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The specific objective is to establish an integrated solid waste management system in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. This will specifically address problems of solid waste pollution in the environment, giving cleaner open spaces, water and air in the places where the community lives, works and gathers food. Integrated solid waste management will provide new jobs and economic activities. It will bring regular incomes and good working conditions specifically to local informal wastepickers and specifically target poor unemployed women. Waste products will be recycled, reused or carefully disposed of in a managed landfill. The policy framework to which the objective is oriented is the Government of India's Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000.
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Project Proposal:Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Institution approached for funding:
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM)
Applicant institution:
Thirukkalukundram Taluk Office (Municipality)
R&A Consultants
Authors:
Alastair Upton and Ragnheidur Einarsdottir from R&A Consultants
Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
1. Description
1.1 TitleEstablishing local and integrated solid waste management in Pudupattinam, Tamil
Nadu, India
1.2 PlacePudupattinam and Oyyalikuppam, within the Thirukkalukundram Development Block,
Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India
1.3 Cost of the project and donor contribution
Total cost of the project EUR 84.000
Amount requested from donor
institutionEUR 84.000
Duration of funding period 48 months
1.4 SummaryThe project establishes a local and integrated solid waste management system that
consists of reduction, seperation, collection and processing of solid waste and is
owned and run by the local municipality. Furthermore it strengthens public
awareness, local capacities, institutional structures and physical infrastructure in
order to improve environmental and living conditions.
The main activities of the project include consultancy workshops, public
awareness campaign, training of staff and households, purchasing of equipment and
construction activities.
The target group of the project is all residents of the target area, which is
made up of two main parts: Pudupattinam, a township near the Department of Atomic
Energy (DAE) township, and Oyyalikuppam, a coastal fishing village nearby.
1.5 ObjectivesThe overall objective of the project is cleaner environment and better living
conditions.
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
The specific objective is to establish an integrated solid waste management system
in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. This will specifically address problems of solid
waste pollution in the environment, giving cleaner open spaces, water and air in the
places where the community lives, works and gathers food. Integrated solid waste
management will provide new jobs and economic activities. It will bring regular
incomes and good working conditions specifically to local informal wastepickers and
specifically target poor unemployed women. Waste products will be recycled, reused
or carefully disposed of in a managed landfill. The policy framework to which the
objective is oriented is the Government of India's Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules 2000.
1.6 JustificationPudupattinam lies outside of the Department of Atomic Energy's township of
Kalpakkam, in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. The district’s population is
growing twice as fast as India’s as a whole. Urban population growth stands at 6%
P.A at the Census of 2011, compared with -1% P.A in rural areas, and population
density has increased by 45% between 2001 and 2011. Because of its proximity to
the well managed and high profile government research facility at Kalpakkam,
Pudupattinam provides a good opportunity to demonstrate how smart, sustainable
solid waste management can work in any normal medium sized town in Tamil Nadu.
Currently there is an emphasis on cities with large population or high numbers of
tourists. However, India is made up of thousands of medium sized and small towns –
and the population in Tamil Nadu is growing faster in small and medium sized towns
than in large cities (Bhagat 2004: 57). Combined, these towns create large amounts
of solid waste without proper handling and disposal (Sharma 2008). The
development trajectory of India (with an HDI of 0.666) means consumption levels are
rising rapidly. As a result, the amount of solid waste produced is expected to double
to 150 million tonnes per year between 2015 and 2025, and reach more than 250
million tonnes by 2050 (EGP, 2010).
While there is an NGO managed waste system functioning inside Kalpakkam,
Pudupattinam and the nearby fishing village of Oyyalikuppam are without an effective
waste management system, meaning that nearly all in solid waste generated by
21,000 people, shops, restaurants and schools is currently being disposed of in open
public spaces. This leads to environmental degradation in the form of visual and air
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
pollution and groundwater and waterway contamination, which effects the health,
quality of life and livelihoods of the community. This is because a large amount of
waste (solid and sanitation) is discharged directly into Buckingham Canal, a once
navigable colonial waterway running for hundreds of kilometres parralel to the
Coromandel Coast. This canal provides a ‘back door’ waste disposal site for the
towns along it [Appendix A]. It drains into the nearby Palar river estuary, a fertile and
important source of income and a feature vital for the stability of the coastal ecology.
This is worst where there are other large informal waste dumping sites on
open ground at the edges of the estuary and waterways. Where waste is left to
decompose, rain water eventually washes contaminants into the soil and the
groundwater, which is accessed by wells, and eventually drains into the sea. Waste
is also burnt in the open air, an incomplete combustion process that releases many
toxins into the air. Animals are also attracted to organic waste and are viewed as
pests by residents.
The commonplace, privately run waste service provided (in theory) weekly
collection from centralised bins in neighbourhoods – and in Kalpakkam this was
seen as unsucessful as they are often overfull, inconvenient to get to and they
attracted pests and bad smells. Since an initiative taken by a local resident in 1996,
an exemplary solid waste management system has been operated inside the walled
town of Kalpakkam by Exnora Green Pammal (EGP), a Chennai based NGO. This
system draws workers from the target area outside the walls, yet these places remain
clogged with solid waste.
