Esquema Literatura Inglesa!

8/9/2019 Esquema Literatura Inglesa!

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NORMANSNormans settled in northwest France in the early 10 th. century

State around the river Seine: NORMANDYFeudalism, military tactic, French language

1035: WILLIAM duke of Norm andy1066: Edward the Confess or dies throne to Harold Earl of Wessex William furious

BATTLE OF HASTING: William defeated HaroldThe decisive Norman victory in the Norman conquest of England

William of Normandy VS Harold IIWILLIAM THE CONQUEROR was crowned king

Feudalism, autonomy in local affairs for villages and manors.Domesday Book: ordered by William in 1805

Censure detailing the property owned by everyone aroundthe kingdom.

TEXT: Statutes of William the Conqueror (1066) HENRY I (Williams younger brother)

Judicial and financial reforms, peace with the chuch TEXT:The Charter of Liberties (1100)

PLANTAGENETSDynasty that ruled for 331 years

HENRY II

TEXT: The Constitutions of Clarendon (1164):The Constitutions of Clarendonwere a se t of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England in 1164. The Constitutions were composed of 16articles and repres ent an attempt to restrict eccles iastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of Papal authority in England.In the anarchic conditions of Henry II's predecess or, Stephen, the church had extended its juris diction in the void The Cons ti tutions were claimed to restorethe judicia l customs observed during the reign of Henry I (110035), while in fact they we re a part of Henry II's larger expansion of royal jurisdiction into theChurch and civil law, which was the defining aspect of his reign

RICHARD IJOHN: forced by nobles to sign the Magna Carta

TEXT: The Magna Carta (1215):The Magna Carta is a legal text which established the basis of liberties among citizens in the kingdom. Consists of 63 articles based on the Charter ofLiberties (1100). One of the main poin ts of this Charter is the formation of a powerful parliament consisted of twenty five barons and so it reduced thepower of the King of England. It was the firs t time that a feudal monarchy of England was forced to recogn ize the limits of royal power. And it gave thespirit as a guide in the development of the English Constitution.

HENRY IIISimon de Montfort cal led the first directly elected parliam ent in Europe

EDWARD IEDWARD IIRICHARD II

TEXT: English Peasant Revolt (1381)http://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm
http://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htmhttp://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm


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HOUSE OF LANCASTERFrom the sons of Edward II had sprung two families, The House of York and the House of Lancaster, each believed their right t o the throne.13991461:

HENRY IV Duke of LancasterHENRY VHENRY VI: las t Lancaster monarch

WAR OF THE ROSES: A series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England, fought between supporters of two rival branches of the Royal Hou se of Plantagenet:the houses of Lancaster and York (the "red" and the "white" rose, respectively).

HOUSE OF YORKEDWARD IVRICHARD III

MEDIEVAL SO CIETY

Vertical inmobility (social)hierarchies society

Emperor, King or Pope

Aristocracy, upper church membersKnights, feudal lords, regular clergy

M erchants, peasants, secular clergy

Serf

Horizontal inmobility (spatial)mainly agricultural

MEDIEVAL ECONOMYDominated by agriculture

Employment, export, food

Main port: London

Wide network of markets and fairs


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TUDORS14851603

HENRY VIIMarried to Eli zabeth of York

House of YORK + House of LANCASTER = Hous e of TUDORHenry VIIs son Arthur married Ferdinand and Isabel las daughter Catherine

England SpainHenry VIIs daughter Margaret married James IV

England ScotlandHENRY VIII (Henry VIIs son)

Married to his brothers widow Catherine of AragonOnly one daughter: MaryCouldnt have a male son Henry VIII tried to void h is their marriage the Pope refused

Consequences: broke with the Roman Catholic Church Henry VIII becam e the Head of the s eparate ENGLISH CHURCH

Anglican Church was createdDissolution of the monasteries: Henry VIII ordered the clos ing down o f catholic churches and abbeys across England, Walesand Ireland

TEXT: Act Of Supremacy (1534)The purpose was to establish the English monarch as the official head of the Church of England.

