution and contract system3-6. Selectionofmodeof execution (1) Availabilityofexperienced

contractor (2) Economic condition (3) Nature ofwork (4) Requirements,

facilities available andarrangements

(5) Specializedwork (6) Time limit ofwork (7) Volume ofwork3-7. Forms of contract (1) Lump-sum contracts (2) Unit-price or item-rate

contracts (3) Cost-plus or percentage

contracts3-8. Termination of contracts (1) Terminationbyperformance (2) Termination by agreement (3) Termination by breach (4) Terminationbyimpossibility

of the performance (5) Terminationbyoperationof

the provisions of the law3-9. Types of contracts (1) Labour contracts (2) Negotiated contracts (3) Scheduleofpricescontracts (4) Package deal contracts (5) Demolition contracts3-10. Responsibilities of different

agencies (1) Responsibili t ies of the

engineer (2) Responsibili t ies of the

contractor (3) Responsibilitiesoftheowner3-11. Contract between owner and

engineer (1) Clearness (2) Death of owner (3) Statutory provisions3-12. Earnest money and security

deposit (1) Restriction on competition (2) For punishment3-13. Mobilization fund3-14. Tenders3-14-1. Meaning of tender3-14-2. Classification of tenders (1) Open or public tender (2) Selected or limited tender (3) Negotiated tender3-14-3. Opening of tenders



3-19. Direct and indirect costs (1)Direct costs (2)Indirect costs3-20. Basic price contracts PracticalQuestions – 3 Questions – 3

Chapter 4: CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT

4-1. Definition4-2. Object4-3. Importance4-4. Peculiarities (1)Number of the clauses (2)Relation with the technical

provisions (3)Use4-5. General provisions (1)Conditions relating to

documents (2)Conditionsrelatingtothegeneral

obligationsofthecontractor (3)Conditions relating to labour

and personnel (4)Conditions relating to

assignments and sub-letting (5)Conditions relating to the

execution of thework (6)Conditions relating to

measurements and payments (7)Conditionsrelatingtodefault

and non-completion (8)Conditions relating to

settlement of disputes (9)Special conditions4-6. Typical clauses of the conditions

of contract (1)Definitions (2)Establishmentandpreservation

of the points (3)Storageoftoolsandmaterials (4)Contractor to s tudy the

particularsoftheworksindetail (5)Engineer during construction (6)Receiving instructions from

the engineer (7)Removalofemployeesofthe

contractor (8)Alterations, additions and

omissions (9)Arbitration (10)I n f e r i o r ma t e r i a l s a nd

workmanship (11)Extension of time for the

completion of theworks (12)Failuretocompletetheworks

in time (13)Righttosuspendtheworkby

the owner (14)Compliance of laws, etc. (15)Patent rights and royalties (16)Labour laws (17)Public travel

5-11. Arbitration agreement5-12. Revocationofarbitrationagreement5-13. Powerofcourttoappointarbitrator

or umpire5-14. Process of arbitration5-15. Award by an arbitrator (1)Requirementsofavalidaward (2)Powersofcourttomodifyaward (3)Groundsforsettingasideaward5-16. Conditionsfavourableforarbitration5-17. Advantages of arbitration5-18. QDRmethodology PracticalQuestions – 5 Questions – 5

Chapter 6: ACCOUNTS6-1. General6-2. Stores (1)Receipts (2)Fictitious adjustments (3)Accountingprocedureofstores (4)Suspense heads (5)Suspense sub-heads (6)Classes of stores (7)Reserve limit of stock (8)Issue rate (9)Sub-heads of stock (10)Storage rate (11)Supervision charges (12)Market rate (13)Indent (14) Stock taking (15)Quantity accounts (16)Value accounts (17) Stock account (18)Bin card (19) Roadmetal (20) Tools and plants (21)Rate contract (22)Surveyreports (23)Saleaccount (24)Differencebetweenaccountsof