According to EGP's experience from other towns in which waste is seperated,
around 40% of household waste in Kanchipuram district is organic matter, which
when treated in the right way could have re-use value. As happens at the moment,
organic waste is left to decompose mixed with other types of waste, emitting large
amounts of greenhouse forcing gas methane. The potential is there for this organic
waste to be turned into valuable fertiliser using vermiculture processes, which are
simple and highly effective requiring minimal energy and technical infrastructure.
Target Group
The target group of the project is all of the residents of the township Pudupattinam
and the fishing village Pyyalikuppam. Pudupattinam has 15.000 inhabitants and the
Oyyalikuppam 6000. The total number of residents is 21.000 and the total number of
households 5000.
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
The township of Pudupattinam is a community which lies between the east coast
road (ECR) and the DAE (Department of Atomic Energy’s Indira Gandhi Centre for
Atomic Research) township, which provides its residents inside with goods and
services as well as servicing passing traffic on the highway and farmers in the
surrounding rural areas. The residents of the village and town may be employed as
service workers inside the DAE security area itself, as is the case with those already
employed to clean the streets and collect solid waste inside the walls.
The fishing village Oyyalikuppam was severely affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean
tsunami, which took many lives and destroyed large amounts of housing. The village
has been the focus of aid programmes by agencies such as World Vision, who
provided ‘life packages’ including housing, fishing equipment and social services, and
Hope Foundation, who has focused on education. However the development
authority, based in Thirukkalukundram, has not yet implemented a waste system to
cope with the needs of this growing area.
Although exact data is scarce, it is accepted that the residents of fishing
villages are of some of the a poorer, more marginalised groups on the Coromandel
coast of Tamil Nadu. Fishing communities are particularly vulnerable as they depend
on a specific yet fluctuating natural resource, which makes them exposed to
environment forces. They have restricted economic power as well as access to
political and social rights.
“In purely income terms, small-scale fishers may often compare favourably with
small-scale farmers or agricultural labourers. But in terms of educational, health and
nutritional status, participation in political decision-making, and vulnerability, small-
scale fishers and fishing communities often appear to rank lowest in society.” (FAO,
2001)
“Available evidence suggests that coastal fishing communities, in general, have lower
levels of literacy, a lower sex ratio, and poorer conditions of housing, as compared to
State and national averages. Evidence also suggests that communities are faced
with a deteriorating quality of life as a result of pollution, sea erosion, increased
pressure on coastal lands, degradation of the coastal environment and
displacement.” (FAO, 2001:3, Sudarshan 2008)
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Employment – Recyling activities
Care will be taken to employ those already working in the informal waste recycling
sector to work in the Green Centre, as this will most likely improve their income and
living conditions as well as provide security and stability of income. This is due to the
fact that the municipality will have dominant control of the supply of recyclables and
therefore greater power to determine price at which dealers will buy seperated
materials, as opposed to individuals dealing with buyers independently with a small
amount of waste. This, along with more efficient means of collecting already sorted
waste will offset the costs of running the Green Centre and ensure improved
livelihood and working conditions for waste workers.
Employment – Green Ambassadors
According to other similar projects and existing patterns of work, women are the most
likely to be employed as Green Ambassadors. As an 'entry' level type of work, it is
likely that being a green ambassador is more favourable than unemployment or other
types of casual employment. As a steady and govermnent funded position it will
provide secure credentials for finding further work. The employment of 20 green
ambassadors will go towards reducing the gender inequality in employment in the
Kanchipuram district, which is higher than the national average.
Alignment with Government policy
The government of India already has a very progressive policy in it's Municipal Solid
Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules. By prioritising recycling and composting,
it recognizes that solid waste is both a problem and an opportunity, and prohibits the
landfilling of organic waste. These rules support an integrated approach to
“collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal
solid wastes” and therefore are a compatible and informative framework to work
from. However, the government’s rules have had limited application. It is necessary
to put in place a new system under the responsibility of the local municipality, and at
the same time increase overall awareness of solid waste and environmental issues
within the communities
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Relation to the project of modules of the Masters degree program "International
Cooperation and Urban Development" 2010-11
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
1.7 Implemenentation and organizational frameworkThe project will facilitate the establishment of a sustainable and effective integrated
solid waste management system in Pudupattinam. The role of the project will be to
build capacities, institutional structures and physical infrastructure (in that order of
priority) in order to ensure long term viability.
Phasing
The project will be divided into three phases, the entirety of which will be overseen by
the municipal government in partnership with EGP. The first phase will see the
establishment of the relationships, planning and assessment activities. Most of the
activities take place in the Establishment phase, including the public awareness
campaign which continues through the monitoring phase until handover. The
monitoring phase also allows adjustments and technical consultancy with NGO to
take place and is the least intensive phase in terms of spending and activites. At the
end of the monitoring phase the handover will take place.
