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8/3/2019 Essays for AP World History
1/6
Danielle Lone 1
Chapter One
Look at the picture of the pottery on page 27. What role did pottery play in human development?
Why would it be in the shape of a deer?
Pottery became useful when agriculture came about. The reason for this is
because when agriculture came about societies, for the first time, had surpluses of food. Pottery
was also used, not just as an everyday utensil, but also as a way of artistic expression. It was the
hedithic villagers that discovered this trade in about 7000 b.c.e. As far as the designs made in
pottery go, the villagers often designed their pottery for many different reasons. For example,
when it comes to the picture on page twenty-seven that specific pot could have been in the shape
of a deer to represent a god or goddess they worshipped in hope of them having good harvest. Or
they could have designed a deer on it just for their enjoyment. Pottery also came about when
social classes were becoming apparent in the modern societies. One of the ways social classes
were defined between one another was by the amount and the quality of the decorations,
including pottery, in ones home. Therefore the pottery a person had in his/her home was much
more than just a utensil they used in their house, it was a part of how they were looked at and
judged in their society.
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Danielle Lone 2
Ch 2
Look at the illustration of cuneiform on page 47. Why was writing such an important invention?
How did it change the world?
Writing was such an important invention because it gave people a way to
communicate with one another as well as a way to record information of the time. The invention
of writing started the era of history, as opposed to prehistory where information being made at
the time wasnt able to be recorded. Writing changed the world in countless ways. In the
beginnings of writing , writing lead scholars to explore further into astronomy which eventually
lead to helping them makes accurate calendars. This meant that people were able to farm their
crops better, leading to surplus foods in agriculture. Over time though writing changed greatly.
Originally the first forms of writing were hundreds of symbols that were created in cuneiform,
later though the Phoenicians changed that. They set up a 22 letter system where you built words
from those letters; there were no symbols for vowels however. During the ninth century b.c.e. the
Greeks changed that alphabet though so that there were characters for vowels. This system of
writing spread rapidly for centuries. This is mainly because the Phoenicians traveled throughout
the lands while trading in the Mediterranean basin. The system spread to places like Asian,
Southeast Asia, south Asia, and so on.
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Danielle Lone 3
Ch 3
Examine the selection from the Great Hymn to Aten on page 80. Why was Akhenatens religion
so revolutionary? Why didnt it survive?
Akhenatens religion was the first of its kind. It was revolutionary in its time
because it differed from the main concept of the amon-re cult which was that there was not just
one god, but many that they worshipped in their cult. In the Akhenatens religion however they
worshipped one god, and one god alone. They believed he was their only god and that no other
deity could compare to theirs. This religion brought about one of the earliest known shows of
monotheism, meaning that a single god rules over everything. Akhenaten encouraged everyone
to become part of this cult sending agents out to spread the news. Along with that message he
also said that he wished all the names of Amon-re and other deities to be chiseled out of all
temples and public buildings. The god Aten was associated with the Sun. This is why Akhenaten
built their new capital city where it brought unobscured vision and constant veneration of the
sun. He named this capital Horizon of Aten. All throughout Akhenatens life the religion
thrived. However it did not survive when Akhenaten died. Priests of the Amon-Re cult took
advantage of his passing and restored the cult by fierce counter attacks on the area.
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Danielle Lone 4
Ch 4
Examine the map of the Indus River civilization on page 92. In what ways would cities like
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro be similar to other early Mesopotamian or Egyptian cities? In what
ways would they be unique? What could the map tell us about questions of trade and cultural
transmission?