ACTS OF UNION: 15361543: Strengthened English control over Wales

The two different areas (Marcher lords and Principal ity) joined togetherMarried again to Anne Boleyn Pope excommunicated him

Thomas Cranm er (Archbishop or Canterbury) declared kings first marriage invalid and s econd validOnly daughter: Elizabeth

Mary was declared legitimateSuccession transferred to Elizabeth

Anne Boleyn convicted of adultery and beheadedMarried again to Jane Seymour

Only one son: EdwardJane died

Married again to Anne of Cleves divorced Married again to Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyns cousin

Catherine beheadedMarried again to Catherine Parr

EDWARD VIBecame king when he was 9 a Regency Council elected by his father on a testament reigned EnglandFirst protestant king: Protestantism was stablished

New prayer bookChurch services held in EnglishCatholics mistreated and bishops excluded

The Reformation in danger prevention from Catholicis mEdward VI and his Council drew up a Devise of Succession excluded her ultra catholic half-sister Mary of the succession

LADY JANE GREY


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Edward VI s cousin, queen for nine days

MARY I Bloody MaryCounter-reformation:

Church of England suppressed by the ParliamentChurch services back to LatinProtestants accused, persecuted and executedEdward VIs reforms reversed

Imprisoned her half-sister Elizabeth for being protestantMarried to Philipe of Spain in an attempt to have a Catholic heir but they had no children

ELIZABETH IEnd of the counter-reformationMary Stuart (Elizabeths cousin , Queen of Scots, catholic, next in the li ne to the throne) arrived in London

Remained in captivity for 19 yearsImplicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth beheaded

Anglo-Spanish warElizabeth I supported for Protestant revolt agains Spain in the Netherlands1588: Spanish Armada Invasion

Spanish armada defeated

TEXT: Elizabeth I Speech to the Troops at Tilbury (1588) Ireland: rebellions against English rule

Nine Years War: Gaelic chieftain ONeill was defeated after Elizabeth Is death

Literature: Francis Bacon, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe

THE PARLIAMENT

Consisted in t wo chambers:

House of Lords: nobility

House of Commons: elected representat ives from the different shires or main towns

Tudors monarchs controlled dolice Parliaments

Elizabeth I called Parliament infrequently. M ajor considerations:Religious settlement

The Treason Act

The Poor Law

By the end of Elizabeth Is reign Parliament was beginning to assert itself again

THE CHURCH

Protestantism: 1517 Martin Luther led a breakaway from theoman Catholic Church and protested against its practices and

Its customsUnder Tudor Dynasty:

Henry VII: CatholicHenry VIII: First Catholic, then ProtestantEdward VI: ProtestantMary I: CatholicElizabeth I: Protestant

SO CIETY AND ECONOMYDuring the 16thCentury : agrarian commerce society. Tudor society was divided into four groups:

Nobility: owned huge amounts of landGentry and rich merchants: owned large amounts of lands. Well educatedYeomen and Craftsmen: Owned their own land. Able to read and writeTenant famers and wage laborers: Poor and illiterate

POO R LAWS

1536: Punishment for people caught without work outside their parish

1550: Workhouses for the poor. No wages

1576: Parish must p ay the poor at the workhouses


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THE STUARTS1603 - 1714

JAMES I of England andVIof Scotland (Elizabeth Is cous in)1603: Unification of the thrones of England and ScotlandBelieved in his Divine Right to rule

Refused to unders tand the tradition of parliamentary liberty, wanted to rule in absolute authorityReligion: Puritans asked for fewer Catholic ceremonies

Gunpowder Plot: a s mall group of Catholics planned to blow up both king and parliamentGuy Fawkes captured and executed

Last years: government in the hands of the Duke o f BuckinghamCHARLES I(James Is son)

