Abang, cylindrical stone inscription 334Abeyadana 20n7; temple 20Abhayagiri(vihāra) 9n29, 10, 15, 17, 343–44,

349–52, 353nn6–7, 355–61, 362n22, 363–69, 371–72, 374–76; esoteric doctrines 351; inscrip-tion 324, 350, 361, 365, 367, 369; monks 350, 352, 356–358n16, 361, 362n20, 364, 366–67, 369, 371–76; prākāra walls of 351; ‘replicas’ in South-east Asia 17n56, 359n16; structure 362n22; stūpa 366;

abhicāra (ābhicāraka, ābhicāruka) 330, 333, 346, 384Abhidharmakoṣa 201n39Abhidharmakosabhāṣya 390Abhisamayālaṅkāra 262–63; literature 11, 19abhiṣeka 4, 7, 17, 29, 39, 43, 193–94, 201, 223,

240, 245, 252, 278, 357, 369; ācārya- 39n60; cakravarty- 39; pañca- 39n60; pañcakula- 39n60; rājya- 29, 39, 43, 47; *saptaratna- 39;

*Vajradhātu- 33–34Acala, Bodhisattva 118, 340, 340n72, 376; rites 137;

mantra 137 ācārya(s) 7, 34, 40, 57n163, 99, 134n49, 358; three

great ācāryas of mid-Tang period 14Account of Activities 131n27Account of Conduct (T 2056) 132Acri, A. 326n12, 329n24, 345, 378, 393*Adbhutakalpa (*Ekākṣara-adbhutoṣnīṣakalpa, T

953) 37, 43, 46–48n93, 50n102, 51n103Adhyardhasatikāprajñāpāramitāsutra (T 243, APP)

69, 71, 90Ādityavarman, King 8, 20n68, 21, 22n73, 149, 269Ādi-Buddha 19n61, 100, 232, 278n9; see also

Vajrasattvaadvaya 76, 375Aek Sangkilon inscription 266–68, 270Advayavajra 21n69Āgamas (Buddhist) 39Agastya 363n24Aggabodhi IV, King 354n9, 357

Aggabodhi V, King 356–57Aggabodhi VI, King 353–54, 356, 365n25Agni 56Agnipurāna 47n88, 321, 321n38, 338n63Airlaṅga, King 377n52Aizen 376n51; subjugation of Īśvara and Nārāyaṇa 323Ajaṇtā 215–16Aji Dharma (Aṅliṅ Darma, Aridharma) 275,

278n16, 279n16, 284, 285n25, 289, 290n32, 291, 294, 296, 298–99, 304n48, 317n64

*Ājñāgarbha 29, 38, 50; see also BianhongAkalāṅka 372n44ākarṣana 330–34, 336, 336n57, 338n62, 338n64,

339n66, 342–43, 345Ākāśagarbha, Bodhisattva 52n115, 90, 135akṣamālā 353n6Akṣayamatisūtra 77Akṣobhya 57, 81, 88–89, 90n64, 91, 149, 192, 198,

201, 219, 232–33, 234n29, 243, 248, 264, 267, 280n21, 335; head of the vajra family 243

Alan Gua 153Alaungsitthu 20n67Allinger, E. 171Aluonashun (*Aruṇāśa?) 194Amarakosa 110n107Amaramālā 110n107Amarāvatī 18n60Amitābha 52n113, 88–89, 90n64, 91, 232–33, 178,

192, 202, 264, 267, 268, 278n9, 280n21, 281n22 Amitāyus 57amoghapāsa (amogha-chain) 277, 281, 282, 284n24,

292–93, 295, 315n58–59, 319Amoghapāśa (Avalokiteśvara/Lokeśvara) 53n129,

54n134, 149, 234n32, 244, 268–69, 277–78, 281, 317, 318n68; inscription of 142, 149; iconogra-phy at Candi Jago 277; statue of Jago 278n13; manḍala of 280–81

Amoghapāsakalparāja (AKR, T 1092) 43n67, 48n93, 55n144

INDEX

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia442

Amoghapāsasādhana 21n73Amoghasiddhi 57, 88–89, 178, 202, 232–33, 264,

267, 280n21, 316, 338n64, 340n72Amoghavajra (Bukong) 5n15, 10, 12, 14–15, 17,

30–31, 33, 34n27, 37–40, 42–43, 45, 47–48, 51n102–54n141, 56n156, 86, 90, 99, 101, 111, 125–28, 125n7, 130–34, 132n32, 136–38, 137n53, 203–206, 237, 239–41, 242n10, 244, 338, 338n64, 339, 341n73, 351, 353–58, 360, 365n25, 369–70, 375–76, 381, 383, 388n45, 389–91; biographies 86; journey to the Five Indias 358; meeting with Vajrabodhi in Java 12, 86n47, 205n58, 358; memorial stele inscription 131n27, 132, 137; travels of 382

Amṛtakuṇḍali(n) 46, 54, 337, 337n60, 347, 370n39; mantra 337n60;

Amṛtakunḍalivināyakabandhadhāranī 337, 337n60Amṛteśa (Amṛteśvara, Amṛteśabhairava) 332–34Ānandagarbha 99n78, 324, 337n60Anaṅgavajra 76, 82Anaṅgavarman 20n68Angkor 19–20, 244, 248–49, 252, 266, 371n42Angkor Thom 20n66Angling Darma (Aridharma) 275n4; see also Aji

DharmaAnige 145Aniko 317n67An Lushan Rebellions 34n31, 128–31, 131n31, 137An Thai stele 12n38Anuganthipada 391Anurādhapura 10, 15, 240, 350, 352–53, 354n9,

355n9, 356, 360–61, 366, 373, 375; period 352Anuttarapūjā 105, 107–109, 111Anuttarayoga 82, 93n72An Xinggui 133, 133n37Aparājita 40, 54, 56ārāma 215, 218Arapacana 88Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) 191, 193n5,

194n9, 195n15Ardhanārīśvara 329, 366Aris (or Araññavāsins) 20n67, 166n17Arjuna 279n16, 289, 291, 293–94, 296, 298–99,

302–305, 309n53, 315–16Arjunavivāha 279n16, 296n41, 299, 304, 316, 318Arjunavijaya 158Arthasāstra 18n59, 345Āryadeva 75, 98Āryamañjusrīmūlakalpa 212Āryapāda (or Ārya tradition) 71

Asaṅga 77, 83Asher, F.M. 195n19Aśoka, Emperor 114, 211; tree 219Aśokakāntā-Mārīcī 219Aṣtadikpālas 43n69Aṣta-mahā-bhaya-kliṅ 85n43, 87Aṣtamahābhaya Tārā, see TārāAṣtamīvrata 277Aṣtāṅgahrdaya 386n33Aṣtasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā 8, 10n32, 12, 115,

166, 170, 180, 260; Chinese (T 224, T 227) 54n142

Astrology, Indian 384n21Asuras 368n32, 369n33Aśvaghoṣa 98Atharvaveda 330Atharvavedaparisiṣta 333n47Atikūta 14, 39Atiraṇacaṇḍeśvara inscription 17Atīśa (a.k.a. Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna) 11, 19–20, 87n53,

107, 113, 115–21, 166, 174, 178, 241, 252, 261–63, 265–66, 278n9, 339n66; account of journey to Suvarṇadvīpa 19n63; relics of 120; school 119; see also Candragharba

Atwood, C.P. 147–48Avadānas 110avaivartaka (Mahāyāna) monks 169n27Avalokiteśvara (Lokeśvara) 8, 13, 52, 53n129,

80–81, 90, 107, 165, 166n11, 171, 173n53, 175–78, 180–82, 184, 189, 190, 217, 219–22, 225, 227, 229–30, 239–40, 242–43, 257, 259, 277, 366, 370–71; icons from Chaiya, Perak and Wonogiri 12; images of 211

āvāsa 215, 218āvesa rites 382, 384Āyurvedic acupuncture 386n33

Bacon, F. 155Bagan 166, 170–71, 183, 187–89; visual culture

linkages with Bengal 166Bahal II 268Bajradevī 158, 278Bajradhātu (Subhūti) Tantra, see Subhūti Bajradhātvīśvarī 110Bajrapāṇi 91Bālaputra(deva), King 18, 176, 207, 213, 265, 345, 393–94Balinese ‘Bauddha Brahmins’ 13n40Bangladesh 172, 175–77, 189, 191n3, 195, 200n37,

207; and Java 175Banteay Chhmar 20n66, 21

Index.indd 442 17/7/16 10:23 PM

Index 443

Baosiwei 14Baphuon 247Barong 3n10Batanghari, River 19, 83n41, 259–61, 263, 268Batu Pahat inscription 85Batujaya 85Bauddha-Śaiva dynamics 349, 350n3, 351n3, 366;

antagonistic paradigm 21; anti-Śaiva Buddhist myths 369; anti-Śaiva polemics 323–24, 337, 341–45, 347; Buddhaicized Śaiva deities in Sri Lanka 365; divide 9; doctrinal disputes 370; Hindu gods and goddesses in Buddhist contexts 182–83; problem of syncretism 21; subordination of Hindu deities at Candi Sewu 372n43; violence 372n44

Bautze-Picron, C. 20, 79, 197, 265n4, 268, 268n6Bay of Bengal 195, 205, 211; interaction sphere 211;

as the ‘Kaliṅga Sea’ 212Bayon state temple 20n66, 21, 244, 278n15Behera, K.S. 213Bell, Sir C. 120Bena, King 194Benedict, A. 151–52Bengal 165–90, 200–201, 207; copperplate inscrip-

tions 167–69, 167n21, 168n28; Muslim conquest 374; relations with Bagan 170, 190; relations with Tibet 167, 175, 190, 188n113; see also Gauḍīdvīpa

Benisti, M. 213Berg, C.C. 141–43, 151, 158Bernet Kempers, A. J. 285n26, 318Beyer, S. 87, 119Bhadracarī 87, 107, 109–11, 265Bhadreśvara 87–88Bhagavatavyākhyātantra 75Bhairava/Mahākāla 4, 134n48, 268, 332–33, 345;

rituals 150–51n14Bhairavika Priest 21n71bhairab naach 3n10Bhaiṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabhasūtra 107Bhaiṣajyarāja 370Bhaiṣajyasamudgata 370Bhairava 184Bhājā 215bhakti 110Bharāla 76Bhartṛhari 81n36Bhāskaravarman, King 202Bhatāra Divarūpa 90–91Bhatāra Hyaṅ Buddha 110

Bhatāra Samyaksambuddhāya 93Bhatāra Śivabuddha 278n14, 318Bhatāra Viśeṣa, (or the Saṅ Hyaṅ Divarūpa) 100Bhattacharya, V. 76, 88n56Bhauma-Kara, dynasty 7, 9n25, 217bhāvanā 76, 110Bhāvanākrama 77–78, 81, 111Bhāvanāyogāvatāra 76Bhikṣu(s), 113, 250; Mahendra 114Bhoja 241; see also VijayaBhomāntaka 345n81Bhṛkutī 52, 176, 277Bhujang Valley 241Bhūmisambhāra 102Bhūtaḍāmaratantra 119Bhūtanātha 332–34Bhūtatantras 332, 346, 386n31Bhūvācārya 9n25Bi’an, Dharmācārya Nirvāṇa 83–84Bianhong (Ājñāgarbha?) 12n35, 13n41, 15, 29,

31–37, 39–41, 43, 45, 47–50, 59, 86–87, 99–100, 101n84, 206–208

Biaro Bahal 21Biaro Bahal II 218Bidor 243Bihar 165–91, 193–95, 200–207; copperplate

inscriptions 167; Muslim conquest 374bījas 88n61Bisa Sāgar, stūpa 195Blandongan, gold leaf inscriptions of 85n45Blue Annals 19n63Bodh Gayā 1, 116, 164–66, 170, 178, 183, 185,

187–89, 213, 262; images 184, 188, 165n6, 197, 204; inscriptions of 194n14

Bodhi (tree/temple) 37, 40, 185, 229, 239; see also Mahābodhi

Bodhicaryāvatāra 21n69bodhicitta (vodhicitta) 77, 82, 242Bodhigarbhālaṅkāralaksa 216n12Bodhipathapradīpa 107Bodhiruci (Dharmaruci) 14, 36, 48n92, 50n101,

54n135, 56n158Bodhisattva(s) 4, 8n23, 13, 21n73, 29, 41, 43, 106,

124, 134–35, 193n7, 197, 211, 216–17, 220–21 232, 234, 239, 242, 244, 248, 257, 275, 277–78, 281n22, 291, 353n7, 370, 371n42; cult in Mon–Khmer land 250; group of six 80–81; Eight Great Bodhisattvas (aṣtamahābodhisattvas) 41, 52n115, 78–79; manḍala of eight 270; medicine kings 370; path 227; Svastika 38

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia444

Bodhisattvahood 216Bodhisattvayāna 250bodhyagrī-mudrā 338–39, 339n67Boechari 264Borobudur 11–12, 21n69, 67, 71, 79, 82, 87, 101,

103–105, 107, 109–12, 191–92, 193n5, 195–202, 204, 206, 208, 233, 238, 242, 253, 262, 265, 279–80, 281n22, 291n36, 293, 306, 314, 317, 349, 371, 378; art and architecture of 176, 191–92, 196–202, 206–207; Buddhism of 11, 101–102; iconography of 102; lead-bronze inscription, see Mahāraudranāmahdaya

