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ESA-CNES Final Presentation Days 6 June 2013
Proton and gamma radiation test data in recent COTS and radiation-tolerant optocouplers
2
Training program:evaluation testing of opocouplers
__
Radiation testing activities overview Objectives
Measurements & Irradiation tests
Tested devices
Data overview Proton irradiations
Gamma irradiations
Observations
Part to part & lot to lot variability
Effect of measurement parameters
Case study: effects of technology and process changes
Investigation radiation effects Separate parts irradiations
CTR correlation with initial reverse recovery time
Contents
3
• Data overview of degradation under irradiation and how
different electrical layout, construction and operational
(bias) conditions impact on the radiation hardness.
• Present
• Result of separated emitter and receiver irradiation - to
estimate the dominant part in the total degradation.
• Investigation on screening methodology for parts
selection, based on reverse recovery time of the LEDs was
analysed to assess its applicability to the DUTs
Objectives
4
DUTs selection boundaries: Low bandwidth Analog optocouplers
7 rad tolerand (Isolink, Micropac) +14 COTS Emitter: 660nm/850nm
Receiver: Phototransistor / Photodiode&Transistor For radiation tolerant Receiver:Phototransistor / Photodiode&transistor / Photodiode&darlington For COTS
Optocouplers provide electrical isolation between circuit blocks
two dies (Emitter AlGaAs DD - Receiver Si DD&TID)
separated by an optically transparent but electrically isolating medium.
DUT -> Optocouplers
Emitter Receiver
Example of optocoupler electrical layout and X-ray view (Isolink)
Information is transferred by the light generated from a light emitting diode (LED) and sensed by a photodetector receiver(photodiode or a phototransistor, or more complex stages).
5
A primary parameter of interest is the Current Transfer Ratio (CTR).
CTR is the ratio of the photodetector collector current Ic to the LED forward
current If for a fixed collector emitter voltage(Vce):
The CTR was measured over the LED forward current range, from 0.1 to 20mA.
Testing: Measurements
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
Stage Measurement Emitter LED minority carriers reverse recovery time (LED trr)
LED reverse current (Ir) Receiver Base-collector minority carriers reverse recovery time (BC trr ),
Dark currents in the collector-emitter and base-collector junctions (ICE-DARK, IBC-DARK), Current gain hFE
Optocoupler CTR Collector emitter saturation voltage VCE-SAT, Photosensitivity (photocurrent on phototransistor base)
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Part type, Date code (D/C), Screening level
Co-60 Irradiations Proton Irradiations
Dose rate Number of DUTs and biasing conditions
Proton Energy
Number of DUTs and biasing conditions
66191-303 D/C 1004 JAN-S
360 rad/h 3 B (If=10mA,Ic=1mA) - - 360 rad/h 3 B (Vce=12V) - - 360 rad/h 4 B (If=10mA) - -
66191-313 D/C 1031 JAN-S
- - 28 MeV 6 GND - - 60 MeV 9 GND - - 184MeV 9 GND
360 rad/h 3 B (If=10mA,Ic=1mA) - - 360 rad/h 3 B (Vce=12V) - - 360 rad/h 4 B (If=10mA) - -
66223-001 D/C 1116 commercial
- - 60 MeV 4 GND
66226-001 D/C 1112 commercial
- - 28 MeV 6 GND - - 60 MeV 9 GND - - 184MeV 9 GND
66266 D/C 1117 commercial
- - 30 MeV 2 GND - - 30 MeV 2 B (If=1mA,Vce=5V) - - 60 MeV 4 GND - - 60 MeV 4 B (If=1mA,Vce=5V)
66266 - - 60 MeV Separated parts OLH249 D/C 0614 commercial
- - 60 MeV 3 GND
OLS449 D/C 0949 commercial
36 rad/h 4 GND - - 36 rad/h 4 B (If=1mA,Vce=5V) - -
360 rad/h 4 GND - - 360 rad/h 4 B (If=1mA,Vce=5V) - -
- - 50 MeV 4 GND - - 50 MeV 4 B (If=1mA,Vce=5V) - - 173 MeV 4 GND - - 173 MeV 4 B (If=1mA,Vce=5V)
OLS449 D/C 1118 commercial
- - 60 MeV 3 GND - - 60 MeV 4 GND - - 184 MeV 3 GND
OLS449 - - 60 MeV Separated parts
Rad tolerant part type vs Rad.test overview
CTR was measured at the nominal condition indicated in the manufacturer’s datasheet of each part type
If=1 mA, Vce=5V
If=10mA, Vce=1V
7
Proton and/or gamma rays were used as radiation sources.
