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Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4 th edition. Margaret Schell Frazier Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski. Chapter 5 Diseases and Disorders of the Eye and Ear. Learning Objectives. Describe the processes of vision and hearing. Recall and define the four main refractive errors of vision. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Essentials of Human Diseases Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions and Conditions
44thth edition edition
Margaret Schell FrazierMargaret Schell Frazier
Jeanette Wist DrzymkowskiJeanette Wist Drzymkowski
Chapter 5Chapter 5Diseases and Disorders of the Eye and Diseases and Disorders of the Eye and
EarEar
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Describe the processes of vision and hearing.Describe the processes of vision and hearing. Recall and define the four main refractive Recall and define the four main refractive
errors of vision.errors of vision. Compare the pathology and etiology of Compare the pathology and etiology of
nystagmus and that of strabismus.nystagmus and that of strabismus. Explain the importance of early treatment of Explain the importance of early treatment of
glaucoma. glaucoma. Name the possible causes of conjunctivitis.Name the possible causes of conjunctivitis.
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Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
List the causes of cataracts.List the causes of cataracts. Explain the susceptibility of diabetics to Explain the susceptibility of diabetics to
diabetic retinopathy. diabetic retinopathy. Characterize the visual disturbance caused Characterize the visual disturbance caused
by macular degeneration.by macular degeneration. Explain why early diagnosis and treatment is Explain why early diagnosis and treatment is
important in retinal detachment.important in retinal detachment. Compare conductive hearing loss with Compare conductive hearing loss with
sensorineural hearing loss. sensorineural hearing loss.
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Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
List the symptoms of otitis externa.List the symptoms of otitis externa. Describe the treatment of otitis media.Describe the treatment of otitis media. Explain the signs and symptoms of Ménière Explain the signs and symptoms of Ménière
Disease.Disease. Discuss the importance of preventing Discuss the importance of preventing
sensorineural hearing loss.sensorineural hearing loss.
Chapter 5Chapter 5Lesson 5.1Lesson 5.1
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Functioning Organs of VisionFunctioning Organs of Vision
Vision requires:Vision requires: light stimuluslight stimulus relay of light/image to the retinarelay of light/image to the retina stimulation of rods and cones in the retinastimulation of rods and cones in the retina nerve impulses conducted to brainnerve impulses conducted to brain
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Normal EyeNormal Eye
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Signs and symptoms that need medical Signs and symptoms that need medical attention:attention: visual disturbances visual disturbances unequal pupils or sudden loss of visionunequal pupils or sudden loss of vision persistent pain persistent pain itching or burning in or around the eyesitching or burning in or around the eyes
Functioning Organs of Vision Functioning Organs of Vision (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Signs and symptoms that need medical Signs and symptoms that need medical attentionattention
swollen, red eyelidsswollen, red eyelids redness of the eyesredness of the eyes drainage or exudatedrainage or exudate lesions/soreslesions/sores involuntary eye movementsinvoluntary eye movements
Functioning Organs of Vision Functioning Organs of Vision (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Disorders of the EyeDisorders of the Eye
Refractive ErrorsRefractive Errors Hyperopia (Farsightedness)Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
light focused behind the retina, which impairs near visionlight focused behind the retina, which impairs near vision
Myopia (Nearsightedness)Myopia (Nearsightedness) light focused in front of the retina, which impairs far visionlight focused in front of the retina, which impairs far vision
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Refractive Errors Refractive Errors AstigmatismAstigmatism
• light focused unevenly onto the retina, which light focused unevenly onto the retina, which causes blurred areascauses blurred areas
PresbyopiaPresbyopia• eye cannot focus quickly to accommodate eye cannot focus quickly to accommodate
changes in distancechanges in distance
Disorders of the EyeDisorders of the Eye
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Disorders of the Eye Disorders of the Eye (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
NystagmusNystagmus involuntary, repetitive, rhythmic movements of one involuntary, repetitive, rhythmic movements of one
or both eyesor both eyes