Bosch, F.D.K. 87–88, 258, 266–68, 270Bourdieu, P. 152Brahmā 90–91, 182–83, 194n13, 368n32, 370Brahmajāla Sutta 134n47Brahmānḍapurāna 390Brahmanical, ascetics 134n47; social order 5Brahmanism 6Brahmans (Brahmins, brāhmanas) 14n46, 21n71,

114, 167n19, 168–69, 175, 282, 300, 365brahmavihāras 77, 82, 89Brahmayāmala 331‘Brāhmic’ (Fantian) tradition of astrology 46Brandes, J.L.A. 68, 275, 290, 293n37, 307, 311, 314,

318Bṛhatkathā 36n45Brief Explanation of the production, Recollection,

and Recitation of the Yoga of the Diamond Peak Scripture (T 866) 135

Brihadīśvara 368n32’Brom ston 120, 262Bronkhorst, J. 372n44Brown, R.L. 213Bsam yas Monastery 77Bubrah see Candi BubrahBuddha(s) 29, 38, 40, 50–51, 91, 106, 127, 135,

200–202, 220, 234n29, 239n4, 247, 253, 257, 259–60, 262, 267, 269, 271, 278, 281n22, 334, 337n58, 338, 344, 368n32, 371n42, 376; 108 names of 134; as a universal and divine king ruler (cakravartin) 164, 201–202; as Bhairava 142; biography of 163, 188–90, 193; depictions/images/statues of 164–66, 174, 177n73, 178n82, 183, 186–89, 191–93, 194n13, 195–96, 198–202, 204, 206, 209; Dhyāni/Jina-Buddha(s) 141, 141n2, 143, 219, 229, 232–33, 248, 278, 280n21, 316, 318 (see also Five Tathāgatas); directional 243; discourses/preaching/sermon/teaching/ut-terance of 164; donations to 168–69; Eight Great

Events of Buddha’s life (Aṣtamahāpratiharya) 187–88, 189n121; footprint 356; gem-eyed 373; images at Kesariya 199; in Brahmanical images 184; of Bhadrakālpa 202; of Borobudur 238; pentad of 242, 245, 252 (see also Jina-Buddhas, Pañcatathāgatas); nāga-enthroned 244; of the present and future 78–79; oneness with Śiva 278, 318; of Sambor Prei Kuk 250; of the past 78–79; Supreme 278n15; see also Śākyamuni (Buddha), Tathāgata(s)

Buddhabhadra 87Buddhacarita (Vuddhacarita) 98, 110buddhacārya 110–11Buddhaghoṣa 391Buddhaguhya 44n75, 99n78, 123n1Buddhagupta 81n37; inscription 256Buddhahood 216, 239, 277, 316Buddhajñāna (or Buddhaśrījñāna) 71, 76Buddhakapāla 178Buddhakara, King 14n45; dynasty 14n45Buddhasamayoga 74Buddhism/Buddhist, and royal power 169–70,

167n19; council, first 203; cult of books 176, 180, 187; donations 167–69; donors 167–70, 177, 180; interaction with Brahmanism 168–69, 175, 182–84, 190, 182n94, 190n122; monasticism 182, 169n27; pilgrimage 165, 165n10, 173; transmis-sion between the Sanskritic and Sinitic worlds, 29

Buddhist iconography, incorporation of local beliefs 225

Bühnemann, G. 330n33–n32Bukit Seguntang, inscription 257Bureaucracy, in Tang China 127–131Bu ston 389

caitya 8, 103, 216; window 224; dharmakāya- 103; worship of 103

caityavandana, inscription of 103Cakranegara, raid of the Puri of 68n4Cakrasaṁvara(tantra) 9n27, 154n18, 240, 248,

338n62; -manḍala 178n81, 190n122Cakrasaṃvarapañjikā 18n57Cakravarticintāmaṇi (Bodhisattva) 31–32, 35,

46n83, 53, 99–100; -dhāranī 50n99cakravartin 29, 36, 39, 42, 43n69, 45–46, 48–50,

56n162, 100, 145, 154–55, 188n116, 193–94, 201–203, 206, 208n72, 346, 358n16, 369; as a manḍala’s central Buddha or Bodhisattva 201–202; vidyādhara- 36; stūpa, see stūpa

Index.indd 444 17/7/16 10:23 PM

Index 445

*Cakravartitantra(s) 36–44n73, 46n83, 50n101–55n152

Cāḷukya, dynasty 377n52; Early Western 368n32Campā 18, 377Cāmuṇḍā 163n4Caṇḍavajrapāṇi 335, 335n51, 340, 342Candi Angsoka 258Candi Bongkol, stone post inscription 334n48Candi Bubrah 201, 208Candi Bukit Batu Pahat 253Candi Bungsu 88n61, 110n108Candi Gumpung 263–64, 266, 272; gold foil

inscription 335, 335n51; manḍala 264Candi Jago 21–22, 68, 88n58, 143n8, 157, 244, 268,

275–319; artisans of 279; cella statuary of 281; manḍala 278; reliefs 176, 275–319

Candi Jawi 88Candi Kalasan 90n63, 207–208, 238, 377Candi Kedulan 377n53; inscriptions 351n3, 377n53Candi Lumbung 18n59, 201, 207–208, 252Candi Mahligai 263, 269, 273Candi Mendut 8n23, 12, 79, 199, 201n39, 202n41,

219, 226–27, 238, 244; iconography of 219n18; and Ellorā caves 219n18; Bodhisattvas at 79

Candi Pawon 199Candi Plaosan 12, 79, 201, 208; inscriptions 208;

Lor, 350n3, 351n3, 362n21, 372n43, 374n48Candi Pulau Sawah 269Candi Sewu 11n35, 12, 17, 18n59, 177, 191n3, 201,

202n41, 207–208, 238, 252, 349, 366n26, 371n43, 372n43, 376, 378n53

Candi Śiva 326n12Candra, dynasty 167–69, 174; inscriptions 169Candragarbha 262; see also AtīśaCandraguhyatilaka 74Candrakīrti 75, 98, 116; pseudo 45n79Candras, dynasty 7Carita Parahyaṅan 323, 343–44, 344n79, 351,

363n23, 377, 378n54Caryā 93caryāntya 3n10Caryāmelāpakapradīpa 29n2, 75Caryātantras 71, 217, 346Casparis, J.G. de 18n58, 85, 101, 102n86, 256, 270,

374n48, 393Catuṣpīthatantra 6n17Cetiyagiri Monastery 9n29Chaiya 12, 240, 243–44, 252; 775 inscription 244Chakaravarti, D.K. 195Champāran 192–96, 200

Cāmuṇḍā 345Chang’an (present–day Xi’an) 1, 15, 32–34, 99–100,

205–207, 241, 373Chapoholo, battle site of 194n14Chattopadhyaya, B. 202Chaurasi, temple 232Chengguan 92Cherok Tokun inscription 85n45Chientowei, River 194n14Chinese monks/pilgrims 213, 216, 226, 258, 266; in

the Indonesian Archipelago 113–14Chinggis Khan 147, 153, 158; cult of 147Chinnamastakā (or Chinnamastā) 387n41Chōen 386n33Chou, Y–L. 11, 86Chōyo 387n40Clay sealings/votive tablets 85Coedès, G. 1n1, 82, 113, 237, 241, 253, 257, 263Cōḻa, dynasty 115, 207, 253, 262, 266, 377n52;

attack on Sumatra 260, 262, 266; fleet 241; inscriptions 207n68; interregnum in Sri Lanka 368n29; period 368n32; Rājarāja 174, 207n68; texts 241;

Colless, B. 323n3–24n5, 331, 341, 343, 347, 376, 378Compendium of Principles of All Tathāgatas 239Comprehensive Mirror for Aiding Government

123–24Confucian tradition (Confucianism) 48n91, 124;

canon 130Consecration deposits (ritual deposits) 264, 268,

272–73Conti, P. 248Conze, E. 71n12Cool, W. 68Cornelius, H.C. 193n5Crawfurd, J. 368Cūḍāmaṇivarman, King 10n30, 19, 117–18,

174, 207, 244, 262; -vihāra, see Śrīśailen-dracūḍāmaṇivarman Vihāra

Cui Gan 129Cūḷavaṁsa 352–53, 356–57, 365, 369n33, 378Cundā, goddess 227Cunningham, A. 79 191, 193, 199n29

Dafangguang fo huayan jing shu (T 1736) 92Daijizaiten-hōsoku-giki (Mahesvara–vidhi–kalpa?)

339n66Daizong, Emperor 8, 48n90, 86n51, 126–29, 126n12,

133, 137, 203, 383n16Ḍākinītantras 4

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia446

Dale-jingang-bukong-zhenshi-sanmeiye-jing-ban-ruo-boluomiduo-liqushi (T 1003) 90

Dali, Kingdom 21, 123, 178Dalton, J. 93n72, 335n52, 337n60, 342, 345n82, 347,

375n49Damais, L.C. 212Dāmodaradeva, King 170Daoism 240Daolin 83Dapunta Hyaṅ Śrī Jayanāśa 82Dara–Jiṅga 151Dara–Petak 151dasapāramitā 71, 76–77, 82, 111Dasgupta, S.B. 74Davidson, R. 4–6, 123, 145–46, 148, 154–55, 202,

233, 265–66, 273, 335n51–37n58, 342, 344–45, 377n52

Davis, E.L. 382Daxingshan, monastery 33, 383Dawangsari inscription 344n80Deccan, western 8Degroot, V. 363, 366Des Routers, R. 127n14Desai, D. 231Desavarnana (Nāgarakṛtāgama) 20n69, 33n20, 68,

98, 102, 141–42, 148–50, 158, 266, 278n13–14devadāsīs 228Deva dynasty 169–70, 200Devahuti, D. 194n12Devapāla, King 18, 167–68, 176, 207, 265, 358n16devī 110; catur- 71, 110; pañca- 71Dhammapada368 (Aṅguttara Nikāya) 77dhāranī(s) 3n8, 4, 7, 9n25, 32, 36, 58, 80–81, 83,

85, 93n74, 123n1, 136, 216, 324, 339, 340n69, 357n13, 373, 387; garuḍa- 387–88

dhāranīghara 9n29, 357n13Dhāranī of the Great Protectress (T 1153) 136; see

also Mahāpratisarādhāranī/Mahāpratisarā–vidyārājñī

Dhāranī Pitaka 83–84dharmadhātu 103, 354n9; manḍala 102Dharmakīrti (of Suvarṇadvīpa) 11, 19–20, 116–21,

174, 241, 252; relics 121Dharmakīrti (7th-century Buddhist logician) 120Dharmapāla (Dharmakīrti), Chief Abbot of

Nālandā 205, 261–62, 265Dharmapāla, King 11n34, 19, 81–82, 111, 113,

117–18, 167–68, 172–73, 195, 199;Dharmarakṣa 91Dharmasaṅgraha 107n102

Dharmasetu 90n63Dharmasraya 268Dharmasvāmin 166, 166n11Dharmayaśas 17Dharmendra 76Dholagaon 174n59dhyāna 328dhyāna-mudrā 338n64Dhyāni-Buddha(s), see under Buddha(s) Diamond Maṇḍala, see Vajradhātu[mahā]maṇḍalaDiamond Pinnacle Scripture/Cycle, see Vajra sekha-

ratantra/VajroṣnīṣaDieng Plateau 272Dignāga (Diṅnāga) 67, 76, 81–82, 84, 87, 101, 111,

113Dignāgapāda, Ḍaṅ Ācāryya Śri 76, 81, 84, 111Dīpaṅkara 260Dīpaṅkarabhadra 12, 71, 92, 101Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna, see AtīśaDivyāvadāna 279, 282n23, 293Donaldson, T. 214, 219, 223, 231Đông Dương 13n38; stele 12n38; temple 18Dongson bronzes 255Dorjee 103n92Droṇasiṁha, King 202Druma, King 314Duddā, Queen 202Du Hongjian 128–31, 129n20Dumarçay, J. 176, 205Dunhuang 376; monastery 203n46; Tibetan manu-

script 335n52Dupont, P. 244Durbodhāloka 11, 19, 262, 263Durgā 184, 255Durgottārā 169Dutt, S.N. 215, 217Du Xian 128dvāra–lalāta–bimba 223dvārapāla 224, 229, 232Dvāravatī 13, 251dveṣa (vidveṣana) 330, 332n41

Eastern India, art 163–66, 175; Gupta period 194n8, 195–96, 205; Kuṣāṇa period 194n8; Pāla period 163–206; Sena period 204; Śuṅga period 194n8

Edwards McKinnon, E. 271Ekādasamukhadhāranī 1Ellorā 8, 201, 217, 227 Elverskog, J. 147, 152–53Enchin 33–34