Illustration 1: Phasing Plan
As a result of this project the municipality will be fulfiling its waste management
obligations through integrated approach to waste minimisation and reuse. This type
of system has been successfully implemented elsewhere due to its ‘minimum
technology and maximum participation’ approach, and wherever possible local labour
and suppliers will be used. Awareness about minimisation and reuse will be
strengthened by education programmes and public events and the capacity of the
municipality will be improved. By accessing children a larger number of community
members will gain awareness of the programme as they hear about it at home.
Introducing awareness at a young age will help create a long term shift towards
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
sustainable waste management. These two parts are essential for such a project to
be sustainable.
The Proposed system of Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention,
recycling, composting, and disposal program. An effective ISWM system considers
how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect
human health and the environment. (United States Environmental Protection Agency,
2002)
An integrated waste system involves a mixture of technologies and practises
from reduction to recycling and reuse. In order for this to take place, previous
experience has shown that it is best to seperate solid waste at source, as this will
improve the quality of materials for reuse and recycling. It will prevent contamination
of organic material by toxins and heavy metals found in non organic solid waste
which means that vermicompost is safe for use on food crops. It will also reduce
energy use in collection and improve working conditions at all stages.
In this system, waste materials will thus be separated into two bins, non-
organic and organic, at the source (households, schools, markets, businesses). In
the township of Kalpakkam, EGP estimates that the amount of solid waste that would
otherwise be dumped in the open air or in a conventional landfill was reduced by
80% once organic and recyclable matter was separated (EGP 2010).
Green Ambassadors will be hired to collect the bins regularly door-to-door and
bring them to the “Green Centre” (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost
facility) where it will be further seperated and stored also by Green Ambassadors.
The “Green Centre” will be a safe, clean place where the workers will be provided
with safety clothing and equipment as well as washing facilities and monthly health
check-ups.
In the “Green Centre” bio-degradable waste will be converted into organic
manure through the process of vermi-composting in the vermicompost facility.
Composting biodegradable waste prevents such waste from generating methane in
landfills. Methane produced by waste is estimated to account for 31% of methane
emission in India. (EGP, 2010)
A large amount of the remaining waste in the form of plastics is recyclable.
Recyclable material will be sold to EGP because they have already established a
market for selling those materials. Recycling materials helps reduce greenhouse gas
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
emissions because, on average, 75% less energy is required to recycle aluminum,
copper, iron, steel, lead, zinc, paper and plastics than to extract and refine such
materials from virgin resources. (EGP, 2010)
The remaining 20% that can not be recycled will be removed to a specifically built
sanitary landfill for disposal (see Illustration 2).
Monitoring and evaluation
A baseline will be established during the needs assessment and then two evaluation
will take place, one at the end of the establishment phase and one at the end of the
monitoring phase. This will be done by one member of the municipality and one from
the R&A consultants.
The monitoring will be continuous throughout the project, every quarter of a year and
it will be done by the municipal officer in charge of solid waste.
R&A Consultants
Illustration 2: Solid Waste System Model
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Organizational Framework
R&A Consultants will provide technical support to the municipality and also
coordinate the two partners, which are the municipality and the NGO Exnora Green
Pammal (EGP). There will be close cooperation between the municipality and the
residents of the area. The municipality will be providing the residents with the
integrated solid waste management and providing employment and the residents will
be paying the green tax to the municipality and cooperating in the segregation of
waste. The municipality will also be providing staff, land, transport vehicles etc. for
the project.
Reasons for the proposed setup
The project is set up so as to be as sustainable and replicable as possible. That
means that when it is handed over to the municipality, it does so with their having
strong capacity to manage it, strong correlation with government policy, and sound
financial viability. The capacity building activities will ensure that staff are trained and
available to run the system. All measures are taken in accordance with the Rules
governing municipal solid waste, and more than half of the running costs are covered
by sales revenue and the 'green tax' user fees of INR36 [EUR0,57] per household
per year, and annual charges of INR1200 [EUR 19] per shop and INR6000 [EUR
95,00] per school. The project incorporates a long monitoring phase because it is
known from prior experience that the public awareness campaign needs several
years to ensure long-term viability.
R&A Consultants
Illustration 3: Organization Framework
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Connections to previous projects
The project uses technical knowledge gained from previous projects run by EGP, who
are a Chennai-based NGO that provides training and consultancy services for ISWM
projects. This project will utilise their expertise in creating and running ISWM projects
in other towns and cities in India. However it is not a direct replication of their earlier
projects due to the fact that it is funded and operated differently (see below).