Believed in his Divine Right tooStrongly influenced by the Duke of Buckingham

Influenced to s tart war against Spain and against FranceThe parliament opposed

TEXT: Petition of Right (1628): from Parliam ent to the King1629: Charles I dissolved the parliament

Duke of Buckingham murderedRuled in abso lute authority from 1626 y 1640Rebellion in Scotland: Charles Is tried to imposse the English liturgy in Scotland

1640: Charles I sum moned the Short Parliament to raise money, the parliam ent refused

Charles I diss olved the parliamentCharles recalled the parliament again, the Long Parliament that lasted for 20 years

CIVIL WAR16421649Causes:

Authoritarian personality of Charles IDefeated in the two Bishop Wars in ScotlandThe struggle between the king and the parliament1642: Charles I and his army tried to arres t his biggest critics in the parliament. Failed.

Charles I declare parliament to be traitors

AristocracyPeasants

Charles I Anglican ChurchCatholics

Sides North and west

New commercial classesParliament Navy

PuritansSouth, East and London

Battle of Naseby; parliam entary New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwel l defeated Royalis tsCharles I surrendered to Scotland


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Charles I beheaded and the monarchy abolished

THE REPUBLICCOMMONWEALTH 1649

Under the rule of the Rum p Parliament and the Council of State1653: Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Rump parliam ent and the New Parliament was created as the first to represent the British Isles

The new parliament voted itself out of existence and was dis solvedPROTECTORATE

Protectorate was a new form of government that provided stabili ty and order

The first government established under a detailed written constitutionOliver Crom well assumed the title of Lord Protector of the Comm onwealth of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland until his death in 1568

Agreed to govern with the Council of State and the Hous e of Comm onsImposed Puritanism

Richard Cromwell (Oliver Cromwells s on) was the next Lord ProtectorRuled for only 8 months

After a period of chaos, General George Monck recalled the Long Parliament and invited Charles II to return to his kingdom

RESTORATION THE STUARTSCHARLES II (Charles Is son) 1660: Mercy and reconciliation

Puritanism was bannedParliament Army was disabledThe Church of England was reestablishedThe Royalist in exile returnedLiberties returned to England in contrast with the aus tere years of Oliver Cromwell and Puritan rule

Art and sports were restoredMedicine and surgery established as serious sciences

Succession problems James II was catholicExclusion Bill: passed by the Hous e of Com mons to exclude James (Charles II s bro ther) from the s uccession to the throne dismissedExclusion Bill 2: Charles II dis solved the parliament

JAMES II first catholic king since Mary TudorSuspended the anti-catholic lawsJames duke of Monmouth (Charles II s protestant illegitimate son) raised a revolt

James II wonGLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1688was a series of events which culminated in the exile of king Jam es II and the accession to the throne of William III and hiswife Mary II

James II attempts to increase the powers of the catholics antagonized the parliament and the Anglican establishmentTwo factors moved his opponents to urge William to intervene:

The birth of a male s on putted in risk the succession of James IIs protestant daughter MaryThe Parliament James II was going to s ummon would repeal the Test Acts

Parliament met and offered the crown to both William and Mary as joint sovereignsWILLIAM III and MARY II(joint sovereigns)

Began a new cooperation between the parliament and the monarchy

TEXT: Bill of Rights (1689)Never again the monarchs would claim their power came from God. Together with the Magna Carta, Habeas Corpus Act(1679) and the Parliaments Acts (1911 and 1949) its a basic docum ents of the British constitution.

The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of England passed in 1689. It was a re-statement of the Declaration of Right presented by theConvention Parliament to William III and Mary II i nviting them to become join t sovereigns of England. The main points are: freedom from taxationby Royal Prerogative, freedom to petition the monarch, freedom from the standing army during a time of peace, freedom for pro testants to have


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arms for their own defense, freedom to elect members of parliament, freedom of speech and debates.