‘Stock’and‘ToolsandPlants’6-3. Issue notes6-4. Vouchers6-5. Hand receipts6-6. Unstamped receipts6-7. Receipt ofmoney6-8. Work-abstract6-9. Register ofworks6-10. Appropriationandre-appropriation6-11. Materials at site accounts (1)Proper records (2)Physical verification (3)Surplusmaterials6-12. Capitalworks and repairworks6-13. Administrat ive approval and

technical sanction (1)Initiative by theR.&B.D. (2)Modification,(3)Pettyworks (4)Works of public interest (5)Works of R.&B.D.6-14. Measurement book

(18)Abandonment (19)Sub-letting (20)Interimpaymenttothecontractor (21)Final payment (22)Possessionpriortocompletion (23)Ratesofcontractortoremain

firm during contract period (24)Payments of the extrawork (25)Fencing,watchingandlighting (26)Method of measurement of

completedworks (27)Bankruptcy of contractor (28)Maintenance (29)Site clearance on completion

of theworks (30)Clerk ofworks (31)Protectionoftreesandshrubs (32)Water for construction4-7. Conditionsof contract inoutlines (1)Inspectionandtestingofmaterials (2)Facilitiesforothercontractors (3)Timelimitandrateofprogress (4)Nominated sub-contractors (5)Sanitary arrangements (6)Insuranceofworks,materials,

construction plant, etc. (7)Damagetopersonsorproperty (8)Use of intoxicants (9)Workatnightoronholidays (10)Services required for the

contractor’s purposes (11)Temporaryworks (12)Prevention of nuisance (13)Pollution of streams (14)Controlledmaterials (15)Documentsmutuallyexplanatory (16)First aid PracticalQuestions – 4 Questions – 4Chapter 5 ARBITRATION5-1. General5-2. Definition5-3. Arbitrator and referee5-4. Mattersforreferencetoarbitration5-5. Kinds of arbitration (1)Arbitrationwithout

intervention of a court (2)Arbitration with intervention

of a court where there is nosuit pending

(3)Arbitration in suits5-6. Arbitrator5-7. Sole arbitrator, joint arbitrators

and umpires5-8. Powers of an arbitrator (1)To administer oath (2)To refer for opinion of the

court (3)To declare award (4)To correct clerical errors (5)To administer interrogatories5-9. Scope of umpire’s authority5-10. Disabilities of an arbitrator



(1)Entries (2)Payment (3)Standardmeasurement book (4)Miscellaneous6-15. Muster roll6-16. Completion report6-17. Imprest (1) Limitations of use (2) Record (3) Recoupment (4) Safety of imprest cash6-18. Daily report6-19. Depositworks6-20. Advance payments6-21. Work-charged establishment6-22. Revisedandsupplementaryestimates6-23. Annual repair estimate6-24. Inventory6-25. Work-slip andwork-abstract Practical questions – 6 Questions – 6

Chapter 7: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

7-1. General7-2. Needforconstructionmanagement (1) Co-ordination between

different agencies (2) Development of manpower

andmachinery (3) Economy in construction (4) Speed of construction (5) Quality control of materials

andworkmanship7-3. Scopeofconstructionmanagement7-4. Factors affecting construction

management and planning (1) Time (2) SkilledandunskilledManpower (3) Machinery (4) Materials (5) Money7-5. Methodsforplanningconstruction

activity7-5-1.Gantt bar charts Advantages ofGantt bar chart Limitations of aGantt bar chart7-5-2. Network technique Features of network planning Rules for network diagram (A) Critical PathMethod (CPM) (1) Project breakdown (2) Network diagram (i) Arrow diagram (ii) Circle diagram (3) Utility data with respect to

time and cost (4) Determinationofcriticalpath (5) Activity times and floats Significance of floats (6) Scheduling Advantages of CPM Limitations of CPM Uses of CPM