The technical setup and infrastructure requirements for this project are calculated
based on a comparison with the systems already in place at Pammal, Mangadu and
Kalpakkam. [Appendix B] In order to model these requirements, assumptions most
often referred to Mangadu as the most relevant model of a town with a similar
population. However, due to cultural, economic and topographic variations there can
be no perfect fit for predicting waste volumes, creating the need for a needs
assessment activity to gather more detailed information. Previous projects by EGP
have been funded only partly by local government and partly by private donor
contributions (except in the case of Kalpakkam where the department of energy pays
instead of the municipality). In this project, the responsibilities for funding and
maintaining the system are ultimately with local and state government. This is
because it will create a more sustainable model which can be replicated without
depending on donors, which may not be permanent and sustainable and who may
have specific requirements. The project is based on the assumption that Solid Waste
Management is a social and therefore state-provided service, that is a part of
government policy stemming from the Rules.
1.8 Detailed description of activitiesThe main activities of the project are divided into 5 results:
1. Capacity of local government to manage solid waste has increased
2. Awareness of waste and environment has increased
3. Waste from households, businesses, schools and markets is being
seperated and house-to-house collection in place
4. Waste is being recycled and reused
5. Leftover waste is being disposed of in appropriate disposal sites
Result 1. Capacity of local government to manage solid waste has increased
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Activity 1.1 Meeting with Municipality Chairperson and CouncillorsThe meeting will be part of starting the project and the first step in getting the
municipality officials involved in the project. It will be facilitated by the R&A
Consultants and they will explain the project for the municipality chairperson and
councillors, their roles and responsibilities, and get their opinions and advice. Also, it
will be instated that the municipality initatiates an agreement to cooperate with the
Tamil Nadu State government regarding co-funding of operation of the system after
handover of the project (see chapter 2.4)
Activity 1.2 Consultancy workshops on bringing solid waste management services into compliance with the government’s regulations.EGP consultants will be hired to provide consultancy on bringing solid waste
management services into compliance with the government's regulations. This
consultancy would cover all aspects of waste management, including human
resource development, public awareness, facility design, quality control and
information management.
Officials will be trained in waste management so that they can help implement
the solid waste management and coordinate it after handover of the project. A special
sanitation department will be formed in the municipality.
Activity 1.3 Implementation of a “green tax”Collection of household user fees or Green tax will be part of recovering the cost of
running the system after handover and is necessary for the sustainability of the
project. The R&A Consultants will help the government to add this tax to the current
tax collection scheme and it will be 36.5 rupees per household per year.
Result 2. Awareness of waste and environment has increasedActivity 2.1 Public meeting with stakeholdersA public meeting will be held to introduce the project to the general public and other
stakeholders where they will be informed about the objectives of the project and
consulted with. Advertisements will be put up for the meeting to try to get as many
residents to participate as possible. Furthermore, citizens representatives, social
workers and concerned municipal officials will be present. Residents will be
instructed on the benefits of public health and solid waste management,
environmental issues, waste minimization opportunities, and the values of recycling
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
and resource recovery. Decisions regarding types of bins, cleansing frequency, etc.
will be taken.
Activity 2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the school curriculumEGP consultants will be hired to work with schools to introduce a Green Generation
curriculum which educates students about recycling and conservation. They will
introduce the 3Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle, in the students' lesson plan, and
demonstrate such principles by integrating the 3Rs into each school's waste
management system.
Activity 2.3 Public awareness campaignAn intensive awareness campaign is needed to encourage residents to segregate
their waste. If more residents segregate their waste properly, the recovery rate of
recyclable materials will increase, and the amount of landfilled waste will be lower.
Raising awareness to achieve widespread public cooperation in terms of segregation
of waste requires continuous effort and will take a long time because changing
people’s habits is a gradual process.
The public awareness campaign will include door-to-door campaigns, street
plays, billboards, handing out flyers, putting up posters and advertisements in
newspapers and radio. EGP consultants will be hired for advice.
Activity 2.3.1 Door to door campaignsThis activity will be integrated with activities 3.1 and 3.4
Activity 2.4 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites, bringing the waste to new facilities for processingCleaning up all the existing informal dumping site is an important step in raising
awareness and changing the habits of the residents.
Activity 2.5 CelebrationTwo celebrations will be held to celebrate the progress of the project, one after the
clean-up of the informal dumping sites and the other just before handover. The
celebrations will help create positive public opinions about the solid waste
management system and encourage active public involvement.
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Activity 2.6 Tree planting programme10.000 trees and plants will be planted in the tree planting programme, beginning
with the areas currently used for informal dumping and including the edges of the
Buckingham Canal and roadside areas. This will help to create a positive impression
of these areas and discourage future dumping. The planting programme will be
designed in consultation with a botanical expert from a local university – for example
Anna University Chennai's Centre for Environmental Studies.
Result 3. Waste from households, businesses, schools and markets is being seperated and house-to-house collection in place;Activity 3.1 Bins bought and installed in every household, business, school and marketOne green bin and one white bin will be bought and installed in all 5000 households,
as well as businesses and school classrooms. These bins will be filled with
separated organic and non-organic waste respectively. [See appendix] Green
ambassadors will collect the bins in an area with 30 kilometres of streets, accessing
each house and business each day for 365 days per year. Collectors will empty bins
into collecting tricycles and it will be transported the Green Centre to be processed.