Index.indd 446 17/7/16 10:23 PM

Index 447

Ennin 35, 47n89, 373; diary 204Esoteric Buddhism 2–5, 7, 10–11, 13–15, 18–22,

99, 102, 237–40, 244, 252, 318, 351–53, 370n37, 374n46, 375; and early mediaeval polities 5; and magical sovereignty 36; and politics 46–47, 123–24, 137–38; and the ethos of power 133–35; and war 137; archaic nature outside of the Subcontinent 13; as distinct sectarian tradition in China 125n7; at Phimai 20n66; bestowing Buddhahood in life 277; bestowing super-natural powers 278; collapse of institutional support after 840 ad 351; conflict with Thera-vāda 66; cult of wrathful deities 178–80, 184, 190; decline after 840 A.D. 8, 18; denominator, vis-à-vis Tantric Buddhism 29n2; definition 2–3; Esoteric teachings (mijiao 密教) 129n7; in China 205, 207; in India 172, 190, 196, 206; in Java 11–12, 86, 207, 242; in Sri Lanka 9n27, 351; loss of royal support after 840 A.D. 373; origin 4–5; relationship with śaivism 2; royal and mercantile models 5–6; scholarly construction of 125n7; significant features 4; soteriology-ori-ented, transmission to China 29; Three Phases 7, 252n19; waves 13, 19

Eurasia 1, 2n3

fang sheng 109n103Fanyu zaming (T 2135) 90n 63Faxian 13n42, 85, 114, 191Fa-yü 261Fazang 203Feixi 358Ferrari, A. 120Five Indias 19n62Fontein, J. 268, 279, 281n22Foucher, A. 88n56Fozu lidai tongzai 147Franke, H. 144, 146n11, 147Fuhōden (Himitsu Mandarakyō Fuhōden) 31, 33,

34n33Funan 212, 245

Gajalakṣmī 223Gajavaktra 47n88, 338–39n67, 342; see also Gajen-

dramukha, Gaṇapati, VināyakaGajendramukha 338Gambhīrasīla 76ganacakra 98, 150Gaṇapati (Gaṇeśa) 118–19, 182, 253, 255, 267, 324,

326, 329–30, 333–34, 337–42, 344n80–347,

365n25; Gaṇapati-Vināyaka 337, 337n60, 341, 347; Krodhagaṇapati 339n66; Mahāgaṇapati 337, 339n66

Ganapatitattva (Tatva Ganapati) 324–34, 336n58, 337, 339n68, 340, 340n71, 342, 342n74, 346–47

Gaṇḍakī, River 194n14Ganḍavyūha 10n32, 111, 281n22; -(mahāyāna)sūtra

(T 293) 87, 171n45, 176, 242, 281n22; -bhadra-carī 206–207; reliefs of Borobudur 253

gandhakūti/mūlagandhakūti 228Gandhamādana, Mount 383Gandhāra, art 189gandharva 304n48, 305Gaṇeśa, see Gaṇapati, VināyakaGaṅgā, River 191, 195, 225Ganges, Valley 237, 239; monsteries 252Gaozong, Emperor 203n47Garbhadhātumaṇḍala 99, 111, 206, 370; garbha-

manḍala 35, 42–43, 99–100, 335n50Garuḍa 272, 382–85, 387; rites 382Gāruḍa medicine 382Garuḍa, Mount 383n17Garuḍapatalaparivarta (T 1276) 381n7, 383, 388n43,

388n45; see also MañjusrīmūlakalpaGaruḍapurāna 47n88, 338n63Gāruḍatantras 382, 383n14, 384n19; Śaiva 383n17Gāruḍic lore 383; texts 382Garuṅ, King 351n3, 363, 372n43, 375, 378; period

351n3Gauḍīdvīpa (present-day Bengal) 18n59, 87, 101,

112, 177, 207Genzu manḍala, 36n43, 38, 41–42, 48n92,

53n119, 53n125, 54n137, 55n146; see also Mahākaruṇodbhava–garbhamaṇḍala

Geographia 212Geshu Han 131–33Ghanavyūhasūtra (T 682) 86n51Ghaznī 115Giebel, R.W. 12, 15, 17, 86, 101n84, 240–41, 252,

361n20, 369–370n36Girikanḍivihāra 353, 355–56; Pallava-Grantha

Sanskrit inscription 356Godan/Köden 144, 145n10Gold plates, Buddhist inscriptions from Java 85Golden Monastery 115 ‘Gold Island’/‘Gold Land’, see SuvarṇdvīpaGomez, L.O. 227Gopāla II, King 167, 197n21;Goris, R. 69, 71, 101Go shōrai Mokuroku (T 2161) 46n81

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia448

Goudriaan, T. 85n43, 325–26n12, 330–32nn40–41, 335–36, 338, 345–46n83

Govindacandra, King 169–70;grahas 46, 190n125Grand Councillors 128–29Gray, D.B. 248Great Leiden Charter 117Great Song Brief History of the Saṅgha 128n16Green Dragon, Monastery 99Griffiths, A. 11, 19n63, 88n61, 265–66, 270n7, 273,

278n13, 324, 326n12, 334–37n60, 340, 344n80, 346n85, 347

Gser gliṅ pa 19n63, 120Guangzhou 19n62Guanshiyinshuo mieyijiezuiguode yijiesuoyuan

tuoluoni 100Guhasena, King 202n42Guhyakādhipatinirdesa 92Guhyasamāja(tantra; also Śrīguhyasamāja) 14n44,

20n66, 45n79, 71, 74–75, 77, 81–82, 85, 88–93, 98, 100, 112, 149, 240, 246, 248, 278n9, 324, 328n20, 335n51, 336n57, 359n18, 376, 389–90

Guhyasamājamanḍala, rituals 71Guhyasamājamanḍalavidhi (GSMV; also Śrī–) 71,

73, 80, 88, 92, 98, 100–101, 111Guhyasamājamanḍalopāyikā 73Guhyasamājamanḍalopāyikāviṁsatividhi (GSVV;

also Śrī-) 38n50, 71, 73–74, 86, 88, 92, 98, 100–101, 107, 111, 389

Guhyasamājanidānakārikā 80Guhyatantra 43, 47n88, 56n159Guhyendutilaka 74–75, 111Gujarat 194, 208; see also GurjaradeśaGuluṅ Guluṅ inscription 334Gumpung, see Candi GumpungGuṇabhadra 357n13Guṇavarman 85, 205–206Gunung Kidul 363; inscriptions 349Gupta dynasty 194–96; art and architecture of

195–97Gupta, S. 211Gurjaradeśa (present-day Gujarat) 12, 208Gurjara-Pratihāra dynasty 12, 208Gurumanḍalapūjā 88n61Gurupañcasikhā 73–74, 76, 98–99, 111Guy, J. 204, 252Gyantse 201n39

Haiyun 31, 389–90Hall, D.G.E. 142

Han dynasty 124Han Prince 127Hanguang 360, 365n25; biography of 17n54Hanumān 333Hārītī 211, 226, 235Harivarman 170–71, 181–82; manuscript 182Harṣa, King 36n45, 194–95, 202–203;Harṣavijaya, kiduṅ 151Harṣavijaya (nephew of Kṛtanagara) 151Hastadanḍasāstra 83n40Hayagrīva 40, 56, 58, 175, 221, 277Heian period 8Heissig, W. 146Heling (or Holing), Kingdom 31, 208, 212; see also

Kaliṅga, KeliṅHermann-Pfandt, A. 201n39Heruka 13, 20–21, 166, 177n76, 178–80, 189n1210,

190, 184n96–97, 218, 248, 252, 267–68n6, 340, 345, 383; see also Hevajra

Herukasādhana 335Heshang 77Hetu Vidyā 84Hevajra 13, 20–21, 166, 172, 177n76, 178–82, 184,

186, 189, 166n16, 265n4, 268, 335, 339n67, 345; manḍala 252, 265; see also Heruka

Hevajra(dākinījālasambara)tantra 13, 20–21, 88n61, 141, 144–45, 149–50, 153, 240, 242, 252, 261, 265, 265n4, 278n15, 332n39, 338n61; cult in South-east Asia 252n19

Hevajrābhiṣeka 141n2Hevajratantra 149, 115, 240, 252Hilsa 119Hīnayāna 3n8; monks 217; śāstras 217; sūtras 217Hinduism in Sumatra 253, 255Hindu temples 213; in Odisha 213, 223, 231; in

Bhubaneswar 222Hiraṇyadāman 346Hishū kyōsō shō 387n40History of Buddhism in India 217Hobbes, T. 155Hôbôgirin 382, 384n20Hock, N. 214, 217Hodge, S.75– 76Hodgson, B. 193n5Holt, J. 15homa 135, 199, 240Hongfa 99Hooykaas, C. 85n43, 325–26n12, 329nn28–30,

332n44Hor Chos’byung 157n21

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Index 449

Hpayathonzu 20n67Huaidi 383n14Huayang, Princess 126–27Hucker, C.O. 127n14, 131n26, 131n31Hudson, D.D. 372n44Huichang 373Huiguo 12n35, 15, 31–36, 38–39, 50n99, 86, 99–101,

206, 370n36Huilang 15, 48n94Huilun 204Huining 85Huiri 99Hülegü 146Humphrey, C. 158–59Hunlunweng 353n7Hunter, T.M. 296Huntington, J.C. 216, 226, 252Huntington, S.L. 197, 252Hyecho 15, 358Hye-il 33

Ijzerman, J.W. 88n61, 269–70n7Ikṣvāku, dynasty 9n25Indian Ocean, trade network 2Indra 148, 134n43, 164, 182, 279n16, 296n41, 299,

304n48, 305, 316, 328n23, 339, 363n24, 370; see also Śakra

Indrabhūti 75, 203Intan shipwreck 259–60Iron stūpa 9, 353n7, 354Īśān (modern Isan) 250Īśāna, dynasty 69Īśāna (form of Śiva) 55Īśānavarman, King 14n46, 237 Īsvara(s) 90–91, 323, 328n23, 329; five 88; palace

383

Jagaddala Mahāvihāra 172Jagchid, S. 146–47Jagjivanpur, 172n47; inscription 167–68, 167n21,

169n28Jago, see Candi Jago Jaini, P.S. 279Jaka Dolog inscription 148–49, 159Jambhala 119Jambi 88n61, 240, 258–65, 268Jambudvīpa 203Jamspal, L. 92n70japa 106, 328, 353n6,Japasūtra (JS) 73

Jātaka(s) 110, 258, 284, 287, 302; -mālā 110Java 176, 191, 195, 205–209, 213, 358; ad 1293

invasion by Khubilai 143; and Bangladesh 175; and China 11–12, 31–34, 207; and India 165–66, 176–78, 184, 189, 191, 195, 205–209; and Kaliṅga 212; connections with Odisha 213

Javanese literature, magical aspect of 142Jawi, Candi 88Jayabhadra 18n57Jayakatoṅ 150–51Jayākhyasaṁhitā 332n41; see also Pāñcarātra,

VaiṣṇavaJayanagara see Lakhi Sarai, JaynagarJayanāśa, King 256, 265Jayanta (Rājasthavira) 118Jayaśīla 117Jayavarman II, King 346, 358Jayavarman V, King 12n37; Sanskrit inscription (K.

111) 346Jayavarman VI, King 248Jayavarman VII, King 8, 20, 252, 278n9, 278n15,

371n42Jayavarman-Parameśvara, King 371n42Jesuits 118Jialouluo ji zhutian miyan jing (‘Scripture of

Mantras of Garuḍa and Gods’ [T 1278]) 382–83, 385n24, 385n29

Jianfusi, monastery 203n47Jianzhong 99’Jig-med-rig-pa’i-rdo-rje 157n21Jina 88; -temple (jinamandira) 12; -Buddha(s)

200–201; see also Buddha(s), Tathāgata(s)Jing’ai, monastery 204n53Jinge, monastery 204Jingshe 365n25Jingangfeng louge yiqie yuqie yuzhi jing 376n51Jingangding jing yuqie shibahui zhigui 14n49Jingangzhi 14, 389–90; see also VajrabodhiJiu Tangshu (JTS) 125–33, 137Jīvakāmravana 215n10jñāna 77Jñānabajreśvara 88, 149, 278n14Jñānabhadra 85Jñānacandra 76Jñānagarbha 76, 77Jñānapāda (Jñāna tradition) 71Jñānasiddhānta 326nn12–14Jñanasiddhi 29n2, 75Jñānaśiwabajra 148Jong, J.W. de 69, 71, 93n72

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia450

Jordaan, R.E. 100, 113n1, 208–209, 234n31, 323n3, 324, 326n12, 331, 341, 343–45, 347, 363, 376, 378

Jūhachieshiki 341n73Juynboll, H.H. 68

Kabajradharan 21n69Kaḍiri-Siṅhasāri 20Kah-gyur 279, 281n22, 282n23, 284Kailāsa, Mount 184n97Kailāsanātha 17, 368n32Kaiyuan catalogue (Kaiyuan shijiao lu) 381, 390Kakārakutarahasyam 231Kāla, faces of 259; see also KīrttimukhaKālacakra 141, 141n1Kālacakratantra 19, 171, 217, 262Kāḷachuri, dynasty 377n52Kāla-makara, architectural motif 213Kalasan, inscriptions 86, 87, 89n63, 100, 118–20,

234; see also Candi KalasanKālī 231Kālidāsa 212Kālikāpurāna 184Kaliṅga (Heling, Kәliṅ) 8, 31, 34–35, 48, 85, 87,