9-4. Requirements of an estimator9-5. Methods of taking out quantities (1)Englishmethod (2)P.W.D.method9-6. Units ofmeasurements9-7. Modes and units of measurement

for different types of trades (1)Preliminaries, (2)Excavation (3)Concrete, (4) Brickwork (5)Stonework, (6)Woodwork (7)Plastering, (8) Pointing (9)Steelwork,(10)Roofcoverings (11)Floor finishes (12)Whitewashing,colour-washing

and distempering (13)Painting (14)Water supply connections (15)Drainage connections (16)Road-work9-8. General rules formeasurements9-9. Degree of accuracy9-10. Rates for some typical items9-11. Quantity survey9-12. Spot items9-13. Prime cost and provisional sums9-14. Provisional quantities9-15. Daywork9-16. Accompaniments of an estimate9-17. Financial implications9-18. Cost planning9-19. Uses of an estimate PracticalQuestions – 9 Questions – 9

Chapter 10 ESTIMATES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BUILDINGS

10-1. General10-2. Estimate of simple steps10-3. Estimate of corner steps10-4. Estimate of a shop10-5. Estimate of a servant’s quarter10-6. Estimateofa sanitaryblock fora

factory building10-7. Estimate of a single storeyed

residentialbuilding:(withDrawingroom, Dining room, Bed room,Kitchen and a Toilet)

10-8. Estimate of a single storeyedresidentialbuilding:(withdrawingroom,Bed room and aKitchen)

10-9. Estimate of a single storeyedresidentialbuilding:(withTwobedrooms, Drawing room, Kitchen,Bath-w.c. and aVerandah)

10-10.Estimateofaresidentialbuilding:(with Drawing room, Bed room,DiningcumLivingroom,Kitchen,Passage, Bath-w.c., Stair and AStair-cabin,Verandah)

10-11.Estimate of a children’s library10-12.Estimate of a compoundwall10-13.Estimate of a ginning factory PracticalQuestions – 10

(B) ProgrammeEvaluation and ReviewTechnique (PERT)7-5-3. Time-grid diagram (1) UtilityoftheTime–griddiagram (2) Advantages of the Time-grid

diagram7-5-4. Mile–stone charts7-6. Resources planning7-7. Resource allocation7-8. Resource levelling7-9. Job layout of construction Site (1) Availability of resources (2) Location of project (3) Medical facilities (4) Method of execution (5) Natureofproject,(6)Services (7) Welfare facilities7-10. Storage ofmaterials (1) Cement, (2) Formwork (3) Inflammablematerials (4) Plant andmachinery (5) Ready articles, (6) Steel7-11. Stock control (1) ABC analysis (2) VED analysis7-12. Stages ofmaterialmanagement (1) Register of reputed suppliers (2) Quantities ofmaterials (3) Preparingthesupplyschedule (4) Attaching priorities (5) Initiatingpurchaseformalities (6) Placing of orders (7) Inspection (8) Acceptance and issue (9) Use of network schedule7-13. Inventory control7-14. Disposal of surplusmaterials PracticalQuestions – 7 Questions – 7

PART IIESTIMATING AND COSTING IN

PRACTICEChapter 8 RATE ANALYSIS8-1. Definition8-2. Purposes of rate analysis8-3. Factorsaffecting therateanalysis (1) Major factors (2) Minor factors8-4. Importance of rate analysis8-5. Essentials of rate analysis8-6. Schedule of rates8-7. Standard costing8-8. Taskwork per day8-9. Rates ofmaterials and labour8-10. Rate analyses of typical items PracticalQuestions – 8 Questions – 8

Chapter 9: TAKING OUT QUANTITIES

9-1. General9-2. Meaning of the term9-3. Essentials of an estimator



Chapter 11 ESTIMATES OF DIFFERENT R.C.C. STRUCTURES AND THEIR FORMWORK

11-1. General11-2. EstimateofR.C.C.columnandits

footing in proportion (1:1.5:3)11-3. Estimate of R.C.C. beam in

proportion (1:1.5:3)11-4. Estimate of R.C.C. beam in

proportion (1:1.5:3)11-5. Estimate of R.C.C. Weathershed

withlintelfor1.20mwidewindowin proportion (1:1.5:3)

11-6. Est imate of R.C.C. Slab inproportion (1:1.5:3)

11-7. Estimate of R.C.C. Floor inproportion (1:1.5:3)

11-8. Estimate of formwork for R.C.C.works

11-10.Estimate ofR.C.C. retainingwall11-11.Estimate of a shed for cycles PracticalQuestions – 11

