Essentials of Doctoral Research

7/26/2019 Essentials of Doctoral Research

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Prof. Dr. Lewlyn L. Raj Rodrigues,

B.E. (Mech.), MBA (HRM & Q), M.Tech. (Prodn. Engg.), Ph.D. (System Dynamics), !B" (A#stra$ia)

HOD, Department of Humanities & Management,

Former Professor, Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,

Former Additional Registrar, Manial !ni"ersity, Du#ai $amus,

MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLO!, Manipa"

ro#rigusr$gmai"%om' "%ro#rigues$manipa"%e#u

Essentials of DoctoralResearch
mailto:[email protected]/mailto:[email protected]/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]/


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Outline

1. What is Research?

2. Classifcation o Research

3. Steps in Research4. Importance o Hypothesis in

Research

4!1! 2


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1. What is Research?

Search for factsAnswers to questions

Solutions to problems

Purposive investigation

rgani!e" inquir#

$orrection of the misconceive" facts

See%ing to &n" e'planations to une'plaine"

phenomenon to clarif# "oubtful facts.

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%(')'*)

+Pure Research Research for the sake of knowledge e.g. Einsteins

theory of relativity, Newtons Laws

+Applied Research Putting theory to test

+Exploratory Research Generating new ideas, discovering variables,

and then, seeking relationshis between these variables.

+Descriptive Study !act finding and interretation

+Diagnostic Study !inding what is haening, why it is haening

and

what can be done about it

+Evaluation Studies "ssess or araise the #uality and #uantity of

an

activityand find attributes for success

2. Classification of Research

According to Intent


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(')'*)

ccording to Methods of 'tudy

+Experiental Research (tudying the effect of select variables by

keeing other variables constant or controlled e.g. studying the effect of

cutting seed on a secific 'etal using a articular 'achine and a tool.

+Analytical Study )eals with analysis on #uantitative data e.g.

testing

a hyotheses statistically. $n the above cited e&a'le, a hyothesis that

a articular tool roduces better results than the other in the secified

situation can be tested using statistical analysis.

+!istorical Research (tudy of ast records*infor'ation and

develo'ent of a syste' based on trend.

+Survey !act finding kind of study to investigate cause and effect

relationshi and 'aking scientific redictions, forecast etc.

2. Classification of Research


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Conduct Literarure Survey

Identify Approach

(Determine Area Of Investigation

)Start With The Broad Notion Of Discipline And OfThe aradigm !ou See As Suiting The "esearch

Choose Data CollectionInstruments#$ethods

Determine Data Types

%

(. Steps inResearch

!

*

+

Identify Where% When and Who Data Will Come from

O&tain 'thics Approval

Data Collection

-

)Analyse the Data and "eportthe (indings

/


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Step 1:Start With the Broad Notion

of Discipline and of the

Paradigmyou See as Suiting

The "esearch

ositivist or

ostpositivist

Interpretivist#

Constructivist

"ra#matic

Transformative

$

(. Steps inResearch


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%

Step )*Determine Area of Investigation

(. Steps inResearch


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4!1! &

Step +*

Identify Approach

(or ',ample* -istorical%

Descriptive% (eminist%

Developmental% Case study%

(ield Study% Correlation%Casual Comparative%

',perimental% .uasi

',perimental% Action

(. Steps inResearch


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Step /* Conduct

Literarure "evie0

Define the research terms

"evie0 the most advanced research

studies

Identify the "'S'A"C- 1A

ro&lem Statement and "esearch .uestion or Issue

1'

(. Steps inResearch


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Step 2* Determine

Data Types

.uantitative

.ualitative

$i,ture of .ualitative and

.uantitative

11

(. Steps inResearch


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Surveys

Tests

Interviews

ExperimentsDocuments

nalysis

!ocus"roups

#$servations

12

Step %:

&'oose Data &ollectionInstruments()et'ods

(. Steps inResearch


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"efining datacollection tools

Step *:

Identify Where%When and Who

Data Will

Come from

Developingtimeline

Determining0ho 0ill

collect data

Develop oridentify data

collection tools

Trailing datacollection tools

13

(. Steps inResearch


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Step +:

#$tain Et'ics

pproval

14

Type determined &y thetype of research

Where the data are

coming from

(. Steps inResearch


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Storage ,)anagement

#rganising ,Sorting

&oding ,Displaying

1(

Step -:

Data &ollection

(. Steps inResearch


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1!

