Essential question What are the structures of the respiratory system? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2

2.05 Remember the structures of the

respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Essential question

What are the structures of the respiratory system?

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2

What does the Respiratory System do?

Obtains oxygen for use by the millions of body cells and eliminates carbon

dioxide and water that is produced in cellular respiration.

Oxygen and nutrients stored in the cells combine to produce heat and

energy. Oxygen must be in constant supply for

the body to survive2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory

system 3

Structures

Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Bronchi and Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Mediastinum


Structures of the respiratory system

Upper Respiratory System

› Nose› Sinuses› Pharynx› Epiglottis› Larynx

Lower Respiratory System

› Trachea› Lungs


Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

Starts with the Nose


Air enters respiratory

system through two oval

openings in the nose called nostrils or

anterior nares. Then enters the

nasal cavity.


Nasal Cavity

• Space behind the nose• Olfactory region• Respiratory region

• Divided into right and left chambers by the nasal septum


Turbinates – three nasal conchae bones protruding into nasal cavity. Increase surface area causing turbulence in the flowing air; causes air to move in multiple directions before exiting nasal cavity.

Cilia – nose hairs. Entrap and prevent entry of large dirt particles.

Air is moistened by mucus and warmed by blood while in nasal cavity.



Sinuses - Cavities in the skull.

› Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity

› Cavities of the skull filled with air in and around the nasal region.

› Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air

› Provide resonance to the voice


Frontal sinuses – above eyes

Ethmoid sinuses – between eyes

Sphenoid sinuses – over nose

Maxillary sinuses – over cheeks


Air leaves nasal cavity and goes into the Pharynx also known as the throat



Pharynx › Throat

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

› About 5” long



Epiglottis

At rest is upright and allows air to pass through the larynx and then the lungs.

A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed




Larynx or voice box Triangular chamber below

pharynx Within the larynx are vocal

cords, the glottis Walls composed of

fibrocartilagious plates Also called the Adam’s Apple Air is expelled, passes vocal

cords, causes vibration, creates sound. Action of lips and tongue on sound produce speech.


Lower Respiratory

System


Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Trachea or windpipe› Approximately 4 ½” long› Extends from larynx, passes in

front of esophagus, and continues to form the two bronchi.

› The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

› Lined with mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium


Structures of the Lower Respiratory System › At the lower end of trachea it

divides into right and left bronchus.

› As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.

› At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli.



› Bronchi Ciliated mucous

membrane and hyaline cartilage

› Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates

› Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth

muscle Lined with ciliated

epithelium



Alveoli› Composed of a single

layer of epithelial tissue› Contain surfactant

(stabilize alveoli preventing collapse)

› Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries

› Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide exchange occurs



The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity Apex (upper part, beneath collar bone) Base ( broad lower part)

Fit snugly over diaphragm.Lung tissue is porous and spongy.

Right lung Larger and shorter than the left lungDisplaced by the liver 3 lobes ( divided by fissures /clefts)

Left lungSmaller than the right sideDisplaced by the heart 2 lobes



Pleura

› Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs

› Each lung enclosed in double-walled sac› Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural

fluid› Two pleural membranes: Pulmonary or

visceral, covers the lungs and dips between the lobes. Parietal Pleura covers the thoracic cavity and upper surface of the diaphragm.

› Pleural fluid: fluid in pleural cavity to prevent friction between the pleural membranes.



Mediastinum› A septum or cavity between

two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its

large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue

› Also called the interpleural space

› Separates the lungs› Contains the thoracic viscera



Diaphragm from the muscular system!


Let’s review the structures of the respiratory system …


2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Essential question

What are the structures of the respiratory system?


2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system


Essential questions

What are the functions of the respiratory system? What are some disorders of the respiratory

system? How are disorders of the respiratory system

treated? What is the importance of the respiratory system

as it relates to immunity? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to

the respiratory system?

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system 29

Functions of the Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory System› Nose› Sinuses› Pharynx› Epiglottis› Larynx

Lower Respiratory System› Trachea› Lungs


Discuss the Functions of the Upper Respiratory System Structures

Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea


Discuss the Functions of the Lower Respiratory System Structures

Trachea› Bronchi › Bronchial tubes › Bronchioles› Alveoli

Lungs› Pleura› Mediastinum

› Diaphragm


Breathing

Discuss the process of breathing. External respiration

Internal respiration


Inhalation

Exhalation

RESPIRATION External Respiration

› Known as breathing or ventilation

› Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs, body, and outside environment.

› Consists of 1 inspiration and 1 expiration

Internal Respiration› Exchange of CO2 and

O2 between cells and lymph.