Chapter 12 ESTIMATES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROOFS AND STEEL STRUCTURES

12-1. General12-2. Estimateofaroofwithcorrugated

galvanized iron sheets12-3. Estimate of a welded steel roof

truss12-4. Estimateofasteelstanchionwith

grillage foundationChapter 13 ESTIMATES OF

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY WORKS

13-1. General13-2. Estimateofanundergroundstorage

tank (Only in bricks)13-3. EstimateofbrickcumR.C.C.type

undergroundwater storage tank13-4. Estimate of an overhead R.C.C.

water storage tank13-5. Septic tanks (1) Constructional features (2) Design aspects (3) Construction of septik tank (4) Disposal of effluent (5) Advantages (6) Disadvantages13-6. Designofaseptiktankandasoak

well13-7. Estimateofaseptictankwithsoak

well13-8. Estimate of a Septik tank13-9. Estimateofaseptiktankwiththree

compartments PracticalQuestions – 13

PART IIIVALUATION

Chapter 17 VALUE17-1. General17-2. Doctrine of estate (1)Free tenure (2)Unfree tenure17-3. Cost, price and value17-4. Cost17-5. Price17-6. Value17-7. Concept of the term value17-8. Purposes of valuation (1)Betterment charges (2)Balance-sheet (3)Buying and selling of the

properties (4)Compulsory acquisition (5)Court fees (6) Insurance (7)Reinstatement (8)Rent determination (9)Security of loans (10) Taxation17-9. Different forms of value (1)Accommodation value (2)Annual value (3) Book value (4)Distress value (5)Market value (6)Monopoly value (7)Potential value (8)Replacement value (9)Salvage value (10) Scrap value (11)Sentimental value (12)Speculative value17-10.Occupationvalueandinvestmentvalue (1)GovernmentActs (2)Intensity of demand (3)Trade conditions17-11.Factorsaffectingchangesinmarket

value (1)Changesinbuildingtechnology (2)Changes in fashion and taste (3)Changesinproportionofsingle

people tomarried people (4)Changes in quality of area (5)Changesintheagedistribution

of the population (6)Designs of property (7)Means of communication (8)Migration tendencies (9)Money supply (10)Planning control (11)Population strength (12)Unstable time17-12.Role of the valuer (1)Acknowledgment of market

conditions (2)Competency (3)Cost of outgoings

Chapter 14 ESTIMATES OF BRIDGES, CULVERTS AND PIERS

14-1. General14-2. Estimate of a pier14-3. Estimate of a railway culvert14-4. Estimate of a hume pipe culvert14-5. Estimate of a hume Pipe culvert14-6. Estimate of a pipe culvert14-7. Estimate of a slab culvert14-8. Estimate of a road bridge14-9. Estimate of a splayedwingwall PracticalQuestions – 14

Chapter 15 ESTIMATES OF IRRIGATION WORKS

15-1. General15-2. Estimate of a cushion type fall15-3. Estimate of a canal fall15-4. Estimate of a hume pipe head

regulator15-5. Estimate of an earthen dam PracticalQuestions – 15

Chapter 16 ESTIMATES OF ROAD WORKS

16-1. General (1) Level section (2) Two-level section (3) Side hill two-level section (1) Mid-sectional areamethod (2) Mean-sectional areamethod (3) Trapezoidal formula (4) Prismoidal formula (5) Spot levels16-2. Estimate of Earthwork of a road

in cutting16-3. Estimate of Earthwork of a road

partly in cutting and partly inembankment

16-4. Estimate of Earthwork of a roadin plain

16-5. Estimate of earthwork for a roadusingmid-sectional areamethod

16-6. Estimate of earthwork for a roadusingmid-sectionalareaandmeansectional areamethod