StrabismusStrabismus failure of the eyes to look together in the same failure of the eyes to look together in the same
direction direction
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Disorders of the EyelidDisorders of the Eyelid
Eye lid disorders caused by inflammation, infection, Eye lid disorders caused by inflammation, infection, or other condition include:or other condition include: Hordeolum (stye)Hordeolum (stye) Chalazion (stye)Chalazion (stye) BlepharitisBlepharitis EntropionEntropion EctropionEctropion BlepharoptosisBlepharoptosis
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Disorders of the Eyelid Disorders of the Eyelid (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva in one or both inflammation of the conjunctiva in one or both
eyeseyes Mucous discharge from the eyeMucous discharge from the eye can be caused by viral or bacterial infectioncan be caused by viral or bacterial infection highly contagioushighly contagious commonly called “pink eye”commonly called “pink eye”
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CataractsCataracts cloudy area in the lenscloudy area in the lens opacity blocks light from reaching retinaopacity blocks light from reaching retina usually develop slowlyusually develop slowly gradual reduction of visiongradual reduction of vision
Disorders of the Globe of the EyeDisorders of the Globe of the Eye
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GlaucomaGlaucoma damage to the optic nerve caused by elevated damage to the optic nerve caused by elevated
intraocular pressureintraocular pressure open-angle vs. closed-angleopen-angle vs. closed-angle One of the major cause of blindnessOne of the major cause of blindness more common after age 60, but can occur at any more common after age 60, but can occur at any
ageage more common with nearsightednessmore common with nearsightedness
Disorders of the Globe of the Eye Disorders of the Globe of the Eye (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Macular DegenerationMacular Degeneration progressive deterioration in retinaprogressive deterioration in retina may start with mild distortion of central vision and may start with mild distortion of central vision and
progress to complete lossprogress to complete loss usually both eyes are affectedusually both eyes are affected leads to central vision blindnessleads to central vision blindness
Disorders of the Globe of the Eye Disorders of the Globe of the Eye (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Diabetic RetinopathyDiabetic Retinopathy caused by small hemorrhages and newly formed caused by small hemorrhages and newly formed
vessels in the retinavessels in the retina decreased visual claritydecreased visual clarity usually both eyes are affectedusually both eyes are affected major cause of blindnessmajor cause of blindness
Disorders of the Globe of the Eye Disorders of the Globe of the Eye (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Retinal DetachmentRetinal Detachment separation of the retina from the choroidseparation of the retina from the choroid usually sudden and painlessusually sudden and painless early symptoms are seeing light flashes and early symptoms are seeing light flashes and
floatersfloaters more common with nearsightednessmore common with nearsightedness results in blindness if untreatedresults in blindness if untreated
Disorders of the Globe of the Eye Disorders of the Globe of the Eye (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Other common conditions that can affect the Other common conditions that can affect the eye include:eye include: corneal abrasion or ulcercorneal abrasion or ulcer scleritisscleritis uveitisuveitis exophthalmosexophthalmos
Disorders of the Globe of the Eye Disorders of the Globe of the Eye (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Cancer of the EyeCancer of the Eye benign or malignant neoplasmsbenign or malignant neoplasms usually metastases from other primary cancerusually metastases from other primary cancer retinoblastoma is most common primary retinoblastoma is most common primary
malignancy of the eye in childrenmalignancy of the eye in children Ocular melanoma is the most common ocular Ocular melanoma is the most common ocular
tumor in adultstumor in adults
Disorders of the Globe of the Eye Disorders of the Globe of the Eye (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Chapter 5Chapter 5Lesson 5.2Lesson 5.2
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Functioning Organs of HearingFunctioning Organs of Hearing
Hearing requires:Hearing requires: vibratory or sound stimulusvibratory or sound stimulus relay of sound/vibration to inner earrelay of sound/vibration to inner ear stimulation of tiny hairs in cochleastimulation of tiny hairs in cochlea nerve impulses conducted to brainnerve impulses conducted to brain
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Normal EarNormal Ear
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Signs and symptoms that need medical Signs and symptoms that need medical attention:attention: hearing losshearing loss ear pain or pressureear pain or pressure ringing or buzzing noise (tinnitus)ringing or buzzing noise (tinnitus) vertigo or dizzinessvertigo or dizziness nausea and vomitingnausea and vomiting
