Essay for Education

7/27/2019 Essay for Education

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Education in its general sense is a form oflearning in

which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of

people are transferred from one generation to the next

through teaching, training, or research. Education

frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but

may also be autodidactic.[1] Anyexperience that has a

formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may

be considered educational.

A right to education has been recognized by somegovernments. At the global level, the United

Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under Article

13.

the word "education" is derived from the

Latinducti("A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing")

fromdc ("I educate, I train") which is related to

the homonym dc("I lead forth, I take out; I raise up, I

erect")

ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING OF EDUCATION

Etymologically, the word Education has been derived

from different Latin words.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodidacticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rightshttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educatio#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educatio#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educatio#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educo#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educo#Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educo#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educo#Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologicallyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologicallyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologicallyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educo#Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educo#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educatio#Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodidacticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning


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a) educare which means to bring out orto nourish.

b) educere which means to lead out orto draw out.

c) educatum which means act of teaching or

training.

d) educatuswhich meansto bring up, rear, educate.

e) ducti which meansa breeding, a bringing up, a

rearing.

The Greek word pedagogy is sometimes used for

education.

Different educationists thoughts from both Eastern and

Western side have explained the term education

according to the need of the hour. Various educationists

have given their views on education. Some importantdefinitions are:

1. Mahatma GandhiBy education I mean an all-

round drawing out of the best in manbody, mind and

spirit.

Aristotle -Education is the creation of sound mind in asound body.

6. Rousseau -Education is the childs development from

within.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educatio#Latinhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:educatio#Latin


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7. Herbert Spencer- Education is complete living.

8. PlatoEducation is the capacity to feel pleasure and

pain at the right moment.

John Locke said, Plants are developed by cultivation and

men by education. This world would have been

enveloped in intellectual darkness if it had not been

illuminated by the light of education. It is right to say that

the story of civilization is the story of education. Thus,

education is an integral part of human life. It is the basic

condition for a development of a whole man and vital

instrument For accelerating the wellbeing and prosperity

by the light of education.

NATURE OF EDUCATION

As is the meaning of education, so is its nature. It is very

complex. Let us now discuss the nature of education:

1. Education is a life-long process- Education is a

continuous and lifelong process. It starts from the womb

of the mother and continues till death. It is the process of

development from infancy to maturity. It includes theeffect of everything which influences human personality.


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2. Education is a systematic process- It refers to transact

its activities through a systematic institution and

regulation.

3. Education is development of individual and the society-

It is called a force for social development, which brings

improvement in every aspect in the society.

4. Education is modification of behaviour- Human

behaviour is modified and improved through educational

process.

5. Education is purposive: every individual has some goal

in his life. Education contributes in attainment of that

goal. There is a definite purpose underlined all

educational activities.

6. Education is a training- Human senses, mind,

behaviour, activities; skills are trained in a constructive

and socially desirable way.

7. Education is instruction and direction- It directs and

instructs an individual to fulfill his desires and needs for

exaltation of his whole personality.

8. Education is life- Life without education is meaningless

and like the life of a beast. Every aspect and incident

needs education for its sound development.


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9. Education is continuous reconstruction of our

experiences- As per the definition of John Dewey

education reconstructs and remodels our experiences

towards socially desirable way.

10. Education helps in individual adjustment: a man is a

social being. If he is not able to adjust himself in different

aspects of life his personality cant remain balanced.

Through the medium of education he learns to adjust

himself with the friends, class fellows, parents, relations,neighbours and teachers etc.

11. Education is balanced development: Education is

concerned with the development of all faculties of the

child. it performs the functions of the physical, mental,

aesthetic, moral, economic, spiritual development of theindividual so that the individual may get rid of his animal

instincts by sublimating the same so that he becomes a

civilized person.

12. Education is a dynamic process: Education is not a

static but a dynamic process which develops the child

according to changing situations and times. It always

induces the individual towards progress. It reconstructs

the society according to the changing needs of the time

and place of the society.


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13. Education is a bipolar process: According to Adams,

education is a bipolar process in which one personality

acts on another to modify the development of other

person. The process is not only conscious but deliberate.

14. Education is a three dimensional process: John Dewey

has rightly remarked, All educations proceeds by

participation of the individual in the social consciousness

of the race. Thus it is the society which will determine

the aims, contents and methods of teachings. In this waythe process of education consists of 3 polesthe teacher,

the child and the society.

15. Education as growth:The end of growth is more

growth and the end of education is more education.

According to John Dewey, an individual is a changingand growing personality. The purpose of education is to

facilitate the process of his/her growth.

Therefore, the role of education is countless for a perfect

society and man. It is necessary for every society and

nation to bring holistic happiness and prosperity to its

individuals.