16-7. Estimate of earthwork for a roadusingmid-sectional areamethod

16-8. Estimate of earthwork for a roadusing prismoidal formula

16-9. Estimate of earthwork for a roadusing trapezoidal formula

16-10.Estimateofearthworkforasmallpond

16-11.Estimate of earthwork for a roadpartly in cutting and partly infilling

16-12.Estimate of earthwork of a roadin embankment

16-13.Estimateofearthworkofacurvedroad in embankment

PracticalQuestion – 16



(4)Effect of statutes (5)General experience (6)Knowledge of building costs (7)Legal complications (8)Specialized buildings (9)Value and cost17-13.New horizons of valuation (1)Environment (2)Neighbourhood (3)Rapid transit system (4)Time sharing premises Questions – 17Chapter 18 INVESTMENT IN REAL

PROPERTY18-1. Characteristics of land18-2. Investment18-3. Investment opportunities (1)Articles for use (2)Gilt-edged securities (3)National savings certificates (4)Local authority loans (5)Insurance (6)Fixed deposits in banks (7)Company deposits (8)Public provident fund (9)Capital investment bonds (10)IDBI bonds (11)Mutual fund schemes (12)Units of the Unit Trust of

India (13)Convertible debentures (14)Shares (15)Realpropertyasaninvestment18-4. Characteristicsofidealinvestment (1)Capitalappreciationprospects (2)Costs of purchase and sale (3)Divisibility of holdings (4)Ease of purchase and sale (5)Security of income (6)Security of capital18-5. Interest on capital18-6. Nature of real property (1)Amount of investment (2)Centralmarket (3)Clearance of title (4)Government action (5)Heterogeneity (6)Influence on yields (7)Joint ownership (8)Physical inspection (9)Durability (10)Source of income18-7. Estate brokers Questions – 18Chapter 19 INTERESTS IN REAL

PROPERTY19-1. Types of interests19-2. Freehold interests (1)Law of the land (2)Right of others

7. Adjustmentforunearnedincreaseinthevalueofthe land

8. Rule 3 not to apply incertain cases

(2) Direct comparisons of thecapital value

(3) Valuation by reference toprofits

(4) Valuation based on the costor contractor’smethod

(5) Residual or developmentmethod

Questions – 20

Chapter 21 OUTGOINGS21-1. Definition21-2. Usual types of outgoings (1) Municipal taxes (2) Government taxes (3) Annual repairs and

maintenance (4) Management and collection (5) Insurance (6) Vacancies and bad debts (7) Sinking fund (8) Miscellaneous21-3. Gross income and net income Questions – 21

Chapter 22 DEPRECIATION22-1. Meaning of the term22-2. Depreciation as cost in operation22-3. Depreciationasdecreaseinworth22-4. Physical conditions22-5. Functional obsolescence (1) Inadequacyorover-adequacy (2) Lacking in utility (3) Obsolete necessities (4) Outmoded design (5) Outofthewayorodddesign22-6. Economic obsolescence (1) Changesincharacteranduse (2) Changes in laws (3) Nearness to nuisances (4) Over supply (5) Social changes22-7. Methods for estimating cost

depreciation (1) Straight-linemethod (2) Constant percentagemethod (3) Quantity surveymethod (4) Sinking fundmethod (5) Sum of the digitsmethod (6) Unit costmethod22-8. Cost depreciation and value

depreciation22-9. Reproductioncostandreplacement

cost22-10.Depreciation and depletion22-11.Conclusion Questions – 22

19-3. Leasehold interests (1)Reasonsforcreatingleasehold

interest (2)Nature of leasehold interest (3)Renewal and extension of

leases (4)Theory of sinking fund (5)Lessor and lessee (6)Forms of lease19-4. Lease and license19-5. Mortgage (1)Amount of loan (2)Insurance (3)Leasehold property (4)Period of loan (5)Remedies to recover loan (6)Subsequentmortgages (7)Third party guarantee (8)Types ofmortgage lenders (9)Valuation19-6. Equitable mortgage and legal

mortgage Questions – 19

Chapter 20 METHODS OF VALUATION

20-1. Methods of valuation20-2. Methods of valuation for open

lands (1)Comparativemethod (2)Abstractivemethod (3)Beltingmethod20-3. Methods of valuation for lands

with buildings (1)Rentalmethod (i) Definition of rent (ii) Characteristics of land (iii)Theoryofeconomicrent (iv) Rent in popular sense (v) Determination of rental