99, 211, 213; in trade networks 212; maritime prowess of 212; traders from 212

Kaliṅgapatana 9Kaliṅgoḍra 12Kalki Śrīpāla 19Kālottara 44n73Kāma 316Kāmākhyā 184Kamalarakṣita 117Kamalaśīla 76–78Kāmarūpa (present-day Assam) 202Kanauj 194Kāñcī 9, 10n30, 14n46, 15, 18, 113, 205, 237, 240–41,

352–53, 357, 372n44; Pallava–style Buddhism at 237

Kandahjaya, H. 206Kānherī 8kapāla 387n41, 388Kāpālika(s)/kāpālika 4, 342n76, 344–45Kapstein, M.T. 3n8Kāranḍavyūha(sūtra) 13n38, 54n138, 171, 181Karang Berahi inscription 261Karma, family 107Karmavibhaṅgasūtra 104–105Karpūrādistotram 231Kārttikeya 53n118; see also Skanda

karunā 229Kāsyapaparivartasūtra 77Kāsyapasilpa 272Kats, J. 67–69Kaula, stream of Śaivism 332n45Kauz, R. 2kavinayan 21n69Kayumvuṅan inscription 102, 103n90, 110–111, 206Kayuvaṅi, King 346n86, 353n8, 361, 363, 373n45,

374n47, 375Kedah (Katāha) 10n30, 12, 19n63, 115, 174, 240–41,

244, 253, 255–56, 258, 260, 262–63, 265, 272; inscription 85n45

Kedulan, see Candi Kedulan Kedulan inscriptions 351n3, 377n53Keichin 35n38kәliṅ 212Kelurak inscription 18n59, 86–87, 89, 90n63, 91,

100–101, 112, 207, 209, 241, 252Kempers, B. 267Ken Aṅrok 158Kern, H. 141n2Kesariya 191–93, 195–202; inscription 195; stūpa

architecture 193, 196–202; Ketu 46n83Khaḍgarāvaṇa 329, 332, 332nn43–44, 334Khagarbha 79–80; among the Eight Great Bo-

dhisattvas 79; among the group of six Bodhisat-tvas 80

Khalimpur, charter 195n18Khanipas 323–24, 331–32, 346, 346n86, 376Khao Sam Kaeo 255Khmer, Khorat plateau 237–38; art 244Khön clan 145Khotan 114Khri Srong Lde Bstan 77Khubilai Khan 8, 20n68, 21, 141–51, 153–59, 242,

252, 275, 278, 317–18; and Buddhism 144, 148, 153; and foreign policy 151; and Kṛtanagara 141, 142, 158; consecration of 141n2, 142, 153n18; historiography on 148; invasion of Java 143, 252; wife of (Chabi) 157

Kiduṅ 148, 151, 155, 158Kim, J. 1, 168, 170, 187King of Eulogies of Vajragarbha-Trailokyavijaya

(Kongōzō gōzanze san’ō) 370n38kinnarī 278; jataka 315Kīrttimukha, architectural motif 199, 259Kīrtipaṇḍita, purohita 12, 244, 246, 248–50, 252, 346Kitan 144

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Index 451

Klokke, M.J. 176, 238n2, 346n86Kōbō Daishi Zenshū 31n8Kongōbuji 360, 365n25, 369–71; monastery 351Koṅkana/Konkan coast 8, 18n57Kota Cina 271Kōya, Mount 99, 360, 369–70Kōya ni dōjō o konryū shite kekkai suru keibyaku

no bun (‘Text of Declaration for the Consecra-tion of an Altar at Mount Kōya’) 370

Krairiksh, P. 241Kramrisch, S. 214Kriyā 93Kriyākālagunottara 332nn43–44, 384n19, 387n39Kriyāsaṅgraha (KS) 71, 73, 106n99Kriyāsaṅgrahapañjikā 71, 103n93, 106Kriyātantra(s) 45n80, 214, 217, 346Krodhagaṇapati 118Krodhaganapatisādhana 118Krodha(-vighnāntaka) deities 166, 180, 335,

339n67–343n77Krom, N.J. 79, 82, 98, 101–102, 107, 142, 279, 293Kṛṣṇa 279n16Kṛṣnāyana 278n16, 279n16, 317n64Kṛtanagara, King 8, 20n68, 21–22, 88, 141–43,

148–51, 153–59, 252, 268, 275, 278, 318, 345; and Buddhism 141, 148, 151, 153; and foreign policy 151; and Khubilai 142, 158; consecration of 141n2; iṣtadevatā of 141n2

Kṣemarāja 331, 331nn37–38Kṣitigarbha 80; among the group of six Bodhisat-

tvas 80; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79Kubera 55, 224, 282, 311n55, 370n39Kubilai, Kublai, see KhubilaiKubjikāmatatantra 384n19Kudṛṣtinirghātana 21n69Kuijp, L. van der 389Kūkai 12, 14–15, 29, 31–35, 39, 46n81, 100, 101n84,

238n2, 241, 351, 360, 365n25, 369–71, 381, 382n7Kuladatta 103n93, 106Kulottuṅga Cōḻa inscription 209n74Kumāraghoṣa 18n59, 87, 100–101, 112, 207Kumārajīva 84Kumbhayoni, Lord 349–51, 361–64, 368–69,

371–75; inscriptions 351, 362, 365–369n33; Śaiva structures 349; Śaiva symbology 349; temple 367; temple platform 368

Kunlun 85Kuñjarakarṇa, character 303–305, 307, 309, 315Kuñjarakarna, tale 275, 284, 285n26, 302, 305n50,

308–309, 315–16

Kurkihār 250Kusen 351n3Kuśinagara 193Kutai inscriptions 114Kyanzittha, King 20n67

Laḍahancandra, King 169, 169n33Laghusaṁvara/Herukābhidhāna 18n57Lakhi Sarai/Jaynagar 173, 167n19, 180, 184Lakṣmaṇa 17n56Lakṣmaṇasena, King 171Lakṣmī 223, 271, 315–16, 368n32, Lalitagiri 8, 195n17, 197, 213, 218lalitāsana 224, 299, 309, 310n55Lalitavistara 110Lālmai, Buddhist centre 195Lamaism 146Lamaist church 146Lambakaṇṇa (Second), dynasty 7, 10n30, 240, 244,

349n2, 350–53, 356, 359, 372Licchavi, (Nepalese) dynasty 193–95Lidai minghua ji (‘Records of the Famous Painters

of All the Dynasties’) 204n53Lumbung, see Candi LumbungLamdre 145Lamotte, É. 228n21Lang Darma, King 18, 116, 119Laozi 130Laporan Tahunan 362n22la Vallee Poussin, L. de 82Levi, S. 1n1, 92n70, 98Leviathan 155Lhasa 1, 120Liangbu dafa xiangcheng shizi fufa (T 2081) 31Liang, dynasty 80Li Baoyu 128, 133Liezi 130Ligor inscription 118, 260Li Guangbi 129, 133Li Gui 133n37Li Heng 129, 131Li Jie 373liṅga 362, 367, 368n32, 371n42; inscriptions 367–68Liṅgapurāna 366n26Linrothe, R. 1, 3n8, 7n20, 163, 166, 214, 217–18,

252n19, 333, 336n55, 339n67–341Little Leyden Charter 118Li Xiyan 132, 132n32Liyan 90n63Locanā 88–89, 110, 278, 318

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia452

van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J.E. 196n20Lokaṣema 114Lokanātha 8, 12, 115, 260, 267; see also Avalo ki teś-

vara, LokeśvaraLokesh Chandra 68n7, 69, 71, 103n88, 144, 149, 159,

212, 252Lokeśvara (Avalokiteśvara) 12, 48n92, 87–88,

90–91, 234n32, 278n15; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79; among the group of six Bo-dhisattvas 80; see also Avalokiteśvara

Long, M. 102n86, 113n1, 196Longzhi 14, 389; see also Nāgabodhilontar (palm leaf manuscript) 68Lopburi 244Loro Jonggrang 326n12, 344Lumbinī 104n95Lumbung, see Candi LumbungLunsingh Scheurleer, P. 175, 247Luoyang 34–35, 92, 130, 204n53Lü Xiang 240, 353; biography 14n46, 353n7, 356n11

MacKenzie, C. 193n5, 367Madhurai 360, 373–74madhyadesa 11n34, 21n72Madhyamaka 77, 262Mädigiriya 354n9, 357Magadha 11n34, 116, 165, 173, 183, 188, 190,

194–95; Turkic invasion 21n72Magetsari, N. 71, 101–102Mahābhārata 311n55Mahābimba 8, 18n57mahābodhi 110Mahābodhi Temple 104n95, 165n6, 166, 189, 197,

203–204Mahādeva 328n23, 336, 337n58, 384

*Mahādūtavidyā (T 1268.299b21–28) 47n88Mahā-guhya 111–12Mahāhdayadhāranī 340n71Mahākāla 20–21, 144–45, 158, 180, 184, 268–69,

338, 339, 342, 345Mahākālantantra 154Mahākaruṇodbhava-garbhamaṇḍala 30; see also

Genzu manḍalaMahākṣobhya 141, 148; see also Akṣobhyamahāmāṁsa 388n45Mahāmanivipulavimānavisvasupratiṣthitaguhya-

dhāranī 36n45Mahāmāyūrī 54n136Mahāmitābha 141; see also AmitābhaMahānāvika Buddhagupta inscription 85n45

Mahāparinirvāṇa 84Mahāparinirvānasūtra 85Mahāprajñāpāramitā 205Mahāpratisarā 11n35, 136n50, 178, 266Mahāpratisarādhāranī/Mahāpratisarāvidyārājñī

136n50, 136n51; see also Dhāranī of the Great Protectress

mahārājalīlāsana 229Maharashtra 164, 166n17, 167, 182Mahāratnakūta 77Mahāraudranāmahṛdaya (Borobudur lead-bronze

inscription) 206–207, 324, 328n21, 335n51, 335n51, 337n60, 339, 340, 342, 347

Mahāsiddhas 9, 14n50, 166, 186, 166n17, 190n125; see also siddhas

Mahasthangarh 172Mahāvairocana 31, 41, 44, 232–33, 329n24, 338n64,

339n67, 370; as Śākyamuni 57n169; Dharma-kāya Tathāgata 238n2; Great Maṇḍala 99; Tantra 9; see also Vairocana

Mahāvairocanābhisaṁbodhitantra (MVA, MVT, Mahāvairocanatantra) 69, 71, 73, 75, 77; see also Mahāvairocanasūtra, Vairocanābhisaṁbo-dhi(tantra)

Mahāvairocanamahākarunagarbha-mahāmanḍala 99

Mahāvairocanasūtra (T 848) 14, 86n48, 353n7Mahāvajrakrodha 335n51Mahāvaṁsa 9n29, 361n19Mahāvastu 77, 279, 284, 287, 315; jataka 284n24,

295, 302, 315Mahāvihāra at Anurādhapura 349n2, 350, 352, 355,

360–61, 374–75; chronicles 352n5Mahāvyutpatti 50, 55n151, 92, 92n70, 94Mahāyakṣasenāpati 340Mahāyāna 3, 4, 7–13, 21n69, 77, 82n37, 98, 102, 116,

118, 125n7, 135, 164–67, 169–70, 175, 190n125, 196, 211, 216–18, 221, 233–34, 239–44, 256, 270, 355, 374; Avaivartaka Bodhisattvas 169n27; Bhikṣu 217; bhūmi 169n27; conflict with Theravāda 166; emergence of icons in the Malay peninsula 241; images 163; introduction in China 114; liturgy 227; monks 217; sāstras 217; Scriptural Collection 3n8; sūtras 19n63, 217; Tantric 101

Mahāyānasūtrālaṅkāra 92, 94Mahāyānism 68n4Mahāyoga 244; second wave of 246; -tantras 30,

33n19, 48–49, 390Mahendrapāla, King 167–68, 169n28

Index.indd 452 17/7/16 10:23 PM

Index 453

Maheśvara 90–91, 134, 134n47, 138, 239n5, 337n60, 338, 338n64, 340n69, 343–44, 347, 366, 384, 386–87; as Indra or Śiva 134n43; iconography of 381; or Rudra 383; subjugation/taming of by Vajrapāṇi 133–36, 138, 323, 336, 338, 341–44

Mahīdhara, dynasty 248, 330, 332Mahinda II, King 364–65Mahmūd of Ghaznī 115Maināmatī 169–70, 174–75, 177–78, 181, 167n19,

195, 200–101, 208; see also VikrampuraMaitreya 53, 79, 167n19, 184n101, 189, 203, 204n53,

206, 229; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79

Maitreyanātha 116Maitrika, dynasty 202, 208Majapahit 20, 21n69, 295n39Majumdar, R.C. 212, 213n7makara 219, 367Malandra, G.H. 219n18Malay Peninsula 12, 19, 205Malay, people and culture 253, 255–56Malayu 149, 151, 258–63, 268; Kṛtanagara’s expedi-

tion against 149Mālinīvijayottaratantra 384n19Māmakī 53–54, 88–89, 110, 318Mānavarman, King 15, 240, 350n3, 352–59Manchu state/rulers 152Manḍala(s) 4, 5n13, 40, 42, 44n73, 57, 105–106,