This activity will be integrated with activities 2.3.1. and 3.4. The exact design and
assessment of the collection system will be established during the Needs
Assessment activity.
Activity 3.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased15 tricycles, 2 collecting carriers, 1 power tiller and 1 tractor will be purchased. These
numbers could change if the results of the needs assessment and consultation
shows different needs. This activity will be done in cooperation between the
municipality and the R&A Consultants.
Activity 3.3 20 Green Ambassadors from the local community employed and trained to do the waste collectionLike said before, people from the community, mostly women, will be hired and trained
to be Green Ambassadors. The training of the Green Ambassadors will be done in a
workshop coordinated by people from the EGP. They will also be taught about the
principles of waste managament and about environmental issues so that they can be
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
true representatives of good waste management for their community. The employees
will be provided uniforms, protective gloves, footwear, raincoats and soap.
Activity 3.4 Households trained in waste seperationThe green ambassadors will go to each household and train the residents in how to
do the waste seperation and at the same time they will be doing the door-to-door
campaign (activity 2.3.1) and providing the households with bins (activity 3.1).
Signatures will also be obtained from the residents for the allowance of the door-to-
door collection.
Result 4. Waste is being recycled and reusedActivity 4.1 Securing land for “Green Centre”Securing the land for the Green Centre This will be in the hands of the municipality
officials and overseen by the R&A Consultants. The municipality will bear the cost of
the purchase.
Activity 4.2 "Green Centre" (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost facility) is built and workers employedThe Green Centre is the place where the collected waste from households,
businesses, schools and markets will be brought to. The Green Centre will include a
recycling centre, a storage shed and a vermicompost facility. In this place the waste
will be seperated further, stored, recycled or vermicompost made from the organic
waste. The building will be 300 m2 and will be designed with the help of an EGP
consultant and built by a local contractor.
People from the community will be employed to work in the Green Centre.
Informal wastepickers and unemployed women from the local area will be given
preference.
Activity 4.3 Training in vermicompost productionAn EGP consultant will be hired to train workers of the Green Centre in vermicompost
production. Trainees will be exposed to topics related to production of vermicompost,
enrichment of its quality, usefulness of vermicompost, its advantages, its applications
and so on. Hands-on training in production of vermicompost using wastes will also be
provided.
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Result 5. Leftover waste is being disposed of in appropriate disposal sitesActivity 5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill Securing land for sanitary landfill will be in the hands of municipality officials with
coordination from the R&A Consultants. The municipality will bear the costs of the
purchase and the site will be owned and operated by the municipality. The landfill will
possibly be sited on government land, preferably within 5km of the town centre. The
residents will be informed of potential landfill sites as soon as possible and their
opinions collected.
Activity 5.1.1 Environmental Impact AssementAn Environmental Impact Assessment will be conducted before the final site selection
of the landfill, in cooperation with environmental engineering students from a nearby
university's faculty of Civil engineering, as part of an academic exercise.
Activity 5.2 Sanitary Landfill site is constructedThe construction of a sanitary landfill site will be headed by an engineer. There will be
an excavation of 15000 m3 of earth which will provide a 10 year capacity.
Activity 5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.4) disposed of in the landfillIntegrated with Activity 2.4. Collecting carriers already purchased will be used to
transport the waste to the landfill. More detailed estimates of the volume of waste
will be made during the Needs Assessment activity.
Needs Assessment ActivityA detailed needs assessment will be performed at the beginning of the project to
learn about current conditions to make further decisions on the project. It will be
performed by two EGP Consultants and a manager from the municipality.
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R+A Coordination ActivitiesR&A Consultants will coordinate the project. Their role will be to facilitate the
establishment of the solid waste management section of the municipality, as well as
coordinate the activities. They will be the intermediary between the technical
partners (EGP) and local government, providing planning and monitoring services.
Their role is most prominent during the preliminary and establishment phases.
1.9 Duration and action planThe duration of the project will be 45 months.
Planned starting date: January 1st 2012
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Year One Year Two Year Three Year Four
Phase 1 – Preliminary 2 – Establishment 3 - Monitoring
Quarter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15
ActivityPongal - New Year
Pongal - New Year
Pongal - New Year
Pongal - New Year
1.1 Meeting with Town Panchayat Chairperson and Councillors
Needs assessment 1.2 Consultancy workshops regarding the Solid Waste Management Rules
2.1 Public meeting with stakeholders
4.1 Securing land for "Green Centre"
5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill
5.2 Sanitary landfill is constructed 2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the schools
3.1 Bins bought and installed in every household, business, school and market
3.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased
3.3 20 Green Ambassadors and trained to do the waste collection
4.2 "Green Centre" is built
2.3 Public awareness campaign
2.4 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites
3.4 Households trained in waste seperation
5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.3) disposed of in the landfill
2.5 Celebration
4.3 Training in vermicompost production
2.6 Tree planting programme
1.3 Implementation of a "green tax"
R+A Coordination Monitoring
Evaluation Page 19 of 31
Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
2. Expected results
2.1 Expected impact on the target groupThe expected impact on the target group is that they will have better living conditions.