ANNE firs t QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN Mary IIs sis ter1707: Act of Union: creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain:

England and Scotland became one countrySuccession going to the House of Hanover

HANOVER

17141837German origin

GEORGE IJacobite Rebellions: supporters of the exiled Royal House of the Stuart, took their nam e from Jacobus (latin name for James) who had been deprived of his thronein 1688. Jacobite movement began in the highlands o f Scotland and their aim was to overthrown the Hanover Dynasty by placing James IIs son. They tried toinvade England twice but they were defeated (1715 and 1745)

GEORGE IIGEORGE III

1800:Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created NAPOLEONIC WARS British navy tried to harm France and her allies by preventing any merchant ships other than the British from reaching continental ports

1802: Peace of Amiens Hostilities returned, Britain was the only nation at war wi th France

1805: Battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon defeated 1815: Battle of Waterloo: the Duke of Well ington comm anding the Allies armies defeated again the French Empire

Britain became the dominant power in EuropeEnlightenment ideals were embraced: rejected the strict and pes simistic values of Puritanism. John Locke: founder of Enlightenment movement in philosophy (British Empiri cism)

Political ins titutions: Hierarchical, hereditary and privileged. Vote was no secret. Very few peop le had the right to vote.Radical ideas: inspired by writer Thomas Paine, groups of radicals formed societies during the late 80s and 90s.Population : beginning of the 10thC. five and a half milli on. By the end of the C. about 13 million (includ ing Scotland and Ireland)

SOCIETY AND CULTURE Social structure: nobil ity, gentry and major landowners. Landless laborers at the bottom. Half the population lived at survival level. Povertyin London reached s ignificant proportions. Crime and prostitution. Death penalty.Late 18thC. movement from the countryside to the towns

Wealthy merchantsTowns Ordinary traders and merchants

Skilled craftsm enUnskilled workers

Condition of women: no rights, no access to education

Founded by John Wesley. A religious m ovement that met the need of growing indus trial working class. Methodism was identified with thereligious life of the lower and middle classes. John Wesley opposed to the slavery and the American colonists.

RELIGION: METHODISM Methodis m helped the working classes to win sel f-confidence and to organize thems elves. John Wesley ins isted that this movement wasbound to the Anglican Tradition.

Preamble of the Industrial Revolution, it refers to a series of circumstances that produced an improvement in agricultural methods andAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION occurred during the 18thand the 19thcenturies. Several factors helped:

Enclosure of the medieval common fields, development of new and better agricu ltural machinery Increment of the farm production production of better and healthier food less mortality popula tion grew more workers


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Improvement of so il fertility and better crops, improvement of transport better markets import and export grew notably

HANOVER

WHIGS Descended from P arliamentarians:Industrial and mercantile developmentReligious tolerationProsperous policiesOpposed to any intervention of the king in politics Support ed by: commercial classes

TORIES

Descended from Royalists:Believed in the Divine Right of monarchyOpposed to religious toleranceSupported by: Anglican Church

ROBERT WALPORE (Whig)First Prime Minister

Developed the idea of the Cabinet: A group of

ministers that met without The king and took

control of their AdministrationDuring his policy trade flourished in England

WILLIAM PITTThe Elder (Whig)

Famous for leading Britain during the 7 Years War

He wanted England to take over the overseas trade

TWO-PARTY SYSTEM PARLIAMENT

WILLIAM PITTThe Younger (Tory )

Started a mercantilist p olicy to make England a st rong country

COLONIAL EXPANSIONISMCauses of the migration:

America as a refugee for the exiled for religious beliefs Looking for warmer climates

Escape from the landowners to far their own lands Trade to raise money


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HANOVERGEORGE IVWILLIAM IV

Wellington Prim e Minister (Tory)Failed government

1830: Lord Grey Prime Minister (whig) Introduced bills for electoral reform but the House of Lords rejected them

Grey resignedWilliam IV asked Wellington to return as Prime Minister

Didnt find enough s upportersWilliam IV called again Lord GreyReform Act(1832) finally passed in 1832:

Legis lative authority House of Lords Executive authority House of Commons

The reform avoid the political struggles across Europe (liberalism, socialism, etc) and focused on the development of its ind ustryThe midd le class had the right to vote (289.000 new votes) Many indus trial cities had for the first time representation at the parliam entMade poss ible the progression towards the universal suffrage

VICTORIA 18371901 (William IVs niece) Became queen with 18 years . Married with Prince Albert.During her reign:

Britain was the largest Empire in the world Industrial nationPioneer of railway transport

1815: The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All NationsCelebrated at the Crystal Palace (des igned by John Paxton to house the show) and leaded by Britain as the s trongest industry countryOrganized by Prince Albert and Henry Cole

Whigs and Tories transformed:Liberal Party John Peel + Whigs

Wanted a reformationConservative Party anti-Peel Tories

Wanted to preserve the traditional British lifeNew political organizations:

Anti-corn law league(Manchester): wanted the abolition of the Corn Laws (first introduced in Britain in 1804 and were high taxes for importedcorn to benefit country corn) in favor o f the free trade

Abolition obtained in 1846Chartism (London): movement for political and social reforms. It was the first working-class movement in response to economic depression, highamount of unem ployed and the limitations of the middle class. Six political demands:

Universal m ale su ffrageSecret ballotCons tituency of equal si zePayment for members of the parliamentariansNo property qualification for members of the parliament

Annual parliamentThe National Charter Association: the first working class political party


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By 1842 there were more than 3 million

IRISH NATIONALIS M

ACT OF UNION OF 1800Describe two complementary acts:

- The Union with Ireland Act (GBs parliament act) - The Act of Union (Ireland parliament act)

A new country was formed:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland(and a new united flag too)

For the first time Ireland had representationIn the House of Commons

The Parliament in Dublin was abolished

HOME RULE FOR IRELAND18691893

1869: Gladstone introduced a bill to disestablish the Anglican Church in Ireland1870: A Home Rule was founded Irish autonomy in internal affairs1886: Home Rule bill brought to parliament. There was a split:- Liberals in favor of the Union Liberal Unionist -

IRELAND MIGRATIONS

GREAT FAMINEFamilies depended on the potato for survival while other crops were exported to England

- 1845: harvest was a ruin because of a new potato blight that came from America - Prime Minister John Peels Anti Corn Law proposition tried to allow cheap maize to Ireland ut most Conservatives op possed.

1846: 800.000 people died when the Corn Law was finally abolished

The next 25 years nearly 3 million people emigratedo the United States

POLITICAL IMPACT

Most p eople thought that England did very little to help the Irish- National movements rose in Ireland against the British demanding

the independence.- Obtained sup port from the Irish immigrants in America

IRISH IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA

Irish influence in America was high, but racism was also growing:- American p rejudices against Iris h peop le and their catholic tradition - Know Nothing Party: opp osed to foreign immigration, passed some acts which obliged

catholic Irish to read Protestant bibles at school.- In 1854 the Know Nothing Party had over 1 million members and elected governors- They deport ed poor Irish people back to England and dep rived the Irish catholic to their


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Term applied to the s ocial and economic changes occurred from the middle of the 18 thCentury to the middle of the 19 thCentury that marked the transition from an agricultural and com mercial society to a modern indus trial one relying on complex machinery rather than man tools

CAUSES:Englands natural resources: richness in coal and iron New technological innovations

Changes in social and econom ical structures Private inves tors and financia l institutions

CONSEQUENCES:New technological inventions

railway and canals facili tated the transport of heavy goods Bad employment conditionsDecline of m any local tradesTRANSPORT

Facilitated transport for work and leisureRAILWAY

Beginning at 1825-30The route network amounted to 15.500 miles by 1870

Growth of industrial cities People from the countryside began to move into the towns

