Essential QuestionEssential Question

►What was the impact of What was the impact of southern Reconstruction?southern Reconstruction?

ReconstructiReconstructionon

State of the SouthState of the South

Questions of ReconstructionQuestions of Reconstruction

►How to rebuild the How to rebuild the South after the South after the Civil War?Civil War?

►How to readmit How to readmit the Confederate the Confederate states to the states to the Union?Union?

Lincoln’s Ten Percent PlanLincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

►Offer amnesty (pardon) to those Offer amnesty (pardon) to those willing to take a loyalty oath to willing to take a loyalty oath to the United Statesthe United States

►10 percent of the population must 10 percent of the population must take the oath = readmission as a take the oath = readmission as a statestate

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson

►DemocratDemocrat

►From TennesseeFrom Tennessee

►Remained loyal to Remained loyal to the Union when the Union when TN secededTN seceded

Johnson’s Reconstruction Johnson’s Reconstruction PlanPlan

►Pardon all Pardon all southerners who southerners who take an oath of take an oath of loyalty to the Unionloyalty to the Union

►Former Former Confederate states Confederate states could set up state could set up state governmentsgovernments

Johnson’ Reconstruction PlanJohnson’ Reconstruction Plan

►Each state Each state needed to revoke needed to revoke secession, ratify secession, ratify the 13the 13thth amendmentamendment

Black CodesBlack Codes

►Southern laws Southern laws which limited which limited African American African American rights in the Southrights in the South

► Intended to keep Intended to keep African Americans African Americans in a condition of in a condition of slaveryslavery

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

►Opposed Johnson’s Opposed Johnson’s planplan

►Led by Thaddeus Led by Thaddeus StevensStevens

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment

► June 1866June 1866

►Granted Granted citizenship to all citizenship to all persons born or persons born or naturalized in naturalized in the United the United StatesStates

Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act

► Passed by Passed by CongressCongress

►Divided the Divided the South in five South in five military districtsmilitary districts

► Union general Union general was in charge of was in charge of each districteach district

Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act

►New state New state constitutionsconstitutions

►Right to vote for Right to vote for all malesall males

►Must ratify the Must ratify the 1414thth amendment amendment

Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment

► March 1870March 1870

►Right to vote Right to vote cannot be denied cannot be denied “on account of “on account of race, color, or race, color, or previous previous condition of condition of servitude”servitude”

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

►Need for food Need for food and shelter for and shelter for freed slavesfreed slaves

►Many settled Many settled on plantation on plantation landslands

Freedmen’s Freedmen’s BureauBureau

►Task of feeding Task of feeding and clothing and clothing former slavesformer slaves

►Find work for themFind work for them

►Negotiate labor Negotiate labor contractscontracts

►Began educationBegan education

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

Impeachment of JohnsonImpeachment of Johnson

► Johnson Johnson vetoed every vetoed every policy from policy from CongressCongress

►Congress Congress overrode his overrode his vetoesvetoes

Impeachment of Johnson (1868)Impeachment of Johnson (1868)

► House of House of Representatives Representatives voted for his voted for his impeachmentimpeachment

► Senate put Johnson Senate put Johnson on trialon trial

► Final vote – one vote Final vote – one vote shy of removing him shy of removing him from officefrom office

SharecroppinSharecroppingg

►New system for New system for agricultureagriculture

►Tenant farmers Tenant farmers paid rent with a paid rent with a share of their share of their cropscrops

SharecroppinSharecroppingg

►Landlords – Landlords – landowners who landowners who control control sharecropperssharecroppers

►Crop liens – Crop liens – crops taken to crops taken to cover debtscover debts

SharecroppingSharecropping

►Sharecroppers Sharecroppers became trapped became trapped because because farmers could farmers could not pay their not pay their debtsdebts

►Debt peonageDebt peonage

Republican Republican RuleRule

Republicans in the SouthRepublicans in the South

► By 1870, all former By 1870, all former Confederate states Confederate states had joined the Unionhad joined the Union

► Republicans held Republicans held political powerpolitical power

► Included freed Included freed slaves, northerners, slaves, northerners, poor whitespoor whites

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

►Northerners Northerners moving into the moving into the SouthSouth

►Became involved Became involved in politicsin politics

ScalawagsScalawags

►White White southerners who southerners who worked with worked with Republicans and Republicans and supported supported ReconstructionReconstruction

African AmericansAfrican Americans

► First led by the First led by the educatededucated

►Many who lived in Many who lived in the North and had the North and had fought for the Union fought for the Union armyarmy

► Became involved in Became involved in politicspolitics

Southern ResistanceSouthern Resistance

►Against political Against political power in the power in the hands of African hands of African AmericansAmericans

►Against Against Republicans Republicans leading southern leading southern politicspolitics

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

►Started in 1866 Started in 1866 by Nathaniel by Nathaniel Bedford ForrestBedford Forrest

►Secret societySecret society

►Mostly former Mostly former Confederate Confederate soldierssoldiers

Goals of the KKKGoals of the KKK

►Drive out Drive out carpetbaggerscarpetbaggers

►Regain control of Regain control of the South for the the South for the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

►Use terrorUse terror

Tactics of the KKKTactics of the KKK

► Broke up Republican Broke up Republican meetingsmeetings

► Harassed Freedmen’s Harassed Freedmen’s Bureau workersBureau workers

► Burned homes, Burned homes, churches, schoolschurches, schools

► Kept Republicans Kept Republicans (white and black) from (white and black) from votingvoting

Letter to the U.S. SenateLetter to the U.S. Senate

““We believe you are not familiar with We believe you are not familiar with the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s riding nightly over the country, going riding nightly over the country, going from county to county, and in the from county to county, and in the county towns spreading terror county towns spreading terror wherever they go by robbing, wherever they go by robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing our whipping, ravishing, and killing our people without provocation . . . We people without provocation . . . We pray you will take some steps to pray you will take some steps to remedy these evils.”remedy these evils.”

Ku Klux Klan ActKu Klux Klan Act

►Passed by Passed by Congress in 1871Congress in 1871

►Outlawed Outlawed activities of the activities of the KlanKlan

►Federal arrestsFederal arrests

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

►1876 – presidential 1876 – presidential electionelection

►Republican – Republican – Rutherford B. Rutherford B. HayesHayes

►Democrat – Samuel Democrat – Samuel TildenTilden

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

► Election results Election results disputed in three disputed in three southern statessouthern states

► Results decided by Results decided by CongressCongress

► Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes won with the won with the support of southern support of southern DemocratsDemocrats

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction

► April 1877April 1877

►Hayes pulled federal Hayes pulled federal troops out of the troops out of the SouthSouth

► Southern Democrats Southern Democrats took control of all took control of all state legislaturesstate legislatures

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

►Southern states Southern states create laws to create laws to segregate public segregate public spacespace