T'ematicnalysis

Statistics

Dataanalysis maylead to

furt'er datacollection

Step 1.:

naly/e t'e data

(. Steps inResearch


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+yo'eans tentative or subect to verification.-hesis'eans state'ent about solution to roble'.

Theodorson

/" hyothesis is a tentative state'entasserting a relationshi

between certain facts0

Black and Champion

/a tentative state'entabout so'ething, the validityof which isusually unknown0

In general

/$t is a rediction of relationshi to be scientifically tested.0

Meaning of 0yothesis

Wor)shop on Research*etho+olo#y,e-lyn ,.RaRo+ri#ues

". Iportance of !ypothesis in Research


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Stan#ar#s to e met in formu"ating a -.pot-esis /

It s-ou"# e empiria"".testa"e, 0-et-er it is rig-t or 0rong

It s-ou"# e speifian# preise

T-e statement in t-e -.pot-esis s-ou"# noteontra#itor.

It s-ou"# speif. 1aria"eset0een 0-i- t-e re"ations-ip is

to e esta"is-e#

It s-ou"# #esrie on". oneissue%

$riteria for 0yothesis Formulation

Wor)shop on Research *etho+olo#y ,e-lyn ,. Ra Ro+ri#ues



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#heory $uildingProcess

#heory

!ypoth

esis

%&servations

E

piric

al

'ener

ali(a

tions

1&

Role of 0yothesis

Soure2 T-e Logi of Siene in Soio"og., A"#ine3At-erton, *45*



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1riting a Research 0yothesis

$onsider the following 2eneral E3amle

Sl.)o.

*#pothesis

1 Stu+ent -ho recei/e counsellin# sho- #reaterperormance

2 Stu+ent -ho recei/e counsellin# impro/e theirperormance

3 Stu+ent -ho recei/e counsellin# perorm 0etterthan those -ho are casual a0out counsellin#

4 Stu+ent perormance +epen+s upon the )in+ ocounsellin# they recei/e

( o. o hours o counsellin# recei/e+ has animpact on perormance

! Class o counsellin 5 C 6 7 +eci+es theWor)shop on Research *etho+olo#y ,e-lyn ,. Ra Ro+ri#ues



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$onsider the following 0yotheses 4 Engineering

Sl.)o.

*#pothesis

1

*aterial -hich recei/es heat treatment sho-s #reater

perormance

2*aterial -hich recei/es heat treatment impro/es its

perormance

3

*aterial -hich recei/es heat treatment sho-s #reater

perormance than that o an untreate+ material

4*aterial perormance +epen+s upon the heat treatment it

recei/es

(o. o hours o heat treatment recei/e+ has an impact on

perormance o the materialWor)shop on Research *etho+olo#y ,e-lyn ,. Ra Ro+ri#ues



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Wor)shop on Research*etho+olo#y,e-lyn ,.RaRo+ri#ues

Sl.)o.

*#pothesis

1 Stu+ent -ho recei/ecounsellin# sho- #reater

perormance2 Stu+ent -ho recei/e

counsellin# impro/e theirperormance

3 Stu+ent -ho recei/ecounsellin# perorm 0etterthan those -ho are casuala0out counsellin#

4 Stu+ent perormance+epen+s upon the )in+ ocounsellin# they recei/e

( o. o hours o counsellin#recei/e+ has an im act on

Emphasis

;reater perormancesay C;"


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). Dr Ranjit 5umar, Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, SAE, 6778%

(. 2eoffrey R. Marc6y7, Da"id DeMatteo & Da"id Festinger, Essentials of Research Design and

Methodology,9o-n :i"e. & Sons, 677(%

+. 8ohn 1. $reswel, Research Design: Qualitatie, Quantitatie, and Mi!ed Methods Approaches,

SAE, 67*(%

%. 'uresh $. 'inha and Anil 5. Dhiman, Research Methodology "# $ols-Set%,;e#am