Gamma-ray (Co-60) induces total ionizing dose (TID) effects, while
protons induce both TID and displacement damage (DD).
• Proton irradiation with proton beams ranging from 28 MeV to 184 MeV
– Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI) in Groningen and
– Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve (UCL)
• Gamma ray irradiation with a Co-60 source at 36 and 360 rad(Si)/h
– ESA-ESTEC (European Space Agency, European Space Research and
Technology Center).
Testing: Irradiation
8 MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226-001
MII 66266
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
• An important source of part-to-part variations comes from the precision of hybrid mounting of the dies , coupling media deposition, combined variability of emitter and receiver performances.
• In the graphs below is reported the initial CTR characteristic of each DUT measured with a sweep of forward current applied on the LED (If=0.1 to 40mA), with a fix polarisation between collector and emitter (VCE).
Part-to-part and lot-to-lot variability (before irradiation)
Initial CTR characteristic for two Micropac part types 66191-303 and 66191-313 measured at VCE=1V. Dots are the single DUT measurement, lines are the average for each group.
Initial CTR characteristic for Isolink OLS449 measured at VCE=5V. Comparison of two lost with different date code. Dots are the single DUT measurement, lines are the average for each group.
9
Study Case: process change
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 25 50 75 100
Norm
aliz
ed C
TR
Total Ionizing Dose (krad(Si))
66191-313 If=10 mA, Ic=1mA66191-313 Vce=12 V66191-313 If=10mA66191-303 If=10 mA, Ic=1mA66191-303 Vce=12 V66191-303 If=10mA
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 100 200Annealing
hours
– Normalized CTR (If=10mA, Vce=1V) of MII 66191-303 and 66191-313 – Co-60 gamma rays irradiation – Three different biasing during irradiation and following annealing.
The 2N2222 transistor in the receiver stage was changed in MII 66191
Comparison of the older (66191-303) and the newer (66191-313) Same LED and same photodiodes => direct comparison of TID degradation effects due to the different transistors
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
10
Gamma ray irradiations
• TID tests were performed at 360 rad(Si)/h and 36rad(Si)/h .
• The parts were biased or grounded during irradiation.
• The Co-60 irradiation were followed by a 24-hour anneal at room
temperature and 168-hour anneal at 100°C, according to ESCC22900.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 25 50 75 100 125
Nor
mal
ized
CTR
Total Ionizing Dose (krad)
Isolink OLS449
Biased (If=1mA,Vce=5V) , 360 rad(Si)/hGND , 360 rad(Si)/hBiased (If=1mA,Vce=5V) , 36 rad(Si)/hGND , 36 rad(Si)/h
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 100 200Annealing
hours
ELDRS not observed
Important effect of biasing condition during irradiation -worst case GND-
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
11
Measurement condition comparison
OLS449 Phototransistor Irradiation: -Co-60 gamma ray -Dose rate : 360 rad/h -Biasing: GND Biased( If=1mA,Vcc=5V)
10 mA 1 mA 0.1 mA
Norm
aliz
ed C
TR
TID krad(Si) MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
12
Study case: Process change
- Normalized CTR (If=10mA, Vce=1V) -Grounded -Irradiation with different proton beam energies (28, 60 and 184MeV)
As DD is almost always the dominant degradation mechanisms for the LED, a comparison of the two part types was performed with proton beam irradiations at various energies.
LED replacement MII 66191-313 -> MII 66226-001
Same receiver stage, different LED: 660nm or 850nm
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
13
Proton irradiations Energy &biasing
• Measurements were performed at increasing proton fluences with
several proton energies ranging from 28 to 184 MeV.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1E+09 1E+10 1E+11 1E+12
Proton f luence (p/cm2)
Isolink OLS449
50MeV Grounded50MeV Biased173MeV U (#68)173MeV Biased173MeV Grounded
Proton energy, Biasing
50MeV Grounded50MeV Biased
173MeV Biased173MeV GroundedNo
rmal
ized
CTR
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
14
Proton irradiations Normalized CTR
PD
PT
PT
PD
PT
PD
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
15
Proton irradiations CTR characteristic (If=0.1 – If=20 mA)
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10LED forward current (mA)
Curre
nt tr
ansf
er ra
tio
initial meas @ESTECinitial meas @KVI8.00E+09 p/cm22.30E+10 p/cm21.90E+11 p/cm3.10E+11 p/cm25.00E+11 p/cm2
Proton irradiations & Co-60 gamma rays CTR characteristic (If=0.1 – If=20 mA)
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
OLS449- 173 MeV proton– GND – Vce=5V
OLS449- TID – GND – Vce=5V
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Comparison of normalized CTR of 14 part types of COTS optocouplers
irradiated in unbiased conditions by 60MeV proton.
