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Essential Question
• What were the causes of World War I?
The U.S. and World War I
The Balkans
• Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, and Slovenes pushed for independence
• Called themselves the Yugoslavs
The Assassination
• June 1914
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife visited the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo
The Assassination
• Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian revolutionary, shot the couple in their car
Beginning of World War I
• July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• Russia mobilized to support the Serbs
Beginning of World War I
• August 1 – Germany declared war on Russia, then France
• France supported Russia
Allies
• England
• France
• Russia
• Italy (after 1915)
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
A Bloody Conflict
Western Front
• Network of trenches (2500 miles)
• Space between opposing trenches was known as “the no man’s land”
Trench Warfare
• Troops used modern rifles and the rapid-fire machine gun
Poison Gas
• First used by the Germans in 1915
• Fumes cause vomiting, blindness, suffocation
Tanks
• Introduced by the British in 1916
• Slow, easy to destroy
• Rolled over barbed wire and trenches
Airplanes
• First use of airplanes in combat
• Observation
• Small bombs, machine guns for dogfights
U.S. Response
• Wilson tried to keep the U.S. neutral
• “We must be impartial in thought as well as in action.”
German U-Boats
• German subs used to get around British blockades
• 1915 – announced they would sink any boat in British waters
Lusitania• May 7, 1915 – British
passenger liner
• Sunk by the Germans
• 1200 passengers, 128 Americans killed
Sussex Pledge
• Germany promised to sink no more merchant ships
Zimmerman Telegram
• British intelligence intercepted the message
• Contents leaked to the press
Zimmerman Telegram
• January 1917
• In a telegram, Germany proposed that if Mexico became an ally, Germany would help the country regain lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona
German U-Boats
• Feb. 1, 1917
• Resumed unrestricted submarine warfare
• Sank six American merchant ships
U.S. Declares War
• April 2, 1917
• Wilson asked Congress for a special declaration of war
Wilson before Congress
“It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war . . . But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest to our hearts – for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations.”
The Home Front
Selective Service
• Conscription = forced military service
• Required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft
Food Administration
• Run by Herbert Hoover
• Responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption
Fuel Administration
• Introduction of Daylight Savings Time
• Manage nation’s coal and oil use to conserve energy