123, 132, 136, 201–203, 205, 208–209, 233, 237, 238n2, 240, 244, 248, 256, 277, 278n9, 280n21, 281, 316–17, 365, 366n26, 372n43; fourfold typology 57n164; Hevajra 252; in stone images 166n17, 180, 188–90, 197; in structures (stūpa-manḍala) 191–93, 198–99, 201–202; Japanese Matrix World 30; living 128; model of Indic polity/political authority 6, 18n59, 124; Newar and Sakya-pa 317n65; of agni, vāri, pthivī, and vāyu 385; of Candi Jago 278, 318; of secret rituals 245; of the Eight Bodhisattvas 227; of the Guhyasamājatantra 20n68, 248; of the Vairocanābhisaṁbodhi 38; Perfected Body 341; sculptural 234n29; see also Garbhadhātu-maṇḍala, Vajradhātu(mahā)maṇḍala

Manḍalāṣtasūtra 238, 244Manguin, P.–Y. 262 Maṇicintana/*Maṇicinta 14Maniyār Matha 197Mañjughoṣa 18n59, 88, 252; among the Eight Great

Bodhisattvas 79; image of 252mañjunātha 88, 88n60

Mañjuśrī 10n32, 11n35, 13, 41, 53, 87–90; 145, 165, 170–72, 175–77, 183–85, 184n101, 188–90, 197, 203, 205n57, 206–207, 217, 229, 232–33, 238–39, 242, 251–52, 257, 262, 391; among the group of six Bodhisattvas 80; Arapacana 184–86, 189; cult of, maritime aspect 11; pavilion 127; see also Mañjughoṣa, Mañjuvajra

Mañjuśrīgṛha (Mañjuśrī sanctuary) 177, 208; inscription 376, 393–94

Mañjuśrīkrodha 74Mañjusrīmūlakalpa (or Mañjusriyamūlakalpa,

MMK) 4n11, 12, 31, 36n45, 37, 43n67, 52n109, 53n126, 58n183, 80, 203, 388n43, 388n45; manḍalas of 56n159; see also Garuḍapatalapa-rivarta (T 1276)

Mañjusrīnāmasaṅgīti (‘Litany of Names of Mañ-juśrī’) 88n60, 233

Mañjusrīsamaguhyānut-taradhyānamukhamahātantrarājasūtra 88n61

Mañjuśrīvarman 358n16Mañjusriyamūlakalpa (MMK) 381n7, Mañjuvajra/Mañjuśrīvajra 88, 117, 184–86, 189–90,

248; -manḍala 88n61; see also MañjuśrīMañjuvāk 88, 90Mantra (s) 4, 84, 106, 110, 239, 244, 323–47, 353n6,

376; Gāruḍa 290n35, 383n14; armour 386; four vajra- 58; five-part mantra of Vairocana 57; of the great seal (mahāmudrā) 385; mantric deities 41

Mantramahodadhi 330–31, 336n56Mantramārga 3n9, 4, 332; Tantras 333n47; see also

PaścimasrotasMantra of Thousand-Armed Amtakunḍalin 370n38Mantra school (Zhenyanzong) 86n49, 99; of the

Old Believers 74Mantranaya 2, 3n8, 4, 8, 10n30, 11, 20n67, 71, 357;

and dhāranī practice 4; shift to Theravāda in Sri Lanka 350; Tang tradition 29

Mantrayāna 3, 5–6, 244, 257, 265–66, 353n7 mantrin 5n13Manusmṛti 345Māra 243mārana 329n28, 330, 332nn40–41, 333n45, 339n66,

342n75Māravijayottuṅgavarman, King 118, 244Mārīcī 172–73, 177, 182, 184n101, 186–87, 189–90,

184n100Mārīcīdharanīsūtra 370n39Maritime Asia 1–2, 6–7, 13; Buddhism in 6; Esoter-

ic Buddhist circles in 15

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia454

marman 386n33Mataram, Kingdom 344n79Matsunaga, Y. 88n60, 93n72, 373, 381n7, 382n7,

388n45Maukhari, dynasty 14n46Māyājāla 4n11, 9n27, 14n44, 74Māyāmata 272n8Mayer, R. 341–42, 342n76, 344McBride, R.D. II. 91, 125n7Meditationes sacrae 155Melaka Strait 241, 253, 255, 258–59, 261–63, 266, 271Memorials and Edicts (T 2120) 126, 128Mendis, V.L.B. 143Mendut, see Candi Mendut Meru, Mount 184n97Methods of Having Requests Heard by Ākāsagarbha

(T 1145) 135Mijiao 354, 369Miji jingang lishi hui 91–93, 100Mikkyō daijiten (MDJ) 39n56, 46n83, 51n108,

53n125Mikkyō jiten (MJ) 39n56Miksic, J. 207Mishra, U. 217Mitra, D. 213–14, 219, 224, 229, 232, 234n29, 363n24mithuna 231Mizhunna 14n46, 15Mkhyen brtse 120Moens, J.L. 141, 141n2, 269mohana 330Mohipur inscription 167–68, 167n21Mon 244; iconography 244Mongolian Buddhism 144Mongol-Manchu relations 152Monsoon Asia 1Moriya 352n6Moses, L.W. 144–45Mṛtyujit 332–33; see also MṛtyuñjayaMṛtyuñjaya 332, 334; mantra 327, 329–30, 332–34;

see also MṛtyujitMuara Jambi 83n41, 263, 266, 268–69, 272–73Muara Takus 21, 88n61, 110n108, 268–70, 370n39;

stone inscription 337n60Mucilinda 188–89mudrā(s) 38, 54n132, 106, 110, 232, 239, 245;

abhaya- 232, 316; añjali- 281n22, 366n26; bhūmisparsa- 198, 229, 232, 234n29, 243; danḍa- (staff seal) 387; dharmacakra- 232–33; dhyāna- 107, 232; mahā- (great seal) 386–87; varada- 219, 221, 232–33, 252; vitarka- 107

Muhammed, K.K. 195–96Mukhāgama 101Mukherjee, P. 217Mukhopadhyay, S.P. 281n22Muktesvara, temple 213, 232Mula Maluruṅ inscription 21n71Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya 372n44Mūlavarman, King 114Mūrdhataka 41, 45–47, 53, 56n162, 58–59Murshidabad inscription 167, 167n21Mus, P. 1n1, 98, 101Musi, River 253, 257–59, 261

Nadaungmya 166Nafuti (or Tinafuti), Kingdom see Tīrabhuktināga(s) 43, 54n136, 225, 232, 244, 281n22, 282, 284,

289–95, 315n58, 319, 338, 342, 366n26, 370, 386; -rāja 315n59; seven-hooded 229; three headed 229

Nāgabodhi (a.k.a Nāgabuddhi) 10, 14–15, 17, 30, 71, 73, 86, 92, 101, 358n15, 370n36, 389–91; see also Nāgajñāna

Nāgajñāna/Nāgajñā 15n50, 240, 370n36Nāgānanda 36n45Nāgarakrtāgama, see DesavarnanaNāgarī script 21, 88n61, 266–68, 270–71, 273,

318n68Nāgārjuna 9, 14n50, 73, 76–77, 83–84, 98, 116, 370,

390; Bodhisattva 84Nāgārjunakoṇḍa 9, 10n32, 201Nakamura, H. 76, 81n36Nākappattiṉam 9, 10n30, 11, 20, 117, 174, 204–205,

240, 244, 266; Chinese-style Buddhist temple in 15, 205; Mahāvihāra 207

Nakhon Si Thammarat 244Nakhon Pathom 13Nakhon Ratchasima 20n66nakṣatras 46Nālandā 8, 10–11, 17–19, 21n69, 81, 83, 101, 119,

170–71, 173, 176, 178, 183, 184, 193, 195, 205, 206n60, 215n10, 237, 239, 241, 253, 258, 260–61, 265, 270, 317n66, 353, 356–357n12; archaeolog-ical remains 194n11, 197; art and architecture of 196–97; copper-plate inscription 165, 167–68, 167n21, 207n67, 207n70, 213; influence on pan-Asian Esoteric Buddhism 17; Mahāvihāra 170, 177, 194–97, 202–208; monastery 6, 74, 213; University 113, 115

Nālandā (locality in Sri Lanka) 18, 352n5Nāmasaṅgīti 185n105Namo 153

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Index 455

Nanda 84Nandadīrghika Udraṅga Mahāvihāra 169n28Nandamanya, temple 20n67 Nandangaṛh 191–92, 195, 366n26; stūpa architec-

ture 196n20Nandivarman II Pallavamalla, King 372n44,

377n52Narasiṁha(pota)varman II Rājasiṁha, King 15, 17,

204–205, 368n32Nārāyaṇa 90, 323, 383–84Nāropā (or Advayavajra) 71n12, 390; relics of 120Natarāja see Śiva, dancingNaturalis Historia 212Naudou, J. 118Navakampa 326n12, 340n70nāvātman (mantra) 329n26Nāyanārs 372n44Neelis, J. 6Netang 116, 120, 262Netratantra 331–33n47, 346Newar, art 143n9; artesans, diaspora of in Central,

East, and Southeast Asia 21, 317, 329n19, 338n63; Buddhists 277; paubha 316

Newer Tang History 127n14, 131n29Nganjuk, bronze manḍala 19, 265Nham Biền stele 12n38Nihom, M. 14, 148–49, 141n3, 264–65nikāya 350, 353Nikāyasaṅgraha 9, 355n9Nīlapatadarśana 9Niruttarayoga 93, 93n72Niruttarayogatantras 14, 214nirvāna 106, 225, 277Niṣpannayogāvalī 88n61, 248Nisvāsatattvasaṁhitā (Nisvāsa) 4n11, 44n73Nivātakavaca 279n16, 296n41, 299, 305, 309n53Novum Organum 155n19

O’Brien, K. 151, 157–58Odisha 163, 165, 175, 178, 194–95, 197, 204–206,

212; conquest of 211; in Tibetan accounts 217; manḍala states of 202n43; maritime connec-tions with Southeast Asia 9n25, 211–12; stylistic connections with Java 213; temple building within 213; see also Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri, Udayagiri,

Older Tang History 130, 131n30Old Javanese, 9th century stone inscription 323n3,

324, 336; glosses to Sanskrit verses 326–30, 332, 334, 336

oṃ mani padme huṁ, mantra 265Orlando, R. 86Orzech, C.D. 3n8, 14n48, 86n51, 125n7, 238–39Otochi 153

Padang Lawas 20, 166, 174, 178–79, 218, 259, 265–68, 270; Hindu images at 267

Padang Roco 268, 269, 273padhānaghara 352, 359, 363, 366–67, 369, 375; at

Ratu Boko 352, 374n47; at Anurādhapura 352; at Tiriyāy 355

padmakula 48n93, 53n129, 54n131, 54n141, 233Padmapāṇi 88, 219, 224–25, 229, 235, 243, 252Padmapurāna 193Padmasambhava 14, 123n1Padoux, A. 331, 331n38, 338n62Pag Sam Jon Zang 82n37, 201n39Pahārpur, see Somapura MahāvihāraPahlavi, language 46Pak Hidayat 88n61Pal, P. 280, 317Pāla, dynasty 7, 167–68, 172, 191, 193–97, 199–201,

203–209, 237–38, 245, 260, 265, 273n9, 377n52; art and architecture of 191, 193, 195–97, 199–200, 204, 208; features in Southeast Asian bronzes 239, 251; inscriptions 167, 167n21, 206n60; political and religious ideology 237; religious synthesis 71n12, 168; reviseed chro-nology 18n59

Palembang 82–83, 113, 205, 240, 242, 256, 260Pali Buddhism(s) 7, 8n22, 19n63Pallava, dynasty 10n30, 237, 357, 366n26, 368n32,

372, 377n52; and competing religions 372n44; army 240, 352, 357; inscription 356; relations with Tangs 15

Paṁsukūlika(s) 352n5, 355, 359–61, 372, 375; monks 349–50, 354

Panai 266Panakawan 294, 296, 299, 302–203, 311–12, 316n64Panaṅkaran, King 118, 351n3, 377Panaraban, King (panarabvan, Panarabwan)

323–24, 331–32, 343, 343n77, 345–47, 351, 368n31, 370, 375n49, 376, 378

Pañcakānḍastava (pañcakānḍa) 325–33n46, 336n58, 337, 340, 342, 342n74, 346–47

Pañcakrama 79, 82Pañcarakṣā 180; goddesses 190pañca-ratha 229Pāñcarātra, Vaiṣṇava 332n41Pañcāla 287

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia456

Pañcaviṁsatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā 170, 180Pāñcika (or Jambhala) 211, 224–26, 229, 235Pāṇḍaravāsinī 52, 88–89, 110Pāṇḍava, clan 279n16Pāṇḍya, dynasty 366n26, 368n32, 373–74; disaster

360, 374; invasion of Anurādhapura 350n3, 360; king 361

Panhāle Kājī, Maharashtra 167n17Parama-guhya 111–12Paramādya 9n27paramasaugata 167–69Paramaśiva 328; see also Pasupati, Rudra, Śaṅkara,

ŚivaPararaton 148–50, 155, 158, 278n13–14Pāramitās (perfections), 77; four 77; six 77, 82; ten

41Pāramitāyāna (Perfection Path) 4, 71, 242, 244,

256–57, 265Paranavitana, S. 356Parṇaśabarī (Parṇaśavarī) 48n92, 50, 52, 186–87,

340n72Pārthayajña 279n16, 284, 289, 290n32, 293–94, 296,

298–300n44, 302–305n50, 311, 315–16Pārvatī 182, 335n51, 340, 340n69, 366pāsa, see amoghpāsa 278Paścimasrotas, stream of Śaivism 332Pasir Panjang rock inscription 18n59Paśupati 335n51, 385; weapon 279n16; see also