Functioning Organs of Hearing Functioning Organs of Hearing (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Disorders of the EarDisorders of the Ear
Disorders of ConductionDisorders of Conduction impacted cerumenimpacted cerumen infective otitis externainfective otitis externa swimmer’s earswimmer’s ear otitis mediaotitis media otosclerosisotosclerosis
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Infective Otitis ExternaInfective Otitis Externa Inflammation of external ear canal with signs and Inflammation of external ear canal with signs and
symptoms of: symptoms of: • pain, often severepain, often severe
• red, swollen canal red, swollen canal
• fever fever
• itchingitching
• drainage, watery or purulentdrainage, watery or purulent
• hearing losshearing loss
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Otitis MediaOtitis Media Inflammation of the middle ear with signs and Inflammation of the middle ear with signs and
symptoms of:symptoms of:• feeling of fullness or pressure feeling of fullness or pressure
• impaired hearingimpaired hearing
• pain, often severepain, often severe
• drainage, watery or purulentdrainage, watery or purulent
• fever fever
• nausea and vomitingnausea and vomiting
• dizziness dizziness
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Otitis MediaOtitis Media Treatment includes:Treatment includes:
• analgesics for pain reliefanalgesics for pain relief
• decongestants to promote drainagedecongestants to promote drainage
• antibiotics (for suppurative otitis)antibiotics (for suppurative otitis)
• myringotomy: surgical removal of the fluid in severe myringotomy: surgical removal of the fluid in severe casescases
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Ménière DiseaseMénière Disease chronic disease of the inner earchronic disease of the inner ear syndrome includes: vertigo, tinnitus, progressive hearing syndrome includes: vertigo, tinnitus, progressive hearing
loss and sensation of pressureloss and sensation of pressure sudden onset of episodes (vertigo, tinnitus, etc.)sudden onset of episodes (vertigo, tinnitus, etc.) duration of hours to days duration of hours to days treatment is symptomatic relief, not curativetreatment is symptomatic relief, not curative
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
LabyrinthitisLabyrinthitis inflammation of labyrinth usually from viral or inflammation of labyrinth usually from viral or
bacterial infection; can result from meningitisbacterial infection; can result from meningitis ruptured tympanic membraneruptured tympanic membrane tear or injury resulting from pressure, untreated tear or injury resulting from pressure, untreated
middle ear infection, force or traumamiddle ear infection, force or trauma
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
CholesteatomaCholesteatoma cyst of infected skin cells within middle ear that cyst of infected skin cells within middle ear that
erodes the cavity and ossicleserodes the cavity and ossicles
MastoiditisMastoiditis inflammation of the mastoid bone from untreated inflammation of the mastoid bone from untreated
acute otitis media or associated with acute otitis media or associated with cholesteatomacholesteatoma
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Sensorineural Hearing LossSensorineural Hearing Loss nerve impulses not transmitted to the brain due to nerve impulses not transmitted to the brain due to
damage to the cochlea or auditory nervedamage to the cochlea or auditory nerve hearing loss can result from loud music, industrial hearing loss can result from loud music, industrial
noise, nearby explosion, medications, the aging noise, nearby explosion, medications, the aging process, and certain other causesprocess, and certain other causes
irreversible, so prevention is essentialirreversible, so prevention is essential
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A disorder of the vestibular systemA disorder of the vestibular system Symptoms include a spinning sensation, Symptoms include a spinning sensation,
nausea, vomiting, involuntary eye nausea, vomiting, involuntary eye movements, and unsteady gaitmovements, and unsteady gait
Medications and positional head exercises Medications and positional head exercises may help reduce symptomsmay help reduce symptoms
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)(BPPV)
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Disorders of the Ear Disorders of the Ear (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Cancer of the EarCancer of the Ear benign or malignant tumorsbenign or malignant tumors may originate from any part of the earmay originate from any part of the ear metastases from other primary cancermetastases from other primary cancer acoustic neuroma: a common tumor that acoustic neuroma: a common tumor that
surrounds eighth cranial nerve; usually benign, but surrounds eighth cranial nerve; usually benign, but may be recurrentmay be recurrent