› Also oxidative process of energy in the cells.


Cellular Respiration or Oxidation

Involves the use of oxygen to release energy stored in nutrient molecules such as glucose.

This reaction occurs in cells.


Breathing1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration

How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?


Breathing

Average rate is 14-20 breaths per minutes Rate increases with exercises (muscular activity), increased body temperature, and

certain diseases. Changes with age

Emotions can change rate through the hypothalamus and pons


Inspiration/ Inhalation

Two groups of intercostal muscles: external and internal.

During Inspiration external lift ribs upward and outward; increases volume of thoracic

cavity. Diaphragm contracts


Exhalation/ Expiration

Is a passive process All intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

Space in thoracic cavity decreases


Lungs are extremely elastic. Able to change capacity as the size of the

thoracic cavity is altered.This ability is known as COMPLIANCE.

Lose this ability when lung tissue becomes diseased and/ or fibrotic.


Respiratory Movements

Compare respiratory movements.

Coughing

Hiccups

Sneezing

Yawning

Why do they occur?



Coughing

› A deep breath is taken followed by a forceful exhalation from the mouth to clear the lower respiratory tract.

Hiccoughs (hiccups)

› Caused by a spasm of the diaphragm and a spasmodic closure of the glottis. Believed to be the result of an irritation to the diaphragm or the phrenic nerve.



Sneezing

› Occurs like a cough except air is forced through the nose to clear the upper respiratory tract

Yawning

› Deep, prolonged breath that fills the lungs; believed to be caused by the need to increase the oxygen in the blood.


Control of breathing

Neural Factors› Explain the role of the

Medulla Oblongata

› What does the Phrenic Nerve do?


Medulla Oblongata

Neural Factor Where respiratory center is located Subdivided into 2 centers: regulate

inspiration, regulate expiration

One group of nerves: Phrenic Nerves Leads the diaphragm and intercostal muscles


Control of breathing

Chemical Factors› What are the chemical

factors involved in breathing?


Chemical factors

Dependent upon level of carbon dioxide in blood

Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid arteries and the aorta. These receptors are

sensitive to levels of oxygen in blood

Respiratory center can be affect4ed by drugs.


Lung capacity and volume

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)


Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity

Residual volume

Functional residual capacity



Total lung capacity› Tidal volume› Inspiratory reserve› Expiratory reserve› Residual air


Sample


Spirometer – measures the volume and flow of air during inspiration and expiration.

Tidal Volume – amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath. ( normal is 500 ml)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) – amount of air you can force a person to take in over and above the tidal volume. ( 2,100 – 3,000 ml)2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 51

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) – amount of air you can force a person to exhale over and above tidal volume. (1,000 ml)

Vital lung capacity – amount of air involved with tidal volume, IRV, and ERV. (4,500 ml)

Residual volume – amount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. Allows for continuous exchange of gases between breaths. (1,500 ml)

Functional residual capacity – sum of ERV plus the residual volume. (2,500 ml)

Total lung capacity – includes tidal volume, IRV, ERV, and residual air. (6,000 ml)2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 52

Types of breathing

Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation


Respiratory disord

ers


Infectious Causes of Respiratory

Diseases


Respiratory disorders

COMMON COLD › What is it? What causes it?› Hand-washing – best

preventative measure


• Usually caused by a virus.

• Responsible for greatest loss of production hours

• Spreads quickly• Lowers body resistance,

making it subject to other infections

• Direct cause = virus• Indirect causes =

fatigue and lack of proper nutrition.

Pharyngitis

Red, inflamed throat Caused by viruses or bacteria Also occurs from irritants such as smoking

and too much speaking

Characterized by painful swallowing and extreme dryness of the throat


Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx or voice box.

Often secondary to other resp. infections.

Often recognized by hoarseness of voice


Sinusitis Infection of the

mucous membranes which line the sinus cavities.

Symptoms: pain and nasal discharge.

Can be one or multiple sinus cavities.


Bronchitis

60

Can be acute or chronic Inflammation of the mucous membranes

of the trachea and bronchial tubes; causes excessive production of mucous.

Often follows infections of the Upper respiratory system.

Acute: caused by inflammation from the nasopharynx or inhalation of irritating vapors. This condition characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and rales ( raspy sound in lungs).

Chronic: occurs in middle or old age. Cigarette smoke most common cause. Symptoms include severe and persistent cough and large amounts of discolored sputum. Cough must last 3 months and have occurred for 2 consecutive years to be considered chronic. The patient MUST stop smoking.