AIMS OF EDUCATION


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Aims give direction to activities. Aims of education are

formulated keeping in view the needs of situation. Human

nature is multisided with multiple needs, which are

related to life. Educational aims are correlated to ideals of

life.

The goal of education should be the full flowering of the

human on this earth. According to a UNESCO study, the

physical, intellectual, emotional and ethical integration of

the individual into a complete man/woman is thefundamental aim of education.

The goal of education is also to form children into human

persons committed to work for the creation of human

communities of love, fellowship, freedom, justice and

harmony. Students are to be moulded only by makingthem experience the significance of these values in the

school itself. Teachers could achieve this only by the

lived example of their lives manifested in hundreds of

small and big transactions with students in word and deed.

Individual and Social Aims:

Individual aims and social aims are the most important

aims of education. They are opposed to each other

individual aims gives importance for the development of

the individuality. Social aim gives importance to the


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development of society through individual not fulfilling

his desire. But it will be seen that development of

individuality assumes meaning only in a social

environment.

Individual AimsSir Percy Nunn observes, Nothing

goods enters into the human world except in and through

the free activities of individual men and women and that

educational practice must be shaped the individual.

Education should give scope to develop the inbornpotentialities through maximum freedom.

Because:

(1) Biologists believe that every individual is different

from others. Every child is a new and unique product and

a new experiment with life. Thompson says, Education isfor the individual. Individual should be the centre of all

educational efforts and activities.

(2) Naturalists believe that central aim of education is the

autonomous development of the individual. Rousseau

said, Everything is good as it comes from the hands of

the Author of Nature, but everything degenerates in the

hands of man. God makes all things good, man meddles

with them and they become evil. God creates everything


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good man makes it evil. So individual should be given

maximum freedom for its own development.

(3) Psychologists believe that education is an individualprocess because of individual differences. No two

individuals are alike. So education should be according to

the interest of the individual.

Criticism of Individual Aim:

Individual aim is not desirable because man is a socialanimal. Societys interest should be protected.

(1) Individual aim makes individual selfish.

(2) Maximum freedom may go against the society.

(3) Individuality cannot develop from a vacuum; it

develops in a social atmosphere.

(4) Unless society develops, individual cannot develop.

(5) Who will recognize society- where individual is

selfish?

Social Aim:

The supporters believe that society or state is supreme or

real. The individual is only a means. The progress of the

society is the aim of education. Education is for the


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society and of the society. The function of education is for

the welfare of the state. The state will make the individual

as it desires. It prepares the individual to play different

roles in society. Individuality has no value, and

personality is meaningless apart from society. If society

will develop individual will develop automatically. Here

society plays an important role.

Criticism of Social Aim:

(1) It makes individual only a tool of government.

(2) It reduces individual to a mere non-entity.

(3) Society ignores the legitimate needs, desires and

interests of the individual.

(4) It is against the development of individuality of theindividual.

Synthesis between individual and social aims of

education:

Individual aim and social aim of education go

independently. Both are opposing to each other. It is notin reality. Neither the individual nor the society can exist.

The individual is the product of the society while society


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finds its advancement in the development of its individual

member.

Individual cannot develop in vacuum. According to JohnAdams, Individuality requires a social medium to grow.

And T.P. Nunn says, Individuality develops in social

environment.

Conclusion: According to James Ross, The aim of

education is the development of valuable personality and

spiritual individuality. The true aim of education cannot

be other than the highest development of the individual as

a member of society. Let education burn the individual

flame, feeding it with the oil o

Education is a systematic process through which a child

or an adult acquires knowledge, experience, skill and

sound attitude. It makes an individual civilized, refined,

cultured and educated.

Education has been described as a process of waking up

to life:

Waking up to life and its mysteries, its solvable

problems and the ways to solve the problems and

celebrate the mysteries of life.


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Waking up to the inter-dependencies of all things, to the

threat to our global village, to the power within the human

race to create alternatives, to the obstacles entrenched in

economic, social and political structures that prevent our

waking up.

- Education in the broadest sense of the term is meant to

aid the human being in his/her pursuit of wholeness.

Wholeness implies the harmonious development of all the

potentialities God has given to a human person.

- True education is the harmonious development of the

physical, mental, moral (spiritual), and social faculties,

the four dimensions of life, for a life of dedicated service.

As an individual in the society, he has to think critically

about various issues in life and take decisions about thembeing free from bias and prejudices, superstitions and

blind beliefs. Thus, he has to learn all these qualities of

head, hand and heart through the process of education.

Concepts of Education as defined by Western

philosophers.

1. Socrates: "Education means the bringing out of the

ideas of universal validity which are latent in the mind of

every man".


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2. Plato: "Education is the capacity to feel pleasure and

pain at the right moment. It develops in the body and in

the soul of the pupil all the beauty and all the perfection

which he is capable of."