Rudra, ŚivaPātaliputra 195n18, 213; council of 114Pattikerā 20, 169pauṣtika 384Perak 12Pereng inscription 344n80Perfected Body manḍala 341Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 212Petech, L. 147, 120’Phags-pa 144–47, 145n10, 153, 155, 157, 317;

spiritual master of Khubilai Khan 145Phimai 21, 248, 252, 340n72Pigeaud, Th.G. 68Pilgrims, Japanese travelling to China 35, 40Pikatan, King 18n59, 345, 346n86, 351n3, 353n8,

362–63, 374n47, 378, 393–94; locality in Central Java 377; monastery/vihāra 351n3, 373n45

Pinakin liṅga inscription 362n22Pinḍīkrama 78–79, 93n74, 111Piriya Krairiksh 241Plaosan (Lor), see Candi PlaosanPliny 212

Plumpungan inscription 40n61Polonnaruwa 354n9, 355n9Porlak Dolok inscription 267Poruṣāda 158Possession, and the use of child mediums in

8th-century China 382; Śaiva Kaula practice, 382; see also āvesa rites

Post-Gupta period 1n3Post-Marxist historiography 142n5Potala(ka), Mount 177, 181, 189, 366Poulara, port 212, 213n7Pradīpodyotana 45n79, 75Prājña/Prajña (monk) 10, 13n41, 15, 17–18, 34n29,

48, 74, 86–87, 206–207, 229, 383n14; travel to the Southern Seas 207

Prājñā, as companion of Hevajra 172, 178Prajñābala 382, 383n14Prajñāpāramitā (deity and text) 11, 48n92,

52–53, 168, 262–63, 278n15; Mahā-Āryapra-jñāpāramitā 53; statue 269; see also Aṣtasāhas-rikā Prajñāpāramitā, Pañcaviṁsatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā

*Prajñāpāramitā-kavaca 43n69Prajñāpāramitā Nayasatapañcasatikā 71n12, 203;

commentary by Jñānamitra 203n45Prajñopāyaviniscayasiddhi 76, 82Prākāra 349Prakāśacandra, King 99n78Prambanan 12, 17, 120, 208, 279, 323, 345, 351n3,

362–63Prāmodavarddhanī 110Prapañca, Mpu 20n69, 149–50, 152n16, 155, 278n13Prasad, B.N. 216pratipatti 77Pratītyasamutpādagāthā (Pratītyasamutpādasūtra,

ye dharmā formula) 85, 217n16, 257, 266, 270pratyālīḍha posture 334–35, 340n69, 366n26‘proto-Tantric’ Buddhist (and Śaiva) textual

corpora 4Przyluski, J. 1n1Ptolemy 212Pūjā Kṣatriya 330n32, 332n43, 333n46Pulga Saui 15punya 77Puṇyodaya 10, 12, 14, 244Purāṇa 363Puri 9Purnadih, stūpa 195Purohita 5, 14n46, 282–83, 300, 302puṣti 330, 330n34, 332n41, 333n45

Index.indd 456 17/7/16 10:23 PM

Index 457

Qianlong 152Qing, dynasty 152Qinglong temple/monastery 32, 59, 100Qionghua Zhenren 127Quanya 34–35Quaritch Wales, H.G. 241Qubilai, see Khubilai

Raffles, S. 193n5Raghuvaṁsa 212Rāhu 46n83Raja Kĕliṅ (Cōḻa king) 212n6rājaguru 5Rājarāja Cōḻa I, King 10n30, 117, 174Rājarattha 350n3, 357, 364, 373; throne 352Rājasanagara, King 158Rājendra I, inscriptions 368n29Rājgīr/Rājagṛha 197, 203, 215n10Rājiṇāvihāra 18, 352n5, 353, 356–57; temple 357n14Rājinīdīpika 357n14Rāma 17n56Rāmacaritam 195n18Rāmapāla, King 172, 195n18;Rāmāyana kakavin 17n56, 345, 346n86, 375n49Ranakīrti 116Raṇavaṅkamalla Harikāladeva, King 169Ranawella, S. 357n13, 359n17, 361n19Raṅga Lave 151Rangda 3n10Raniwās 193Rasaratnasamuccaya 389–90Rāṣtrakūta, dynasty 368n32Ratna, family 106Ratnabodhi 17, 353n7, 358, 362n20Ratnagiri 8, 9n25, 178, 195n17, 197, 207;Ratnakūta Sūtra 9n29Ratnamegha 73Ratnameghasūtra 73, 77–78, 101, 111–12; Dun-

huang manuscript of 203n46Ratnasambhava 57, 88–89, 202, 264, 267Ratneśvara 88Ratnatraya 90Ratih 316Ratnagiri 37, 213, 218, 227–29, 234–35; Buddhist

rituals at 216; monastery/Mahāvihāra 211, 214–17, 219, 226–27

Ratnasambhava 136, 219, 232–33, 280n21Ratu Boko hillock/promontory (Ratu Boko

Buddhist site, Ratu Boko complex) 17, 24, 101, 323–24, 343–345n80, 349–52, 355–56, 359–65,

367–73, 375, 393; gold foil/artifact (artifact) 323–24, 327, 330–31, 339, 341, 343, 345, 347; mantra/yantra 323–24, 331–33, 340–41, 343n77–47, 351, 368n31, 375–76, 378–79; Śaiva structures at 349

Rāvaṇa 17n56, 332Ray, H.P. 2n5Ṛddhiprabhāva 279n20, 281, 315Record of the Buddhist religion as practised in India

and the Malay Archipelago 228Record of the Dharma Transmission 238n2Reichle, N. 268Relic, Collarbone 354; Buddha hair 355–56Renwangjing (T 246) 86n51Reting, monastery 120–21, 262Ritigala 359–60Ritual Manual for the Initiation into the Great

Manḍala of the Uṣnīṣa-Cakravartin (T 959) (Manual) 29–31, 33–34, 36–38, 40–49

Robson, J. 382Rohaṇa, Kingdom 240van Ronkel, Ph.S. 82Rosenstock-Huessy, E. 153n17; theory of 141Rossabi, M. 144–45ṛṣi(s) 282–83, 298, 302–203, 319, 371n42Ṛtasaṅgraha 50, 58n180Rudra 55n154, 328n23, 330, 332, 339n68, 344, 371,

386–87; with severed head 387; see also Maheś-vara, Paśupati, Śiva

Ruizong, Emperor 203Rukmiṇī 279n16Rulai miyao jing 91ryōbu Tantras/Tantric system 31n7, 38, 43–44, 48;

(‘twinned’) manḍala(s) 31, 33, 35n38–37, 41, 43, 48

Sab Bāk inscription 19n61, 20n66, 247, 358n16Sabokingking inscription, see Telaga Batu inscrip-

tion ṣaḍaṅgayoga 148Sadāśiva 169Saddharmapundarīka-sūtra (Lotus Sūtra), sādhana 277, 278n9, 317–18Sādhanamālā 80, 118, 170, 335n50, 335n52, 338n61Saicho 47n89Śailendra-Cūḍāmaṇivarmavihāra 10n30, 11Śailendra, dynasty (era of Java) 7, 8n21, 9n25, 12, 15,

17, 18n59, 69, 191, 195, 199, 201, 203, 205–209, 242, 323–24, 344, 345, 347, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358–59, 369, 377n52, 378n53, 393; art and architecture of 191, 201, 207–209; court 350;

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia458

diplomatic links with Tangs and Lambakaṇṇas 10n30; foreign roots of 212; inscriptions 207, 209, 349; kings 361; links with Pāla dynasty 191, 193, 203, 207–209; origins 9n25, 207–208, 212

Śailendrarājaguru 378Śailodbhava, dynasty 9n25, 212Śaiva 3, 5, 9n26, 12n38, 14n43, 21, 69, 362n21,

364–68, 370–71, 372n44, 373, 375n49, 377; dy-nasties 10, 17; inscriptions 362, 367–68; Kings 8n21; liṅgas 371n42; priests of Bali 325, 342n74; (proto-)Tantric scriptures 4n11; recension of SHK 69; ṣi 371n42; scriptures from Bali 324–26, 330n32, 346; Siddhānta 3n9; Tantras 39n61, 331, 331n36, 333n47, 345–46; teachings 69

Śaivism (Śaiva religion) 5, 8n21, 10, 90n63, 150, 350n3, 366, 374n46, 375, 377, 381; adoption of mainstream form in Central Java 374; Atimārga branch 10n30; boundaries between Buddhism and Śaivism 4; incorporation of texts into Bud-dhism 382–83; influence of in The Āvesa Rites 381; in Java 12, 39; Tantric 3n9, 4, 21n69

Śakra 55, 182; see also IndraSakya (Sa-skya) sect/monks 145–47; monasteries

144Śākyakīrti 19n62, 82, 83, 258Śākyamitra 99n78, 341n73Śākyamuni (Buddha) 41, 46n83, 78, 90–91, 103–

104, 133, 164–65, 184, 186–89, 221, 232–33, 235, 239, 243–44, 260, 370; image of 219; as (Mahā)Vairocana 37, 41–42, 57n169; see also Buddha

Sakya-pa 146, 317Sakya Paṇḍita 144–45, 145n10, 317Śākyaśrībhadra 21n73, 167n19, 173, 277, 317–18Saloṇapura Mahāvihāra 228n23samādhi 51n103, 57, 100, 110, 134, 206, 240Samājasādhanavyavastholī 389Samantabhadra 17n54, 53n125, 79, 88, 107, 109–110,

201, 206, 281n22, 357, 358n15; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79

Samānta feudalism 123, 202; manḍala 265Samantapāsādikā 391Samaratuṅga, King 323–24śamatha-vipasyanā 77samaya(s) 51, 56n161, 90, 106sambhogakāya 134n45Saṁvara 13, 178, 180, 189n120, 240, 242, 248–49,

252n19, 339–40n72; cycle 9n25; see also Cakra-saṁvara

Saṁvarodayā 9n25Samye Mahāvihāra 201n39

Sanchi/Sañci 191, 201Sanderson, A.G.J.S. 4, 12n38, 330n36–33n47,

342n75, 346, 366, 381–82Sandhyākaranandin 195n18Sanfoqi 11, 240, 256, 260–61, 263saṅgha 216–17, 227, 235Saṅghabhadra 83Saṅ Hyaṅ Advayajñāna 91Saṅ Hyaṅ Kamahāyānikan (SHK) 12n38, 49, 67,

68n3, 69, 71, 75–79, 81–82, 86, 90, 93, 98–103, 106n99, 110–13, 278, 339n68; manuscripts 68; Śaiva version 68n7; three versions of 68

Saṅ Hyaṅ Kamahāyānan Advayasādhana (SHKAS) 69, 71, 76–77, 82, 88–91, 100

Saṅ Hyaṅ Kamahāyānan Mantranaya (SHKM) 69, 71, 73–79, 91, 100–101, 105, 112

Saṅ Hyaṅ Pustaka Kamahāyānan 93Saṅ Hyaṅ Samaya 73Saṅ Hyaṅ Tantra Bajradhātu Subhūti, see Tantra

BajradhātuSañjaya, line of kings 344, 351n3, 370n37, 377;

ancestor 323, 343 Śaṅkara (appellative of Śiva) 328n23Sanmanḍalavidhi 47n86Sanskrit 67; texts, in the Indonesian Archipelago

67; -Khmer inscription of Bo Īkō 367n27; -Khmer inscription of Sdok Kak Thom 346

Śāntākaragupta 279n18Śāntarakṣita 3n9, 74, 76–77, 390sānti 116, 330, 330nn34–35, 332n41, 333n45, 336Śantideva 21n69, 73, 75, 78, 92, 98, 107sāntika 384Sap Bak, village 359n16sapta-ratha 224–25Sarasvatī 329Śariputra 372n44Sarkar, H.B. 212Sārnāth 187, 218, 228n21, 245Sarvabuddhasamāyoga 14n49Sarvadurgatiparisodhana(tantra) (SDP) 21n69, 73,

106n100, 107, 334, 339n67Sarvajñāna 91Sarvanivaraṇaviṣkambhin 79–80; among the

group of six Bodhisattvas 80; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79

Sarvāstivādin 270, 358n16Sarvatathāgatādhiṣthāna 357n13Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṅgraha (STTS, ‘The Com-

pendium of Principles’) 9, 14n49, 29n2, 30, 31n10, 33, 44–45, 47n88, 48n93, 53n129–130,

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Index 459

54n131, 58n179, 71, 133n40, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208n72, 238–39, 240n6, 242, 248, 264, 323–24, 327n19, 334–39, 341–43, 353n7, 357n13, 365, 382–83, 389–91; Sanskrit manuscript 201n40; -sūtra 86

Sarvavajrodaya (SV) 73, 99n78, 324, 334–36, 339n67, 340n69

ṣatkarmāni (six rites of magic) 330–32nn44–45, 331n46, 339n66, 345

*Satpāramitāsūtra 34n29Satyadvayāvatāra 118Satyavarman 358n16Schnitger, F.M. 258, 267–68, 270Schoemaker, W. 208Schopen, G. 216n13, 217, 227, 228n21Schoterman, J. 113n1, 318Scripture for Humane Kings 128Sdok Kak Thom Sanskrit-Old Khmer inscription