Influenza “the Flu" Viral infection

characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory system.

Accompanied by fever, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion, and mucopurulent discharge.

Complications: neuritis. Pneumonia, otitis media, pleurisy.


Pneumonia


Pneumonia

Infection of the lung Can be caused by virus or bacteria Alveoli become filled with thick fluid

called exudate. Exudate contains pus and RBC’s Symptoms: fever, chills, chest pain,

and dyspnea Treatment: oxygen and antibiotics


Tuberculosis


Tuberculosis “TB”

Infectious disease of the lung caused by the tubercle bacillus – Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Lungs are the most affect by TB. Also affects kidneys, bones, and lymphs.

Symptoms: cough, night sweats, low grade fever in the afternoon, and weight loss.

Diagnostic test: Mantoux test; positive followed by a x-ray and sputum sample.2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 65

Diptheria

Very infectious disease Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae

bacterium Part of childhood immunizations


Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Characterized by severe coughing attacks that end in whooping sound and dyspnea.

About 4,000 cases per year Attacks about 50 million children

worldwide yearly What Whooping Cough Sounds Like.

- YouTube


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIV460AQUWk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIV460AQUWk

Anthrax

Disease causing organism that can create a potential health hazard.

Bacterium: Bacillus anthracis Inactive spores reside in soil Spores are invisible, odorless, and

tasteless Amount to make a person ill = smaller

than a speck of dust


Anthrax Three forms

› Cutaneous – enter a cut and cause a local infection

› Intestinal – ingested and can cause diarrhea and vomiting of blood

› Inhalation – Most deadly form. If inhaled spores convert to active bacillus and infect lungs. Initial symptoms resemble a mild cold then

progresses with high fever and pneumonia. Once infection spreads, 90% fatal.

Vaccine is available but limited



Non Infectious Causes of

Respiratory Diseases


Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes causing swelling and increased secretions.

Two forms: allergic and acute


Asthma

What is asthma?

Airway becomes obstructed related to an inflammatory response to a stimuli.

Can be an allergen or psychological stress response.

About 5% of Americans have Asthma

Symptoms: dyspnea, difficulty in exhaling, wheezing, and chest tightness.

Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs and inhaled bronchodilator as supplemental therapy.2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 73

Atelectasis Condition in which the lungs

fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion.

Common post-op


Bronchiectasis

Dilation of a bronchus caused by inflammation, accompanied by heavy pus secretion.


Asbestosis

Disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.

Can result in scar tissue inside the lung.

Asbestos was used in construction materials prior to 1975.

Symptoms: Shortness of breath on exertion, cough, chest tightness, and chest pain.

Treatment: supportive of symptoms to remove secretions, medications to thin secretions, and oxygen


Silicosis

Caused by breathing dust containing silicon dioxide

Lungs become fibrosed

Also called chalicosis, lithosis, miner’s asthma, or miner’s disease


Nasal polyps

Growth that sometimes occur in the sinus cavity and cause an obstruction of the air pathway.


Respiratory disorders Chronic obstructive pulmonary

disorder› Emphysema› Chronic Bronchitis› Chronic Lung Dx’s


Emphysema

› Alveoli become over dilated, lose their elasticity, and cannot rebound.

› Alveoli may eventually rupture.

› Goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms and minimize need for oxygen


Pulmonary Embolism

Occurs when a blood clot travel to the lung.

May occur after surgery or bed rest

Symptoms: Sudden sever chest pain and dyspnea

Diagnosis confirmed by lung scan


SIDS- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Also known as crib death Occurs between 2 weeks and 1 year Infant stops breathing during sleep

Unknown cause


Pneumothorax A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from

the lung and fills up the space outside of the lung, inside the chest. It may be caused by a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures.

In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without any cause. This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. A small area in the lung that is filled with air (bleb) can break open, sending air into the space around the lung.

Tall, thin people and smokers are more likely to have a collapsed lung.

The following lung diseases also increase your risk for a collapsed lung:

•Asthma

•COPD

•Cystic fibrosis

•Tuberculosis

•Whooping cough


A large pneumothorax is treated by inserting a syringe or a tube into the pleural cavity to aspirate air, which helps the collapsed lung to expand.


Hemothorax


Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system The respiratory

system plays a vital role in homeostasis› Discuss the

relevance to your health.

› What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients?



Essential questions

What are the functions of the respiratory system? What are some disorders of the respiratory

system? How are disorders of the respiratory system

treated? What is the importance of the respiratory system

as it relates to immunity? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to

the respiratory system?


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Essential question What are the structures of the respiratory system? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2