Severe social problemsLiving conditions in cities were unhealthy with no current waterFactories s ubjected men, women and children workers to low salaries, harsh punishments and dangerous work with machineryCities were crowded, dirty and unregulatedPublic sanitation and public health ignored

Public education developed and all British citizens had access to education

WORKING RIGHTS, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL REFORMSNew middle class of professionals such as lawyers and doctors was created1870: the Education Act: set up school districts and the basis for universal primary education 1891: schools were free

1902: the Education Act: funding on secondary schoolsHEALTH

1872 Public Health Act: se t up health authorities throughout England 1875 Public Heal th Act: water supply, drains, etc.1875 Artisans Dwelling Act: allowed local councils to buy areas of slum dwelling to clear it and rebuild

SOCIAL AND POLITICALExploitation in the factories workers began to form trade unions to improve their working conditions Legislation passed to improve working conditions:

The Hours Act, the Factory Act, the Mines Act

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION


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19141918

CAUSE: Assas sination of the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo.Great Britain entered the war to defend neutral Belgium due to a 75 year-old treaty and because of its alliance with France British Em pires colonies and dominions abroad were involved in the conflict and offered military and financial support

Two bands :Great BritainFranceItaly

The Allies Russ iaJapanU.S.A

Other side GermanyAustria-Hungary Empire

Was the first modernized and mechanized warTechnological advancesMass productionMobilization of all hum an and econom ic resourcesUse of trench, m achine-gun, airplanes, tanks, submarines and torpedoes

1616: British government forced men into army and a few men refused First time the government accepted the idea that men had the right to refuse to fight

GENERAL CONSEQUENCESOld European dynasties disappearedCollapse of the three great Empires: Germany, Austro-Hungary and Russ iaInternational monetary instability (except of USA)

Consequences for Great BritainRationing and shortages in BritainThe country was devastated and in economic problems

Trade Unions grew during the war

Treaty of Versa lles (1919):Imposed reparation payment on Germany


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1918: Women acqu ired a limi ted right to vote

1867 Reform Bill: John Stuart Mill (a radical thinker) tried with no luck to include votes for women.Industrial revolution had increased the power of men and their feelings about property

Women found very difficult to ge t a divorceWife and daughters seen as husband/father propertyMen were allowed to beat their wives

By 1850 wife beating had become a serious social problem in BritainAfter the s ituation began to improve

Women were allowed to vote and to be e lected to county councils A smal l number started to study in Universi ty

Middle class women became determined to have equal rights They find support in the Trade Union movement

Female mem bership of the Unions increased

1897: Women started to dem and their right to vote in national electionsDivisions among women:

Some wanted restrictive voteSome others thought that wom en shou ld not have the right to vote

Among the ones on favor of women suffrage there where two fractions: The moderate group: The Union o f Womens Suffrage Societies the suffragistsThe radical group: The Womens Social and Political Union the suffragettes

The First World War changed everythingWomen worked at weapon and munition factories

1928:voting age of women came down to 21, equal with menReasons for the change in political opinion:

Recognition of the role wom en played in the warCampaigns of wom en suffrage movements

Avoid the violent protests of the suffragettes International pressure: New Zealand and Australia had already enfranchised women

TEXT:Helen Taylor. The Claim of Englishwome n to the Suffrage Constitutionally Considered (1867)

THE FIGHT FOR WOMENS RIGHT


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During the late part of the 19 thcentury there was a raise of the Irish Parliam entary Party that demanded Home Rule: sel f government independent of Britain.1870: Home Government Ass ociation (the Home Rule Party) was founded and 3 years later the Home Rule League was created

Separatist Irish Republican Brotherhood: wanted the full independence and began to prepare a revolt agains t the British rule 1916: Easter Rising in Dublin: insurrection by the Irish Republican Brotherhood with the aims of es tablish the Irish Republic Suppressed after 7 days and their leaders executed

1918: Republicans won the general elections

TEXT: Proclamation of the Irish Republic (1916)