3. Aristotle: "Education is the creation of a sound mind in

a sound body. It develops man's faculty, especially his

mind so that he may be able to enjoy the contemplation of

supreme truth, goodness and beauty of which perfect

happiness essentially consists.

4. Rousseau: "Education of man commences at his birth;

before he can speak, before he can understand he is

already instructed. Experience is the forerunner of the

perfect".

5. Herbert Spencer: "Education is complete living".

6. Heinrich Pestalozzi: "Education is natural harmonious

and progressive development of man's innate powers".

7. Friedrich Willian Froebel: "Education is unfoldment of

what is already enfolded in the germ. It is the process

through which the child makes internal external".

Education is thus a process of self-expression. An

individual expresses himself through education. These

innate powers and potentialities are developed and drawn


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out through education. It is a means of adjustment of an

individual with the society. It is a process by which he is

brought into proper relationship with the ideas and Meals,

customs and traditions of the society.

The child is weak, helpless and ignorant at birth. But he

gradually grows and develops. He acquires knowledge

and skills. He realizes thoughts into actions and satisfies

his needs. He changes his behavior according to his

environment. Such changes, growth and development ofthe individual are his education This is the result of his

learning and maturation.

Learning is living. Learning is the modification of

behavior. Thus education is the process by which the

knowledge, character and behavior of an individual areformed and modified. One's conduct and behavior are

changed and refined according to the desired standard of

the society. This is the result of education.

It was born with the birth of the human race and shall

continue to function as long as the human race lives. The

importance of education may be summed up as under.

Highlights

1. An essential human virtue.


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2. A necessity for society.

3. Important for integration of separate entities.

4. Gives significance of life.

5. Educated men are .superior. Aristotle

6. Sign of freedom. Epictetus

7. A controlling grace. Diogenes

8. Basis of good life.

1. An essential human virtue

Education is an essential human virtue. Man becomes

'man' through education. He is what education makes him.

It has been rightly said that without education, man is a

splendid slave, reasoning savage.

2. A necessity for society

Education is necessary for society. Education fashions

and models man for society. Man cannot be conceived

merely in terms of his biological existence. Education

brings into focus the social aspect of man. Educationsignifies man's supreme position in society.

3. Important for the integration of separate entities


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An individual is made up of different entities. Education

brings about the integration of these separate entities.

4. Gives significance of life

Education teaches what man lives and struggles for. It

cultivates an integrated life. By so doing, it gives

significance of life.

5. Educated men are superior

Education is a sign of superiority. Aristotle wrote,"Educated men are as much superior to uneducated as the

living are to the dead."

6. Sign of freedom

Education is a sign of freedom. Epictetus had declared,

"Only the educated are free."

7. A controlling grace

Diogenes felt that "Education is a controlling grace to the

young, consolation to the old wealth to the poor and

ornament to the rich."

8. Basis of good life

Education is an essential basis of good life. A man

becomes a human being in the real sense when he is


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transformed from primarily an animal being into a human

being.

In short, education is an essential concomitant of allhuman societies. "What sculpture is to a block of marble,

education is to the soul", says Addison.

Type of education

There are three forms of learning defined by the

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD): formal education, informal

education and non-formal education

Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teachingand learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is

established according to a predetermined purpose of the

schools in the system.

PURPOSE OF SCHOOLS

Individual purposes for pursuing education can vary. Theunderstanding of the goals and means of educational

socialization processes may also differ according to the

sociological paradigm used.


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In the early years of schooling, the focus is generally

around developing basic Interpersonal communication

and literacy skills in order to further ability to learn more

complex skills and subjects. After acquiring these basic

abilities, education is commonly focused towards

individuals gaining necessary knowledge and skills to

improve ability to create value and a livelihood for

themselves.[59] Satisfying personal curiosities (Education

for the sake of itself) and desire for personal development,to "better oneself" without career based reasons for doing

so are also common reasons why people pursue education

and use schools.[60]

Education is often understood to be a means of

overcoming handicaps, achieving greater equality and

acquiring wealth and status for all (Sargent 1994).

Learners can also be motivated by their interest in the

subject area or specific skill they are trying to learn.

Learner-responsibility education models are driven by the

interest of the learner in the topic to be studied.[43]

Education is often perceived as a place where childrencan develop according to their unique needs and

potentialities[61] with the purpose of developing every

individual to their full potential.


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DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Development goals and issues[edit]

Universal Primary Education is one of the eight

international Millennium Development Goals, towards

which progress has been made in the past decade, though

barriers still remain.[63]

Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is

one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at theOverseas Development Institute have indicated that the

main obstacles to receiving more funding for education

include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid

architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the

issue.

