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■Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–How was 1763 (the year the French and Indian War ended) a “turning point” in the relationship between England & her American colonies?
French & English Mercantilist Wars
French & English Colonial Wars■The introduction of new English
mercantilist policies changed its economic & military attitude towards the colonies:–England increased protective
tariffs & trade regulations so the colonies worked for motherland
–If that failed, go to war with economic rivals & get the colonists to fight too
These regulations began with the Navigation Acts in 1660
The French & Indian War changed EVERYTHING between
England & the colonies
New mercantilist policies after the French & Indian War led to colonial
resentment & the American Revolution
French & English Colonial Wars■A series of European conflicts
involving England & France spilled over into colonial North America:–King William’s War (1689-1697)–Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)–King George's War (1743-1748)
■These wars were based on mercantilist competition & had little political significance, but…
…these wars led to a land frenzy in the 1750s, among French & British colonists
Territorial disputes along the Ohio River sparked the French & Indian War
Westward Expansion &
Land Conflicts, 1750-1775
Turning Point: 1754■1754 proved to be a turning point
in American colonial history■In 1754, English officials &
colonists met to discuss Iroquois problems at the Albany Congress–Benjamin Franklin proposed the
Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army
–The plan was vetoed by colonial assemblies & Parliament
This would give the colonists too much power
The plan was too expensive & would limit each colony’s power to control its own actions
Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of UnionAmericaAmerica’’s 1s 1stst political cartoon political cartoon
Turning Point: 1754In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim
Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be
the beginning of the French & Indian War
French & Indian War
The French & Indian War■The war went bad for England
from 1756 to 1758 ■In 1757, Prime Minister William
Pitt took command of the military: –Used well-qualified generals–Had a “blank check” to fund the
war in America, India, & Europe–In 1758, the tide of the war
turned; England won by 1760
By 1761, By 1761, Spain Spain
became an became an ally of ally of FranceFrance
1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England
1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England
Treaty of Paris■France—lost Canada, most of its
empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
■Spain—got all French lands west of the Miss. River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England
■England—gained all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade, & total control of India
North America
after 1763
America in 17501750 America in 17631763
How was 1763 a“turning point”
in the British-colonial relationship?
Perceptions of the War■Colonial viewsColonial views:
–Colonies could be very strong when they worked together
–Newly gained frontier presented opportunities for wealth & land
–Colonists learned how to fight■English viewsEnglish views:
–Americans were slow to organize & balked at helping raise money even to protect their own lands
British-American TensionsBritish-American TensionsColonialsColonials BritishBritish
Fighting Fighting MethodsMethods
Indian-style Indian-style guerilla guerilla attacksattacks
Marching in Marching in formationformation
Military Military OrganizationOrganization
Militias led Militias led by captainsby captains
British officers British officers in charge of in charge of
colonialscolonials
FinancesFinances Resistant to Resistant to rising taxes rising taxes
Colonists should Colonists should help pay for their help pay for their
own defenseown defense
Effects of the War on Britain?■The war increased England’s
colonial empire in North America■But, the Pitt’s “blank check”
greatly enlarged England’s debt■Britain’s contempt for the
colonials created bitter feelings
■As a result, English leaders felt that a major reorganization of its American empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on Americans?■The 1760s were an affluent &
optimistic “post-war” period:
–The French & Indian War united the colonists against a common enemy for the 1st time
–Most colonists considered themselves proud members of England’s empire with little (if any) thought of independence
Eroding Bonds of the Empire
Parliamentary Sovereignty ■In 1760, George III became king
& began a new colonial attitude: Parliamentary SovereigntyParliamentary Sovereignty
–English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes
–The colonists tried to reserve the colonial authority for their own legislatures
“No Taxation Without Representation”
■The colonists assumed that their assemblies were quasi-equal to Parliament because they had no Parliamentary representatives
■British officials countered with “virtual representationvirtual representation” argument
■The colonists insisted that only their colonial assemblies could tax Americans
Parliament represents ALL British citizens no matter where they live
Two Theories of Representation
■What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?
■How could the colonies accept the decisions of Parliament when they did not have representation in that governmental body?
AbsoluteAbsolute??
OR OR Limited?Limited?
Eroding the Bonds of Empire■After the Seven Years War,
everyone expected George to remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat)
■But…this large, expensive army was not removed –British citizens were not happy
because they had to pay for it–Colonists doubted the army’s
ability to defend against Indians
Pontiac’s War■Backcountry natives banded
together to repel white frontier settlers during PontiacPontiac’’s Wars War:–Indian successes exposed the
British army’s weakness–Attacks revealed desperation of
Native Americans after the withdrawal of their French allies
–Colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton Boys in PA)
English colonists flooded across the Appalachian Mountains:
“There’s all this land & no French!!”
Fort DetroitPontiac’s Rebellion, 1763
■ Chief Pontiac led the Ottawa & other tribes against colonists due to:–The flood of colonists into Ohio Country –British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt
Retaliatory attacks by frontier colonists (like the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania) were common
The Proclamation of 1763■In response to Pontiac’s War, the
British government established the Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763:–This law forbade colonists from
settling across the Appalachian Mountains (for their own protection)
–Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to their “legitimate economic development”
North North AmericAmeric
a in a in 17631763
North North AmericAmeric
a in a in 17631763
New Political Ideas■The introduction of Parliamentary
sovereignty contradicted England’s original policy of salutary neglect–The influx of new political ideas of
the European Enlightenment began to impact colonial thought (especially those of John Locke)
–While no colonists were thinking of independence by 1763, many became committed to “natural rights” & opposed to “tyranny”
All gov’ts are susceptible to corruption, tyranny, & intrusion upon citizens’ liberty
“Virtuous” citizens must fight tyranny
Conclusions:Rule Britannia?
Rule Britannia? ■Despite the mounting tensions
between the English government & American colonists by 1763, most Americans were loyal “brothers” to England due to:–a shared British culture–dependence upon British
consumer goods–shared nationalism after British
military victories against France