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European Studies

 The origin of First World War 1890-1914

Eighth class

Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of

Science and Technology, Karachi 

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1. Militarism

 This is not just an arms race, utalso a go!ernment"s attitude ofmind, seeing #ar as a !alid

means of foreign polic$% 'Thisoften includes the in(uence ofgo!ernment $ the generals%)

*ll the nations of Europe #eremilitaristic, ut the go!ernmentsof +erman$ and *ustria-ungar$

#ere especiall$ so%

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Figures of armed strength ofsome nations of Europe*ll the countries of Europe uilt up their armies

and na!ies% n 1914, their armed forces stoodli.e this/

+erman$/ ,00,000 soldiers, 92 #arships

*ustria-ungar$/ 810,000 soldiers, 8#arships%

tal$/ 230,000 soldiers, 5 #arships

France/ 1,13,000 soldiers, 5 #arships

6ussia/ 1,00,000 soldiers, 0 #arships

+reat 7ritain/ 211,000 soldiers, 183 #arships

*s one countr$ increased its armies, so all theothers felt oliged to increase their armed forcesto .eep the alance of po#er%

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Standing arm$

*nother thing that the countries of Europedid #as to train all their $oung men so thatif there #as a #ar the$ could call, not onl$on the standing arm$, ut on huge numers

of trained reser!ists% :ne historian hasestimated the total numer of men'including reser!ists) that the countriescould thus call upon as/

+erman$/ 8%3 million men 6ussia/ 4%4 million

France/ %3 million

*ustria-ungar$/ million

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 Alliances

*s #ell as see.ing protection in the si;e of their armies, thecountries of Europe sought protection $ forming alliances%

 

*t <rst, 7ismarc. had .ept +erman$ friendl$ #ith 6ussia%=aiser Wilhelm o!erturned this, and concentrated instead

on the >ual *lliance of 1829 et#een +erman$ and*ustria-ungar$ - #hich ecame the Triple *lliance 'or?entral @o#ers *lliance) #hen tal$ joined in 188%

*larmed $ this strong central loc/

a% France in 1894 made an alliance #ith 6ussia, and

% n 1904 France made an agreement #ith 7ritain calledthe Entente ?ordiale 'Friendl$ 6elationship A not a formalalliance, ut a promise to #or. together)%

c% n 1902, 7ritain made an entente #ith 6ussia, thusforming the Triple Entente 'France, 6ussia, +reat 7ritain)%

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Nationalism

EBE6C:DE #as nationalist in those da$s, and this helped cause #ar int#o #a$s/

a% t made the people of countries li.e 7ritain, +erman$ and Francemore ellicose '#arli.e) A the 7ritish sang/ Rule Britannia and Landof Hope and Glory , and the +ermans sang/ Deutschland uber alles%French politicians li.e ?lemenceau and @oincare '#ho had eenaround in 1820) *TE> the +ermans% @eople #ere enraged #hensomeone insulted their countr$%

% t made the races ruled $ Tur.e$ 'such as the 6omanians and the7ulgarians) and $ *ustria-ungar$ 'such as the Sers) #ant to efree to rule themsel!es% n the 7al.ans this #as called @ansla!ismecause the people #ho #anted to e free #ere all Sla! races% Themost nationalistic of all #ere the Sers A Seria had ecame an

independent countr$ $ the Treat$ of San Stefano in 1828, ut in1900 man$ Sers #ere still ruled $ Tur.e$ and *ustria-ungar$, andSeria #as determined to rule o!er them all% This led to reellionsand terrorism #hich destalised the 7al.ans%

Sla! nationalism among the people #ho li!ed there, especiall$ Seria%

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Imperialism

mperialism is #hen a countr$ increasestheir po#er and #ealth $ ringingadditional territories under their control%7efore World War 1, *frica and parts of

*sia #ere points of contention amongstthe European countries% This #asespeciall$ true ecause of the ra#materials these areas could pro!ide% The

increasing competition and desire forgreater empires led to an increase inconfrontation that helped push the #orldinto World War %

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>ierent colonial ri!alr$ among igpo#ers #hich led to occurrence of WW

1%  apan G ?hina o!er =orea andFormosa

% HS G 7ritain o!er Bene;uela

% 7ritain G France o!er Sudan4% Spain G Hnited States o!er ?ua G

@hilippines

3% 7ritain G >utch o!er South *frica

5% +erman$ G France o!er Iorocco

2% 6ussia G apan o!er Ianchuria

8% *ustria G 6ussia o!er 7al.an region

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Europe Before 1914: the Main Powers

Member tates of !riple Entente

Name "ea# of tate Allies $isputes

Britain 

=ing +eorge B '1901-195)

?onstitutional Ionarch$ France, 6ussia Da!al arms raceeconomic ri!alr$ #ith +erman$

%rance @resident 6a$mond @oincare@arliamentar$ >emocrac$ 7ritain, 6ussia Wanted the return ofthe pro!inces of *lsace and Jorraine from +erman$

&ussia Tsar Dicholas '1894-1912)Ionarch$

7ritain, France 6i!als #ith *ustria for control of the 7al.ansStrained relations #ith 7ritain%

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Iemer States of Triple *lliance

+erman$=aiser William '1888-1918)

?onstitutional Ionarch$ tal$, *ustria- ungar$% 6i!als #ithFrance o!er *lsace, 7ritain o!er her na!$%

*ustria- ungar$=aiser Fran; oseph '1848-1915)

?onstitutional Ionarch$ tal$, +erman$ 6i!alr$ #ith 6ussiao!er the 7al.ans, Territorial disputes #ith her all$, tal$

tal$=ing Bictor Emmanuel '1900-1945)

?onstitutional Ionarch$ *ustria, +erman$ >isputes #ithFrance in Dorth *fricalarge talian communities li!ed in the *ustrian Empire%