ANGLO-IRISH WAR 1919 - 1921Guerrilla war against the British government mounted by the Irish Republican Army (IRA)

de facto republic wash es tablishedIreland created its own judicial and administrative system

1919: Republicans m et at the Irish Parliament and made the Irish Declaration of Independence 1920: Government o f Ireland Act:

Stablished two parliamentsUnionistParliament

NationalistParliamentSix countries under the Unionist Parliament formed Northern Ireland

Elections in Northern Ireland gave victory to the Union ists in 1921 Prime Minister: Ulster Unionist leader Jam es Craig

Elections to the Nationalist Parliament in Dublin in 1921 Sinn Fin leader Eamon de Valera won.

1921: Anglo-Iris h treaty between the IRA and BritainBritain accepted their claim s for independence but only in southern Ireland (Irish Free State)The six counties o f Northern Ireland (Ulster) remained united with Britain

Eamon de Valera became Prime Minister

IRISH CIVIL WAR 1922 - 1929Confronted two groups

Supporters of the Anglo-Irish treaty forces of the new Free State

Republican opposition who didnt support the treatyFree State forces wonConsequences

British and Sinn Fin legal systems were abolished and replaced by a new judicial system Freedom of religion

1937: Eamon de Valera declared southern Ireland a republic which was no longer under British ruleIrish Free State Eire

IRELAND INDEPENDENCE


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Period between 1919 and 1939

Politics: two s ides

Radical : strikes, hunger marches, Irish Nationalism, rise of the Labour Party, founding of the Communist PartyConservative: the majori ty tended to vote the ConservativeAppeasem ent Policy

The policy of reso lving international quarrels by admi tting and satis fying grievances though rational negotiation and compro mise, thereby avoiding the res ort to anarmed conflict which would be expensive, bloody and poss ibly dangerous.The term is applied to the British foreign policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and 1939Proposed in 1936 by the governments of France and Great Britain

TEXT: Munich Pact (1938)Signed by GB, France, Italy and Germany granting the Chez Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler

TEXT: Peace of our time (1938)Depression and discontent

InflationFall of pricesLow salaries

UnemploymentWorker strikes dem anding better conditions and less hours

General Strike in 1926: triple alliance of miners , rail workers and other transport workers 1927: Trade Disputes Act made striking illegal

1929: crash of the Stock Exchange of New York a ffected EuropeUnited Kingdom was in debt to the USA since the World War I

19391945

International war between: Outbreak: Hitlers annexation to the Chez Sudetenland Nazi German invasion of Poland in 1939

United States

France Britain suffered intense bombing in cities as London, Belfast, Liverpool, etcAllies United KingdomChinaSoviet Union Surrender of the Axis:

Normandy Campaign in 1944Germany Occupation of Germany in 1945

Axis Italy Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and NagasakiJapan

The Allies created the United Nations

INTERWAR PERIOD

SECOND WORLD WAR


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The Home Front is the term given to what it was happening in the UK and Ireland while the war was fought. The Government guided families teaching them how to behave in

time of war and ration their food. Women were needed to work because the men were at war.

Preparations for war started since the Munich Pacttrenches were dug in London parks anti-craft guns were s etregional Commissioners were secretly placed into postmillions of gas m asks were distributedan emergency evacuation scheme was prepared

1939: Germany invaded Poland

children evacuated and s ent abroad

Ministry of Supply was establi shed to provide materials for the Army

The Cabinet was replaced by a War Cabinet and new minis ters were establishedWinston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty

1940: Winston Churchill was appointed Prime Minister in place of N. Chamberlain

Measures during the warFamily Allowance Act: mothers would rece ive payment for each child under their care Rationing of food, petrol and clothing

POST-WAR YEARS

1945 elections: Labour Party wonClement Attlee became Prime Minister replacing Winston Churchill

Years of austerityNational finances in severe deficitWheat shortage: bread rationing

THE HOME FRONT

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