The CTR value is averaged on 3 samples.
Commercial optocouplers
Nor
mal
ized
CTR
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1E+09 1E+10 1E+11 1E+12
CNY17F KB356 KPC357 LTV352 LTV355 LTV356 LTV357 PC355 PC357 SFH6136 SFH6345 HCPL4504 TPL127 HCPL181
Proton f luence (p/cm2)
Avago HCPL4504 Vishay SFH6135 Vishay SFH6345
Avago HCPL181 Liteon LTV356 Liteon LTV357 Vishay SFH690
Sharp PC357 Kinbright KB356 Fairchild CNY17F3 Cosmo KPC357
Liteon LTV352 Toshiba TPL127
Liteon LTV355 Sharp PC355
18
Radiation tests ongoing on ECI-2 activity Development of an European Radiation tolerant Optocoupler ( OIER 10 )
Project consortium: Optoi (coordination and manufacturing)
FBK (front-end) AdvEOTec (testing)
European Radiation Tolerant Optocoupler OIER 10
Project funded by the European Space Agency, coordinated by TEC-QTC,
in the frame of the European Component Initiative (Phase 2)
Ongoing radiation testing: Proton irradiation, beam energy (KVI): 25 MeV, 60MeV and 185 MeV Gamma ray irradiation (ESA-ESTEC Co-60): 36 rad(Si)/h and 360 rad(Si)/h Next step of the activity ESCC evaluation testing (planned for Jun-Dec 2013)
19
Normalized CTR @ If= 1mA, Vce=5V
TID [rad(Si)]
0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000
Nor
mal
ized
CTR
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Test results
Proton Fluence (p/cm2)
Biasing condition, Dose rate
GND 360rad/h
GND 36rad/h
If=3mA,Vcc=5V 360rad/h
If=3mA,Vcc=5V 36rad/h
-x- Pre-irradiation -x- proton, fluence3 E10 60MeV
Proton irradiation biased/unbiased Co-60 gamma-ray irradiation biased/unbiased 36/360 rad/h
1E12 1E11 1E10 1E9
20
Separate irradiations of the LED and Phototransistor
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
21
Separate irradiations of the LED and Phototransistor
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1E+09 1E+10 1E+11 1E+12
Nor
mal
ized
CTR
Fluence (p/cm2)
MII 66266
(a) 66266 OC(b) 66266 sep(c) LED irradiated(d) PT irradiated
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1E+09 1E+10 1E+11 1E+12
Nor
mal
ized
CTR
Fluence (p/cm2)
Isolink OLS449
(a) OLS449(b) OLS449 sep(c) LED irradiated(d) PT irradiated
Comparison of CTR (If=1mA,Vce=5V) degradation of four assemblies of OLS449.
Comparison of CTR (If=1mA,Vce=5V) degradation of four assemblies of 66266.
MII 66191-303
MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
22
CTR correlation with initial reverse recovery time
• LED minority carriers can be correlated with the LED power
degradation caused by displacement damage [8]. Peyre et al. [9]
analyzed the correlation between CTR degradation with proton fluence
and the pre-rad value of the LED reverse recovery time (trr),
suggesting that this method could be used to select the most promising
devices.
During this work, the measurement of the LED trr and base collector junction trr was performed. The graph on the right shows that the measured reverse recovery times of the MII 66266-001 and 66191-313 are is in the range of 10-30ns, typical of heterojunction LEDs. Despite the decrease with proton fluence of the reverse recovery time on both the LED and the base-collector junction, no significant correlation was found on tested parts between the pre-rad value of trr and CTR degradation. MII
66191-303 MII 66191-313
MII 66223
MII 66226`-001
MII 66266-001
ISOLINK OLS249
ISOLINK OLS449
23
References
• Compendium of Recent Proton and Co60 Radiation Test Data in Radiation Tolerant
Optocouplers and COTS (Data workshop RADECS 2012) – A. Costantino, S. Hernandez, V. Ferlet-Cavrois, M. Muschitiello, L. Marchand, A. Mohammadzadeh
• Optimized radiation testing methodoloty to predict optocouplers degradation for
space applications (Isros 2012) – A. Costantino, S. Hernandez, G.Quadri, O.Gilard, L.Marchand
• Escies radiation database
– (RA0589) Proton irradiation test results on Micropac Part types 66191-313
and 66226-001
– (RA0585-E) Co60 TID Test Results on Part Type 66191 (Micropac)
24
Thank you for your attention!!!
?Q&A?