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were similar in many ways to early Mesopotamian
and Egyptian cities. However the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro cities had enough unique qualities
to clearly separate themselves from earlier cities. One of the similarities between Harappa and
early Mesopotamian or Egyptian cities was that in Harppan society they developed in the valley
of a river, the Indus to be specific. One similarity between the Harappas and the Mesopotamians
and Egyptian societies was that they both created a system ofwriting. The harppans system of
writing was similar to the Egyptian due to the fact that instead of letters as we use in our alphabet
they used pictures and other symbols to represent items, sounds, and words. One of the unique
parts about Harappan writing however is that archeologists are unable to decipher it. This is a
huge block in the road when it comes to learning more about Harappan society. Another
similarity is in Mesopotamian and Egypt society that the Harappans shared was that due to the
land they lived on agricultural surpluses increased their food supply greatly which lead to
massive population growth, cities, and specialized labor. One of the unique qualities about
Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro society was that they had huge territories. They were considerably
larger than any Mesopotamian or Egyptian society. Another similarity is that due to the wealth
of the cities, social distinctions became apparent in them. The map shows us that both of the
societies, Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro, participated in trade. The map shows that the societies
traded all throughout the Indus valley. It shows they most likely traded with Mesopotamians and
Persians.
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Ch 5
Look at the picture of a Bronze Ace on page 110. What role did the control over bronze
metallurgy play during the Shang Dynasty? Now, look at the picture of the Zhou irons sword on
page 118. What happened to the Zhou rulers when they lost control over iron metallurgy? What
does this dangerous sword tell you about political life during the Zhou period?
Bronze metallurgy came to China, along with many other new technologies, from
southwest Asia. Specifically bronze metallurgy is known to have reached China as early as 1200
b.c.e. Having control over bronze metallurgy during the Shang Dynasty played a huge role in
how the Shang Dynasty came to, and kept, their power. They were not the first dynasty to use
bronze tools however, the Xia dynasty is known to have made use of bronze tools and weapons
as well. At the time in Chinese society new rising technology, such as bronze metallurgy, is
known to be responsible for how the Shang Dynasty replaced the Xia Dynasty. The elites in the
Shang dynasty were able to monopolize the production of their bronze by employing craftsmen
to produce large quantities of bronze weapons for their personal use, as well as restricting the
access to copper and tin ores. Having control of bronze production is what helped strengthen the
Shang forces by having weapons and tools far superior to their rivals. The elites in the Shang
dynasty did not permit free production of bronze which is why potential opposing rivals were
unable to resist the Shang forces, let alone displacing the dynasty. The Zhou dynasty however
was unable to control their production of iron however. This is one of the issues that lead to their
collapse. The lack of control of iron is what helped the subordinates to the Zhou dynasty build up
their personal stockpiles of weapons. Due to the fact that at the time iron ores were cheaper and
more common than copper and tin the kings of the Zhou dynasty were unable to monopolize the
production of iron. This increase in iron weapons is what made the subordinates able to separate
themselves from the central government and not listen. The picture of the iron swords represent
how unstable the Zhou political system was and the wars going on near the end of the dynasty.
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Ch 6
Look at the picture of the Olmec head on page 139. What were the main contributions of the
Olmecs? What was the significance of the Olmec heads? What would be the significance of the
jaguar in the Olmec ceremonial ax in the lower picture?
Olmecs possessed many specific traits that carried out through many generations. Some
of their main contributions consist of things like drainage systems and massive worship sites.
The Olmecs constructed massive amounts of intricate drainage systems. These systems helped
them so that when the common abundant rains came the systems were able to divert the waters
so that their settlements and fields were not ruined by being flooded out. The Olmecs had
abundant rainfalls often, so they did not have a need to build irrigation systems. Another
significant contribution of the Olmecs was the massive worship sites they built. The Olmecs
constructed massive ceremonial centers. Each of these centers consisted of multiple pyramids,
temples, altars, sculptures, and tombs that they used for their rulers. The most common of these
Olmec sculptures were massive heads the Olmecs built on the ground. The Olmecs used basalt
rock to build these and used laborers of the common folk to build them. The largest of these
heads is known to weigh about twenty tons and stand at around ten feet in height. The exact
significance of the Olmec heads that were built is still unsure. However archeologists believe
that the heads were meant to possibly represent the rulers of the Olmecs at that time. In the
lower picture of the Olmec ax, there are noticeable features of a jaguar. These are significant
because in Olmec society the jaguar represented power and was often found in their sculptures.