value (vi) Effect of legislation (a) RentRestrictionAct (b) Town PlanningAct (vii) E f f e c t o f c a p i t a l

improvementsonrentalvalue

(viii) Procedure ofmethod (ix) Rate of interest (x) Schedule III,PartBof

Wealth-taxAct Schedule III, Part B 3. Valuationofimmovable

property 4. Net maintainable rent

how to be computed 5. Grossmaintainablerent

how to be computed 6. Adjustments to value

arrivedatunderrule3,forunbuiltareaofplotof land

Chapter 23 VALUATION TABLES23-1. Valuation tables TABLE I : Tofindtheamount

to which Re. 1/-will accumulate atthe end of a giventerm at compoundinterest

TABLE II : Tofind thepresentvalue of Re. 1/-receivable at theendofagiventerm

TABLE III : TofindtheamounttowhichRe.1/-perannum invested attheendofeachyearwill accumulate inagiventermtimeatcompound interest

TABLE IV : Tofindtheamounto f t h e a n n u a lsinking fund forthe redemption ofRe. 1/- capital

TABLEV : Tofind thepresentvalue of Re. 1/-per annum for agiven number ofy e a r s a l l ow i n gsimple interest onthe cap i ta l andaccumulationofanannualsinkingfund

TABLEVI : To find Y.P. of ar e v e r s i o n t o aperpetuity after agiven number ofyears

TABLEVII: TofindtheannuityR e . 1 / - w i l lpurchase on thesinglerateprinciple

TABLEVIII: T o f i n d t h ed e p r e c i a t i o npercentage basedon sinking fundmethod

Chapter 24 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

24-1. General24-2. A c c ommod a t i o n l a n d a n d

accommodationworks

(4)By prescription (5)By lost grant presumed from

immemorial user (6)By custom (7)By transfer of dominant

heritage (8)By legislation (9)By the operation of the

doctrine of acquiescence25-5. Extinguishment of easements (1)By dissolution of right of

servient owner (2)By release (3)By revocation (4)By expiration of period (5)By happening of event (6)By end of necessity (7)Byeasementbecominguseless (8)By destruction of either

heritage (9)By permanent change in

servient heri tage due tosuperior force

(10)By destruction of eitherheritage

(11)By unity of ownership (12)By total non-enjoyment25-6. Easements and natural rights25-7. Effectonvaluationduetoeasement PracticalQuestions – 25 Questions – 25

Appendix

Appendix I M O D E O F MEASURMENT OF BUILDING WORK (BASED ON IS:1200 REVISED)

Appendix II TASK WORK PER DAY

Appendix III LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF TRUCK AND CALCULATION OF MATERIALS

Appendix IV QUANTITY OF STEEL REQUIRED FOR R.C.C. ITEMS

Appendix V TYPICAL PROJECT

24-3. Amortization24-4. Annuity24-5. Capitalized value24-6. Cost inflation index24-7. Deferredorreversionarylandvalue24-8. Dilapidations24-9. Discounted cash flow (1) Net present valuemethod (2) Internal rate of returnmethod24-10.Encumbrance factor24-11. Floating F.S.I.24-12.Life of structures24-13.Mesne profit24-14.Mobilization fund24-15. Rate of interest (1) Money and banking (2) Bank rate (3) Shops (4) Offices (5) Factories andwarehouses (6) Residential properties (7) Agricultural properties24-16.Rating (1) Principle of Communibus

Annis (2) Pr inc ip le o f Rebus S ic

Stantibus24-17.Records of rights (1) Category of land (2) Classification of land (3) Encumbered land (4) Holder of land (5) Land under acquisition or

reservation (6) Nature of holding (7) Occupant of land (8) Period of validity (9) Restriction on transfer24-18.Rent fixation24-19.Year’s purchase. Single rate anddual rate forY.P. PracticalQuestions – 24 Questions – 24

Chapter 25 EASEMENTS25-1. General25-2. Definition25-3. Essen t ia l charac te r i s t i c s o f

easements25-4. Creation of easements (1)By grant (2)By necessity (3)By quasi-necessity

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