There will be no dumping of wastes in open spaces so the environment will be
cleaner and the livelihoods protected. Furthermore, more people in the community
will have a job.
2.2 Concrete resultsUntreated waste from 5000 households will be reduced and the average total waste
collected daily will be 6.6 tonnes. By converting biodegradable waste to 345 kg of
vermicompost per day and keeping recyclable items out of landfills as much as
possible, the amount of carbon emissions will be reduced by more than 2,000 tons a
year in the target area. In the agricultural sector carbon will also be reduced because
of the use of organic fertiliser instead of synthetic fertiliser which is highly energy
intensive to make.
During the establishment phase 390 workdays equivalents of jobs will be
created and at least 24 people from the community will be permanently employed.
2.3 Multiplier effectsThere are hundreds of similar towns all along the coast with similar problems so this
project has a great potential of being replicated. Because the project is run by the
local government, the capacity to run the system is in the public sector and therefore
with coordination between local goverments it can be adapted in other municipalities.
This is more sustainable than replication of systems run by NGOs and funded
privately and reinforces the concept of waste management as an integrated social
service.
2.4 Risks and sustainabilityOnce established, the system will be run by the municipality with funding from the
state government. Capacity building of the local government and their support this
will thus be an essential part to the project sustainability. After handover, the
municipality and state government will together contribute almost half of the
operating costs, the other part will be recovered through sales of composting and
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
recycling and through collection of household user fees or “Green tax” which will be
36.5 rupees per household per year (see Illustration 4).
Policy will be brought up to date to the national Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules 2000, and therefore will be politically stable.
Effective treatement of solid waste also builds political capital and therefore is in the
interests of municipality for it to proceed.
Local people will be participating at all stages by consultation and
employment. The technology used is locally appropriate developed by EGP, based
some 50km away in Chennai and implemented in the nearby Kalpakkam township,
providing condidenct that the daily collection system is appropriate for the lifestyle
habits and climate of the area. There will be long-term monitoring and public
awareness campaign before handing over to maximise the efficiency of the system
and ensure sustainability.
The major threat to the project's success is the lack of commitment to changes
in habit and lack of change in environmental awareness. These are the determining
conditions to allow the system to function and therefore efforts have been made to
minimise thie risk by placing a large emphasis on Result 2 of the project - Increase
awareness of waste and environment. Furthermore, experiences in other similar
contexts show a general trend towards greater environmental and climate awareness
in the region, evidenced by clean-up initiatives and through the work of NGOs such
as EGP.
After the project is in place the residents of the area will have a permanently
cleaner places to live, work and derive food and livelihoods, having greatly reduced
or eliminated a large contributor to environmental contamination. Furthermore, the
R&A Consultants
Illustration 4: Recovery of Operating Costs
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions due to the recycling of materials, avoidance
of open air decomposition and substitution of synthetic by organic fertiliser will reduce
the overal impact of the community on the environment. Building awareness in
schools and in the community of environmental issues from a school level upwards
will help steer development towards cleaner, more energy efficient and beneficial
environmental practises.
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Objectively Verifiable Indicators Sources of Verification AssumptionsOverall Objective
Specific Objective
Evaluations and reports.
Results
1. Capacity of local government to manage solid waste has increased Local government officers to are willing to collaborate.
2. Awareness of waste and environment has increased The project can provide strong enough incentives for residents to change their habits
Cultural conditions allow households to sort waste, and people are willing to make choices to reduce waste
4. Waste is being recycled and reused There is a market for the processed and sorted waste
5. Leftover waste is being disposed of in appropriate disposal sites
Activities Key InputsR&A Consultancy
EGP Consultancy
1.3 Implementation of a "green tax" R&A Consultancy
2.1 Public meeting with stakeholders
EGP Consultancy
2.3 Public awareness campaign
Clean-up team and drivers, trucks, bulldozers and diggers
2.5 Celebration Sound system, food and drinks, souveniers and invitations
2.6 Tree planting programme
Green Ambassadors, bins
3.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased R&A Consultancy
EGP Consultancy, training material, uniforms
3.4 Households trained in waste seperation Green Ambassadors, training material4.1 Securing land for "Green Centre" R&A Consultancy
EGP Consultancy, building material, construction
4.3 Training in vermicompost production EGP Consultancy, training material5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill R&A Consultancy, students from engineering college.5.2 Sanitary landfill is constructed Engineer, excavation, building material
Clean-up team and drivers, trucks.
Needs Assessment EGP Consultancy, R&A Coordination
Environmental and living conditions in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, have been improved
Establish a local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu
Solid waste collection is being conducted according to Government of India' Municipal Solid Waste (management and Handling) Rules 2000
A permanent staff member is managing solid waste from the beginning of establishment phase. All the positions in the management and operation of the waste management system are employed by municipality by the end of the establishment phase. Staff members have trained replacement and new staff in the operation of the system by the end of the monitoring phase. Green Tax is being collected.