346Secret History (Mongyol-un niyuca tobčiyan) 153Seguntang Hill 258; see also Bukit Seguntang

inscriptionSejarah Melayu 212n6Sekoddesatīkā 390Sen, T. 2n4, 10, 15n53, 17, 194n12Sena, dynasty 169, 174Sena I, King 9n27, 353n8, 354n9, 355n9, 359–60,

373Sena II, King 18, 350n3, 351, 359n17, 361, 365,

369n33, 373–75Sewu, see Candi Sewu Seyfort Ruegg, D. 5, 144Shanxing 83–84Sharrock, P.D. 317n66Shāstri, H. 91–92Shengshan-si, monastery 34, 50Shibahui zhigui 337n60, 338, 341n73Shibian, Dharmācārya 83–84Shihu (Dānapāla) 11, 206Shijuhō-kyō (Shizhoufa jing) 339n66Shilifoshi 260; see also ŚrīvijayaShingon 354, 370; order 31; school 99, 376n51 Shōkai (alias Dōkai) 40Shōrai Mokuroku 39n58Shouzhang-lun 83n40Shilun jing (or Dasacakrasūtra) 80–81Shūei 40Si Thep 20n66Sichuan Basin 129siddha(s) 4, 9n26, 13n40, 47, 154, 166n17, 186n110,

231, 265, 345, 372n43Siddhamātṛkā, script 17, 18n59, 32n12, 35, 38, 45,

55n151, 112, 195, 207n65, 239, 290; inscriptions 12, 17n55, 18, 357n13

Siddham texts 370n38, 371n41Siddhāntatantras 326n12siddhayātra 13n38, 257Siddhayogesvarīmata 332n45siddhis 47, 93, 106, 134n44, 136, 265, 333n45, 347,

353n6Sidha Karya 3n10Śikhin 79Śikṣāsamuccaya 75, 92, 97–98, 107Śikṣāsamuccayābhisamaya 117Śikṣāsamuccayakārikā 117Śilāmegha 356Silk Road(s) 2n4, 114; maritime 2, 7; southern 114Silla, dynasty 8Sima Guang 123–25sīmā, inscriptions 351n3sīmābandha 372Simpang statue 141n3Sinclair, I. 12Siṇḍok, King (Śrī Īśāna Bhadrottuṅgadeva) 69, 93,

99Singhal, S.D. 252, 325–26Siṅhasāri, kingdom/dynasty 21n69, 88, 141, 158,

268; inscription of ad 1351 278n14Si Pamutung 267Śiśireśwara 223Śiva 134n43, 167, 174, 181–82, 184, 187, 225, 239,

253, 255, 268, 282, 318, 326–32, 335, 338, 340–44, 362n22, 366, 368n32–72n43, 376, 386n31; dancing 184, 187, 190n125; oneness with Buddha 278, 318; temple 351; see also Mahādeva, Paśupati, Rudra, Śaṅkara

Śiva-Buddha (Bhattāra) 150–51, 278; cult of 21, 241Śivadharma 44n73Śivagṛha, funeral memorial inscription/stele 18n58,

345, 351n3, 374n48, 375n49, 393–94Śivaliṅgas 362n22, 367n27, 371; see also liṅgasSkanda 184, 184n95, 352n6; see also KārttikeyaSkilling, P. 10–11, 19, 168n27, 241, 262–63, 273n9Skorupski, T. 71Ślączka, A. 267, 272–73Slouber, M.J. 382, 383n14Slusser, M.S. 317n65Smith, F.M. 382Snellgrove, D.L. 238n2, 334, 336, 342n75Soekmono, R. 272

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia460

Sogdian, language 46Sogdiana 131, 131n28Somapura Mahāvihāra 8, 101, 165n10, 168, 170,

172, 174, 195, 196n20, 197, 199–201, 208–209, 366n26; see also Paharpur

Somnāth 115Song, dynasty 98, 124, 125n8, 132n33, 259, 264,

269; biography 241Song Fazhi 204Song gaoseng Zhuan 383n14Songtsen Gampo 115, 119Songwang 114South and Southeast Asia, relations and cultural

exchanges, 175, 177n77, 178–80, 183–84, 190–91, 193, 200–209; and Sanskrit 205

Spirit possession 382n10sramana 34, 127, 383Śrāvastī 187, 372n44; miracles of 85Śrī Canāśā 250Śrīcandra, King 169, 174Śrī Ghananātha 103, 111Śrī Hariwarddhana, King 148Śrī Jñāneśvarabajra 278n14Śrī Jayawardhanī 148Śrī Kahulunnan 375Śrīparamādya 14n49Śrī Sambhara Sūryāvaraṇa 93Śrī Saṅgrāmadhanañjaya, King 18n59Śrī Sūryavarmadeva, King 20Śrīśailam 9, 14n50, 212Śrīśailendracūḍāmaṇivarman Vihāra 118, 244;

Śailendra-Śrīvijayan monastery 11Śrīśīla 240, 356n11Śrīvijaya, Buddhist kingdom of 7, 8n21, 11–12, 18,

19n62, 82–85, 113, 115–16, 118–21, 123, 205–206, 238, 240–41, 243–44, 253, 255–56, 258, 260–63, 265, 269, 358n16, 374n48; bronzes 238; centres of learning 19n62; influence on Tibetan Buddhism 115; inscriptions 244n12; -pura 113, 115–17, 174n57; renowned seat of Buddhism 116; see also Sanfoqi

Śrī Jñānamitra 116stambhana 330, 336Stein Callenfels, P.V. van 275Stele Inscription, see AmoghavajraStrickmann, M. 382, 384n21Stūpa(s) 41, 44, 103–105, 191, 209, 218, 253, 257–58,

265, 267, 269–70, 354–56, 362n21, 371; archi-tecture 104–105, 191, 197–98; at Abhayagiri 357n13; cakravartin 193; donative 213; of

Bharhut 79; of parinirvāna 104–105; of Victor 104–105; -prāsāda 101–103; votive 103

stūpikās 102–103, 209, 257; see also stūpaStutterheim, W.F. 101Subāhu 41, 45–46, 53, 56n162, 58Subāhuparipṛcchā 45Śubhākaradeva, King 9n25, 202Śubhākarasiṁha 14–15, 18, 30, 31, 33n19, 34, 38,

45, 86, 101, 125, 135, 205–206, 329n24, 339n68, 365n25

Subhūti (Tantra), see Tantra Bajradhātu Subhūtipālita 99n78Sudhana and Manoharā tale, on Borobudur reliefs

206; on Candi Jago reliefs 275–319Sudhana(kumāra) 107, 171, 175–76Sudhanakumārāvadāna (avadāna) 279–81, 284,

287, 289–91, 293, 295–96, 298, 300–302, 304, 306, 308–11, 314–16, 318; Nepalese 281n22; Newar version 280

Sumeru, Mount 50, 336, 336n55, 343Sum pa 116–17Sundberg, J.R. 12, 15, 17, 86, 102n86, 240–41, 252,

323–24, 331, 332n39, 336, 336n55, 340n69, 341, 343–47, 350n3, 361n20, 362, 369, 370n36, 373n45, 376, 389

Sungai Tekarek inscription 85sūnyatā 257Śūrapāla, King 167Surocolo, bronze manḍala 19, 252, 265Surowono 317n65Sūrya/Āditya 174, 187, 190n125, 337n60Susiddhikarasādhanasaṅgraha 47n86Susiddhikara(sūtra or -[mahā]tantra) 3n9, 14n49,

33n19, 45n80, 50n100, 53n126, 337n60, 346Sutasoma, character 338–40n71Sutasoma kakavin 20n69, 143n7, 157–58, 278,

280n21, 338–40n71, 342Suvarṇabhūmi, see SuvarṇadvīpaSuvarṇadvīpa 11, 19, 20n68, 87n53, 113–19, 166,

174, 241, 256, 260–263, 265, 339n66Suvarnabhāsottamasūtra 269Suzong, Emperor 39, 124–26, 128–29, 131, 131n31,

133, 136, 203, 369, 373n45Svastika (Bodhisattva) 38Svastika (sramana) 50, 59Śyāmatārā 277; see also, TārāSzántó, P.D. 99

Tabo, monastery 11, 201n39, 262Taishō, Canon 381, 383; Tripitaka 361n20, 365n25

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Index 461

Taizong, Emperor 5n15, 133n37, 135n49Taizō Zuzō 38n51Taji Gunung inscription 351n3Takakusu 81n36Ṭakkirāja 327n19, 334–37nn59–60, 342n75,

376n51Talang Tuwo inscription 82–83, 85, 242, 256Tāmralipti 13n42, 83Tandihet gold plaque (Tandihet I, Tandihet II

inscriptions) 266, 267Tang, dynasty 7, 85n43, 90n63, 123–27, 123n2,

125n8, 126, 133n37, 136–37, 145, 194, 203–205, 238, 259–61, 382; biography 239–40; bureau-cracy 127–31; capital 133n39; court 5n15, 15, 381; diplomatic links with Śailendras and Lambakaṇṇas 10n30; emperors 239, 358; lines of communication with Java 48; masters 29; military 129, 131; period 10; relations with Pallavas 15; society 133;

Tanjung Medan 270Tanjur Canon 19n63 Tantra Bajradhātu (or Tantra Subhūti/Bajradhātu

Subhūti) 93, 98–100, 150 Tantrayāna, introduction to China 217Tantric magic 134n44, 136, 146, 324, 330, 332, 341,

345–47, 388; ses also ṣatkarmāni, siddhis, war magic

Tāntrikas 231, 375n49Tantular, Mpu 157–58Tārā 8, 9n29, 13, 20, 52, 54n141, 87–89, 110, 118–20,

166n11, 171–73, 175–78, 181–82, 186, 189, 207, 217, 232, 234, 238, 265; Aṣtamahābhaya 186, 189–90, 234; cult of in Tibet and Indo-nesia 87, 119–120; cult of, maritime aspect 11; Mahācīna(krama)- 10n32; mantra of 119; temple at Somapura 207; temple in Central Java 8, 87, 120, 377; temple in Sri Lanka 240; Vajratārā 189n120, 264; see also Śyāmatārā

Tāraka 337n60, 342n75Tārāmūlakalpa 87Tāranātha 11n34, 18n57, 21n72, 81, 82n37, 111, 113,

166n11, 167n18, 175, 217; History of Buddhism in India 113

Tathāgata(s) 51n103, 76, 82, 88, 90, 92, 102n87, 103, 104n95, 106, 110, 134, 329, 335n51; Five (Pañca-tathāgatas) 88, 177, 186, 189, 232–33, 264, 331; in the STTS 201; worship of in Java 101; see also Buddha(s), Jina-Buddhas

Tathāgata-bhasmesvara-nirghoṣa 239tathāgathakula 233

Tathāgataguhya (or -guhyaka, -guhyakasūtra) 91–92, 94, 98;

Tathāgatācintyaguhyanirdesa 91; see also Tathāga-taguhya

Tathāgatoṣṇīṣa see uṣnīṣaTattvasaṅgraha 12n37; tantra 99n78; sūtra 14; see

also Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṅgraha (STTS)Tattvasiddhi 3n9, 29n2, 74–75Taxila 201Telaga Batu inscription (Sabokingking inscription)

256, 258, 265, 345Tendai order 31, 35n38The (Garuḍa) Āvesa Rite (Suji liyan Moxishouluo

tian shuo [jialouluo] aweishe fa) 381–84, 388The Blue Annals 74The Great Tang dynasty record of the Western

Regions 193n4The Scripture for Humane Kings (En wang hu guo

ban ruo bo luo mi duo jing) 86n51Theravāda 8n22, 77, 239n4, 240, 361, 375; conflict

with Esoteric Buddhism 166; monks 190; shift in Sri Lanka 350, 374

Tholing 201n39Three Jewels 106Thūpārāma 353–56, 359–60; stūpa 353Tian Liangqiu 132, 132n36Tiantai, Mount 35, 39Tibet, military conquest by Khubilai 141Tibetan Buddhism 74, 115, 144, 145; influence on

Śrīvijaya 115; influence by Śrīvijaya 115Tibetan Canon 117Tibetan, invaders of China 131, 131n30Tibetan Lamas 146n11, 147Tibetan literature, and information on Śrīvijaya

113, 261–62, 264–65Tibetan monks 175Tigawangi 317n65Tilopa 175Tīrabhukti, Kingdom 194n14Tiriyāy 353–56, 357n12, 359–60tīrthyas 372n44To-ji 35, 40Tomabechi, T. 389Tortoise-shell inscriptions 168n22Trailokyavijaya 52, 239, 252n19, 335, 336n55,

340n69, 340n72; myth/cycle of 323–24, 336, 338–43, 347, 370; see also Vajrapāṇi

Trailokyavijayamahākalparāja 337n59 Trailokyavijayamahāmaṇḍala 264, 334, 338Trayastrīṁśa 104, 105n97