Additionally, Transparency International has identified

corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling

block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa.

Furthermore, demand in the developing world for

improved educational access is not as high as foreigners

have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant totake on the recurrent costs involved. There is economic

pressure from those parents who prefer their children to


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earn money in the short term rather than work towards the

long-term benefits of education.

Russia has more academic graduates than any othercountry in Europe

A study conducted by the UNESCO International Institute

for Educational Planning indicates that stronger capacities

in educational planning and management may have an

important spill-over effect on the system as a whole.

Sustainable capacity development requires complex

interventions at the institutional, organizational and

individual levels that could be based on some

foundational principles:

national leadership and ownership should be the

touchstone of any intervention;

strategies must be context relevant and context

specific;[clarification needed]

they should embrace an integrated set of complementary

interventions, though implementation may need to

proceed in steps;[clarification needed]

partners should commit to a long-term investment in

capacity development, while working towards some

short-term achievements;


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outside intervention should be conditional on an impact

assessment of national capacities at various levels.

Removal of a certain percentage of students forimprovisation of academics (usually practiced in schools,

after 10th grade)

PRIVATE SCHOOLS VS PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Research into low cost private schools found that over 5years to July 2013, debate around low-cost private

schools to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives

was polarised and finding growing coverage in

international policy.[66] The polarisation was due to

disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the

poor, reaching disadvantaged groups, provide qualityeducation, supporting or undermining equality, and are

financially sustainable. The report examined the main

challenges that development organisations which support

LCPSs have encountered. Surveys suggest these types of

schools are expanding across Africa and Asia and is

attributed to excess demand. These surveys also found

concern for:

Equity, widely found in the literature, as the growth in

low-cost private schooling may be exacerbating or


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perpetuating already existing inequalities in developing

countries, between urban and rural populations, lower-

and higher-income families, and between girls and boys

The report says findings are that LCPSs see evidence girls

are underrepresented and that they are reaching some low-

income families, often in small numbers compared with

higher-income families.

Quality of provision and educational outcomes, you

cannot generalise about the quality of private schools,while most achieve better results than government

counterparts, even after their social background is taken

into account, some studies find the opposite. Quality in

terms of levels of teacher absence, teaching activity and

pupil to teacher ratios in some countries are better in

LCPSs than in government schools.

Choice and affordability for the poor: parents can choose

private schools because of perceptions of better-quality

teaching and facilities, and an English language

instruction preference. Nevertheless, the concept of

choice does not apply in all contexts, or to all groups insociety, partly because of limited affordability (which

excludes most of the poorest) and other forms of

exclusion, related to caste or social status.


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Cost-effectiveness and financial sustainability: Evidence

is that private schools operate at low cost by keeping

teacher salaries low, but their financial situation may be

precarious where they are reliant on fees from low-

income households.

Addressing regulatory ineffectiveness is a key challenge.

Emerging approaches stress the importance of

understanding the political economy of the market for

LCPSs, specifically how relationships of power andaccountability between users, government and private

providers can produce better education outcomes for the

poor.

Education and technology in developing countries[edit]

The OLPC laptop being introduced to children in Haiti

Technology plays an increasingly significant role in

improving access to education for people living in

impoverished areas and developing countries. There are

charities dedicated to providing infrastructures through

which the disadvantaged may access educational

materials, for example, the One Laptop per Child project.


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In Africa, the New Partnership for Africa's Development

(NEPAD) has launched an "e-school program" to provide

all 600,000 primary and high schools with computer

equipment, learning materials and internet access within

10 years.[67] An International Development Agency

project called nabuur.com,[68] started with the support of

former American President Bill Clinton, uses the Internet

to allow co-operation by individuals on issues of social

development.India is developing technologies that will bypass land-

based telephone and Internet infrastructure to deliver

distance learning directly to its students. In 2004, the

Indian Space Research Organization launched EDUSAT,

a communications satellite providing access to

educational materials that can reach more of the country's

population at a greatly reduced cost.[69]

INTERNATIONALIZATION (GLOBALIZATION

AND EDUCATION

Education is becoming increasingly international. The

most represented case is the spread ofmass schooling.

Mass schooling has implanted the fundamental concepts

that everyone has a right to be educated regardless of

his/her cultural background and gender differences.


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The system has also promoted the global rules and norms

of how the school should operate and what is education.

that schools share also enable the exchange among

students at all levels which are also playing an

increasingly important role in globalization process.

In Europe, for example, the Socrates-Erasmus Program

stimulates exchanges across European universities. Also,

the Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for

students from central Asia and eastern Europe. The globalcampus online, led by American universities, allows free

access to class materials and lecture files recorded during

the actual classes. This facilitates the globalization of

education.

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Essay for Education