Local government annual reports and minutes of meeting. 2nd evaluation report.
Open spaces are free of dumped waste at the end of the establishment phase, and again at handover
Photographs at evaluation phases and reports.
3. Waste from households, businesses, schools and markets is being seperated and house-to-house collection in place
All waste is being sorted at the source by the end of the establishment phase. Green ambassadors are collecting the waste from the households and bringing it to the Green Centre. The total amount of waste produced per capita has peaked and is stable or reducing by the handover.
Reports from Green Ambassadors and municipality officials. Photographs.
At handover all recycleables collected are being sorted and sold and vermicompost is produced from organic waste and sold
Sales reports from Green Centre. Number of kgs of compost produced and packaged, sales by volume of recycling (calculated on per capita basis). Photographs.
By the end of the establishment phase a sanitary landfill site is operating according to Government of India' Municipal Solid Waste (management and Handling) Rules 2000. At handover all non-recyclable waste is disposed of in the landfill.
Operating reports, photographs and annual report. Number of trips from Green Centre to landfill.
1.1 Meeting with Municipality Chairperson & Councillors
1.2 Consultancy workshops on bringing solid waste management services into compliance with the government's regulations.
Technical support, EGP Consultancy, sound system, fliers/handouts and invitations
2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the school curriculum
Street Performers, Green Ambassadors, EGP Consultancy, billboards, fliers, posters and advertising
2.4 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites, bringing the waste to new facilities for processing
Tree planting team and a consultant, trucks, purchasing trees and equipment.
3.1 Bins bought and installed in every household, business, school and market
3.3 20 Green Ambassadors from the local community employed and trained to do the waste collection
4.2 "Green Centre" (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost facility) is built and workers employed
5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.4) disposed of in the sanitary landfill
Page 23 of 31
Budget - ActivitiesActivity Cost (INR)1.1 Meeting with Town Panchayat Chairperson & Councillors 0
25600
3740001.4 Implementation of a "green tax" 0Result 1 total 3996002.1 Public meeting with stakeholders 19600
256002.3 Public awareness campaign 302002.3.1 Door to door campaigns (integrated with activities 3.1, 3.2) 175002.4 Celebration 210002.5 Tree planting programme 84000Result 2 total 197900
616003.2 Collecting carriers, tricycles, power tillers and tractors purchased 490000
690003.4 Households trained in waste seperation 16000Result 3 total 6366004.1 Securing land for "Green Centre" 0
9628004.3 Training in vermicompost production 17800Result 4 total 980600
5.1 Securing land for sanitary landfill (Municipality to bear costs of purchase)0
5.1.1 Environmental Impact Assement 05.2 Sanitary Landfill site is constructed 228500
0Result 5 total 228500Needs Assessment 256000R+A Coordination 2300000Monitoring 0Evaluation 25600Total 5024800
1.2 Consultancy workshops on bringing solid waste management services into compliance with the government's regulations1.3 Clean-up of nine major informal dumping sites, bringing the waste to new facilities for processing
2.2 A module on pollution and waste management introduced in the school curriculum
3.1 Bins bought and installed in every household, business, school and market
3.3 20 Green Ambassadors from the local community employed and trained to do the waste collection
4.2 "Green Centre" (Recycling centre, storage shed and vermicompost facility) is built
5.3 Leftover waste from the cleaning process (Activity 2.3) disposed of in the landfill
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
5. Expected sources of financing
The expected grant from The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) is INR5,024,800 and will cover the whole cost of the project
(infrastructure, training and establishment costs) excluding what the municipality of
Thirukkalukundram Taluk will contribute in staff, office and meeting spaces and the
cost of purchasing land for the landfill and Green Centre.
R&A Consultants
Illustration 5: Budget Categories
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Establishing a Local and Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pudupattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
ReferencesBhagat, R.B. Dynamics of Urban Population Growth by Size Class of Towns and
Cities in India in Demography India Vol. 33 No.1 2004 pp. 47-60
Census of India 2011 http://www.censusindiamaps.net/IndiaCensus/Map.htm
Exnora Green Pammal. Inspiring progress. Learning from Exnora Green Pammal’s
Solid Waste 2010
International Fund for Agricultural Development Rural Poverty Among Coastal
Fishers : Profile And Possible Interventions
Management Partnerships in Four Localities. Asia and the Pacific Division
Programme Management Department, 2003
FAO Poverty in Coastal Fishing Communities: A brief for FAOs Advisory
Committee on Fisheries Research (ACFR). In Report of the third Session of the
Advisory Committee on Fisheries Research, FAO Fisheries Report No. 639
FIPL/R639. 2001
Rodriguez Sudarshan Chapter 5 A preliminary socio-ecological review of post-
tsunami ecosystem-derived livelihoods and rehabilitation efforts in Community
Perceptions in Post-Tsunami Tamil Nadu, in Sudarshan Rodriguez, Shiny, M.P and
Gomathy Balasubramanian, United Nations India, United Nations Development
Programme and Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, 2008
Sharma Kalpana India's small towns – symbols of urban blight 2008
http://infochangeindia.org/Urban-India/Cityscapes/India-s-small-towns-%E2%80%93-
symbols-of-urban-blight.html accessed 25.07.11
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency
Response, May 2002. What is integrated solid waste management?.