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia462

Trepitaka 383; from Kashmir 382, 383n14Tri Tepusan inscription 101tridhātu 101Trimūrti 90–91Triple Hall (sandian) 123, 123n2Tripura 368–69Tripurāntaka 362n22, 368n32, 369n32Tripurāsura 368n30, 369n33Triratna (Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha) 50n101;

90–91; see also RatnatrayaTrisamaya 376Trisamayarāja 75, 75n23Tryambaka inscription 368n30Tucci, G. 103n92, 104n96, 105n97Tuoluoni ji jing 38–39Turfan 83Turk 131Tutur Ādhyātmika 326nn13–14Tutur Bhuvanasaṅkṣepa 326n12Tutur Kamokṣan 326nn12–14, 329n29Tutur literature, Old Javanese and Balinese 39n61uccātana 330, 332n41

Ucchuṣma 48n92, 54Udaya II, King 9n25, 365Udayagiri 8, 195n17, 197, 207, 213, 218Uddaṇḍapura (Otantapurī Mahāvihāra) 8, 195,

201n39Uḍra (present-day Odisha) 206; see also OdishaUjeed, H. 158–59Umā 366Üpa losel 19n63Upadesa 85uṣnīṣa 107; buddhoṣnīṣa/tathāgatoṣnīṣa 36–37, 39,

41, 43; deities 42Usṇīṣacakravartin, 37; Ekākṣara- 36, 38n53, 39n56,

41, 43, 46, 47n86, 51n103; -tantra, 36n46, 37Uṣṇīṣakalpas 29, 36–39, 41, 44–45, 48n92

Vāgbhata 386n33, 389–90Vāgīśvarakīrti 20n66Vairocana 42, 45n79, 57, 88–91, 99, 164, 187,

201–202, 206, 208n72, 232–33, 238–39, 244, 252, 264, 335n51, 336, 338–39nn66–67, 278, 280n21, 294, 296, 298, 309, 315, 363; five-part mantra 57; heaven 302; Khmer 244; see also Mahāvai-rocana

Vairocanābhisaṁbodhi(tantra) (VAT) 3n9, 29n2, 30, 32–35n39, 38, 43–44, 46; 52n109, 55n151, 57n168; manḍala of 38, 43, 53n127; see also

Mahāvairocanābhisaṁbodhitantra (MVT)Vaiśālī 187, 193Vaiṣṇava religion (Vaiṣṇavism) 3, 372n44, 374n46;

fogure from Abhayagiri 366; state temple (Angkor Wat) 371n42; texts 272

Vaiśravaṇa (yakṣa king and form of Kubera) 55n152, 283, 315n58–59;

Vaital Deul 223Vājiriyavāda 9, 355n9Vajra(s) 3n8, 7, 42, 45, 59, 106, 171, 186, 220, 239,

245, 247, 252, 253, 259–60, 266–68, 270, 270n7, 273, 323, 331, 335nn51–52, 338n64, 339, 339n67, 344–46, 355, 359n18, 368n31, 370, 374–76; family 106; finials at Thūpārāma 359; -kāya 82; mantras 41, 58; -mastaka (kīrtimukha) 223;

-sarīra 82, 242, 257; single-pronged 52n110, 53n128; visva- 88n61, 270n7, 273

Vajrabodhi (a.k.a. Vajrabuddhi) 10n30, 12, 14–15, 17–18, 30–32, 73, 86, 92, 100–101, 125, 135–36, 237–42, 205–207, 244–45, 252, 352–53, 355–56, 358, 361n20, 362n20, 365n25, 370, 376n51, 382, 389–91; biographies of 86, 136n51, 239–40, 351, 353n7, 382; journeys 13n41; meeting with Amoghavajra in Java 86n47, 205n58, 358

Vajrabodhisattvas 264vajrācārya 4, 13n40, 18n57, 32Vajradeva, 168, 169n28Vajradhara 270, 336n55; see also VajrasāttvaVajradharma 106Vajradhātu(mahā)maṇḍala (‘[Great] Diamond

Realm/World Maṇḍala’) 30, 33, 35n38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47n88, 52n110, 55, 99, 134–35, 200–201, 202n40, 203, 208, 239, 240, 264–65, 280n21, 335, 370

Vajradhātumahāmanḍalopāyikāsarvavajrodaya 99n78

Vajradhātvīśvarī 89vajradhṛk 90–91; see also VajradharaVajragarbha-Trailokyavijaya 371n41Vajragarbharāja 370Vajrahūṁkāra (Huṅkāravajra) 334–36n55, 339n67,

340n69; -mudrā 339n67Vajrakarma 106vajrakula 233Vajrakuṇḍali 370Vajramuṣti Bodhisattva 339n67Vajrapāṇi 13, 53, 88, 90–92, 107, 124, 134, 154, 201,

219–22, 227, 229–30, 235, 239, 242–43, 252n19, 257, 323–24, 335–44, 346–47, 383; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79; among the

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Index 463

group of six Bodhisattvas 80; as the Supreme Lord of All Tathāgatas 88; images of 211; see also Vajradhara, Vajrasattva, Vajrahūṁkāra, Trailokyavijaya, Caṇḍavajrapāṇi

Vajraparvata 9; -dwelling monks 9n27; see also Śrīśailam

Vajrarāja 335Vajraratna 106Vajrasattva 9, 13, 19, 88, 90–91, 106, 124, 134, 175,

232, 240, 242, 245–52, 336n55, 339, 339nn67–68, 354n9, 359n18, 370n36; as Ādi–Buddha/Sixth Buddha 242 278n15; as overlord of the Vajra-dhātu pentad (srīpañcasugata) 248; icons 246–47; Khmerized bronzes. 248–49; Khorat 252; Lovea Em icon 245–46, 252; Mahā- 88; school 102; see also Mahāvairocana

Vajrasattvaniṣpādana 337n59 Vajrasekharatantra (VT, Vajrasekharasūtra, *Va-

jrasikhara, Vajroṣnīṣa) 30, 33n19, 86, 132, 264, 335, 335nn50–51, 337n59, 338, 341n73, 353n7, 370; cycle 135

Vajrasūkṣmadharmamaṇḍala 45Vajratārā, see TārāVajratīkṣṇa 390–91Vajravāda 360Vajravarāhī 178Vajrayāna 3–4, 6n17, 8n22, 9n27, 10n30, 11, 12n37,

13n40, 14, 20n66, 21n69, 98, 218, 234, 237, 241, 280n21, 353, 355; Buddhism 4, 8, 11, 19, 217; South Indian innovators 353

Vajrayoginī 174; (Vikrampur) inscriptions 168n22Vajroṣnīṣa, see VajrasekharatantraValabhī Mahāvihāra 194, 202, 208Valaiṅ 212Vālavatī, Mount 12, 115Vāmasrotas, Śaiva stream 346Vaṁsatthappakāsinī 361n19Vanaratna 175Vanua Tṅah 351n3, 373n45, 377–78; crown 351n3;

see also Wanua Tengah III inscriptionVāpilladatta 99Varak, King 353n8, 358n16, 363, 373n45, 376–78Vārāṇasī 18Varman, dynasty 169, 174Varuṇa 55, 282, 363n24vasīkarana, 329n25–332n39, 335n50, 336,

336nn56–57, 339n66, 342–43, 345–47, 384Vasubandhu 92Vasudeva 282Vasudhārā 234n29

vatadāge 354, 355–57, 359Verardi, G. 21Vespasianus 114Vessagiri 355n9Vetāla-rituals 4n11Vibhaṅga 85, 270vidyās 4, 106Vidyā(dhara) Pitaka (Mingzhou) 4n11, 84vidyādharas 17, 223–24Vidyāmantra 83Vidyottamātantra 346Vighnāntaka 340n72; see also krodha-vighnāntaka

deitiesvihāra 12n38, 18, 214–16, 218–19, 221–22, 228, 231,

233, 235, 373, 374n47, 377–78; architecture 199, 201; Kūkai’s at Kongōbuji 371; of Jingesi 360

Vijayabāhu 352n6Vikramapura 116Vikramaśīla Mahāvihāra/monastery 8, 10, 18n57,

21, 71, 101, 116, , 165, 168, 173, 195, 196n20, 197, 199–201, 207–209, 317n66; see also Antichak

Vikrampur/Vikramapura 167n19, 169–71, 174, 177–79, 180, 185n105, 187; inscription 168n22, 169; see also Maināmatī

Vimalaprabhā 170–71Vimalamitra 14Vimalosnīsadhāranī 216n12Vīnāsikhatantra 326n12, 346Vinatā 385n29vinaya 134n49, 169n27, 216–17, 227, 352n5, 372;

Pali 391Vināyaka/vināyakas 37, 46, 135, 182, 333, 337–42,

344, 344n80, 347, 365, 370n39, 371; rituals 339n66; series of eight 47, 56n162, 59n185, 370; vajra- 47n88; see also Gaṇapati

Vipulaśrīmitra 165Vīrabhadra 333Vīrāṅkurārāma 355n9Virūpa 145Viśakhapatnam 9Viṣṇu 90–91, 167, 168n22, 169, 174, 177n77, 187,

190n125, 195n16, 255, 271, 366, 368n32, 371n42, 383n17

Viṣṇuvardhana, King 158–59, 275, 278n13Visuddhimārgasanne 391Viśvapāṇi 88Viśveśvara 87–88vyāghramāṁsa 388n45Vyākhyāyukti 92Waddell, L.A. 120

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia464

Wang Xuance 194, 204Wang Xuanguo 84Wanua Tengah III inscription 18n59, 323, 377–78, War magic 5n15Wat Hua Wiang, inscription 243Wat Keow 243Wat Phra Maen 13Wat Sithor inscription 246, 250Weinberger, S.N. 239Wang Jin 128–31Wayman, A. 79Wedemeyer, C. 75, 98Weerasinghe, S.G.M. 86n50Wendan 358n16Wenshushili pusa ji zhuxian suoshuo jixiong shiri

shan’e suyao jing 384n21Wenxian 129Wenzi 130Western Ghats, rock cut architecture 215–16White, D.G. 5, 9n26, 13, 332–33Wijesuriya, G. 355 Williams, J. 201Williams, P. 93n73Wolters, O.W. 256, 260, 266Wonogiri 243Woodward, H.W. Jr. 6, 11, 12n35, 231, 239, 244, 248,

252, 257, 264–66, 273Wuatan Tija inscription 370n 37Wulff, K. 69Wutai, Mount 10n32, 127, 145, 203–204, 360, 391Wuwei 132n32Wuwei Sanzang Chanyao (T 917) 45Wu Xiuyue 127Wu Zetian, Empress 203Wuzong, Emperor 18, 240, 242, 373Xian 86n48Xinping, Commandant of 130

Xin Tangshu (XTS, ‘New History of the Tang Dynasty’) 127–29, 131, 132n32, 137n52, 194n12

Xiping, see Geshu HanXuanchao 33n19Xuanzang 5n15, 113, 119, 135n49, 191, 193–94, 261,

366Xuanzong, Emperor 8, 39n6, 126, 128n17, 129–30,

244

Yab-yum 278n11Yama 384, 386–87Yamāntaka 180, 335

Yamarāja 55Yamunā, River and Goddess 211, 225Yan Zhenqing 130yantra 244, 273, 327n19, 330–32, 341, 343, 345; see

also Ratu Boko mantra/yantraYapahuwa 359–60Yarlung, dynasty 7, 131ye dharmā formula 257, 266, 270; see also Pratītya-

samutpādagāthāYeshe Ö 375n49Yijing 10, 13n42, 14, 19, 82–85, 93n74, 103, 113,

202n43, 205, 216, 226–28, 234, 250, 258, 261, 353n7, 372n44; in Śrīvijaya 10, 19n62, 82–83, 205n55

Ying Chua 145Yixing 34, 46Yoga 14, 41, 57, 74, 76, 84, 93, 98–100, 106, 110–11,

125–26, 239, 343, 353n7; deity 239; four yogas of the SHKAS 76;

Yogabhāvanāmārga 76–77, 111Yogācāra 77, 81–83, 101–102, 262Yogācāryābhāvanātātparyārthanirdesa 76Yogaratnamālā 115, 261Yogasūtras of Patañjali 77Yogatantras 12n37, 71, 240n6, 264, 323, 346, 351,

353n7, 357; syncretic manḍalas 264Yogāvatāra 76, 81–82, 87, 111Yogāvatāropadesa 76, 111Yoginīs 21, 151n14; circle of 143, 178Yoginītantras 4, 11, 231, 240, 242, 244, 265, 375Yogīśvara 110Youyang zazu 261Yuan, dynasty 147, 178, 242, 275; court 143, 317;

emperor 144Yuan shi 143, 149Yuan Zai 128, 130–31, 132n32Yuanzhao 12, 15, 132, 132n32, 381, 382n7Yudhiṣthira 284, 289n29Yüeh-chih 114Yunnan 1, 21Yunqi 85

Zanning 14n46, 128n16, 237, 241, 358Zhang 126Zhao Qian 358Zhen Jin (as Bodhisattva Imperial Prince) 147Zhenla 249Zhenyuan Catalogue 131n27, 132Zhenyuan xinding shijiao mulu 12Zhi’an Jñānapārin 83–84

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Index 465

Zhidu fushi 129n18Zhongnan, Mount 203n47Zhongzong, Emperor 203

Zhou dynasty 124Zhou Zhiguang 137Zhuangzi 130

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