Website: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/overview.pdf
R&A Consultants Page 26 of 31
Page 27 of 31
Pammal DAE townships Mangadu Pudupattinam Population 100000 30000 21250 22000Streets (no) 538 100Streets (length in km) 72 30No. Households 26000 5500 4250 4,400ave. household size (persons) 3.85 5.45 5 5
tricycles (no) 70 15Collecting carriers 3 2Power tiller 1 1Tractors 2 1
ave. total waste/day (kg) 21000 11000 3759 6600ave. waste/household/day (kg) 2 0.88 1.5ave. waste/capita/day (kg) 0.21 0.37 0.18 0.3
ave. total biogradeable/day (kg) 13170 6558 964 2310ave. biodegradeable/capita day (kg) 0.13 0.22 0.05 0.105
proportion of biodegradeable (%) 0.63 0.60 0.26 0.35
ave. total recyclables/day 3560 2723 327 1320ave.recycleables/capita/day (kg) 0.0356 0.09 0.02 0.06proportion of recycleables 0.17 0.25 0.09 0.2
ave compost produced/day (kg) 1100 678 262 346.5ave compost/capita/day (kg) 0.01proportion of compost/biodegradeables 0.08 0.10 0.27 0.15
ave waste to landfill/day (kg) 4181 1769 2468 1320ave waste to landfill/day (kg) 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.06
no. of Green Ambassadors 159 128 17 20GAs/household 0.01 0.02 0.004 0.004no. of supervisors 6 9 2 2
Supervisors/ household 0.00 0.00 0.00others employed 10 2 2total employed 165 147 21 24
residents/employee 606 204 1,012 900ave. cost/day (Rs) 13917 24267 2567 2640ave cost/capita/day (Rs) 0.14 0.81 0.12 0.12ave cost/house/day (Rs) 0.54 4.41 0.6 0.6
cost/house/month (Rs) 15.66 127.89 17.4 17.4
cost/t of waste/day (Rs) 494 4146 747
revenue from compost (Rs/day) 1000 283 92 173.25revenue/kg compost/day (Rs) 0.91 0.42 0.35 0.5revenue from recyclables (Rs/day) 3133 550 280 660revenue/kg recyclables/day (Rs) 0.88 0.20 0.86 0.5
fee/household/day (Rs) 0 0.76 0.09 0.09household cost/month (Rs) 2.64
revenue from user fees/day (Rs) 0 4167 400 400revenue from schools/day (Rs) 34
revenue from shops/day (Rs) 167
revenue total/day 4133 833 772 1434.25
daily revenue as percentage of cost 30% 3% 30% 54%
Grey cells = Assumptions
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Exnora Green Pammal
R+A
Kalpakkam Residents
Collectors and sorters
Schools
Wastepickers and dealers
DAE workers CSOs
T.N. State Govt.
Indian Govt.
Local and Integrated
ISWM Project
Kanchipuram Municipality
Businesses + industries
Media
Scientists and academics TUDarmstadt
Canal development
group
investors
IGCAR Nuclear Facility
NGOsFishing familiesThirukkalukundram
Taluk Office
Birds
Organic mass/plants
/micro-organisms
Coastal Biosphere
Fishes
chemicals
Organic mass/plants/
micro-organisms
economists
Estuary and river system
soil
foodmilitary
Potential oponents
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Environmental degradation in the area of Kalpakkam, India
Disposal of sewer waste in waterways
Disposal of unsorted solid waste in open
space by burning and dumping
Groundwater contamination
Dumping of industrial waste
Limited recycling
No solid waste collection
Low awareness of environment and waste
Low local Govt. capacity
Lack of appropriate infrastructure
Contaminated drinking and
washing water
Contamination of water bodies
Unhealthy fish
Poor health of community
decreased biodiversity
Less seafood
Lower fishing incomes
Visual and air pollution
Low use value
Pit latrines contaminating ground water
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Cleaner environment in the area of Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
Less sewer waste in
waterways
Integrated Solid Waste Management System
Cleaner groundwater
Better treatment of
industrial waste
more recycling
solid waste separation, collection
increased awareness of environment
Increased capacity of local government
more appropriate infrastructure
cleaner drinking and washing water
cleaner water bodies
healthy fish
improved health of community
increased biodiversity
more seafood
increased fishing incomes
Clean air and attractive open space
higher recreational value
Fewer unsealed pit
latrines
waste processed and sold
Improved livelihoods
IN
OUT
non-organic waste disposed of
appropriately
Less waste produced
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