Erwin Binner P. E. Universität für Bodenkultur - Vienna ...ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/compost/presentations/binner.pdf · Test Cell Ł sieved fraction ... datei:skripten\grafik\versuch\bmu\inkuzy2e.cdr

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Erwin Binner P. E.Universität für Bodenkultur - ViennaDepartment of Waste Management

Erwin Binner Biowaste Workshop 2002

Waste

Leachate

anaerob abbaubarer org. StoffSO4 H S, HS-- -

2

NO N3 2-

HS SO4 - --

Fe Fe (fällt aus) ++ +++

MSW - Landfill

~ 90 % of carbongreenhousegasCH4 = 35 x CO2

~ 10% of carbon

3rd largest source


Legal Situation in Austria

Landfill Ordinance(DVO, BGBl. Nr. 164/96)

MBP-Guideline(EU-Notifizierung, 2001/423/A)

in effect since March 2002

AT4 (RA4) < 7 mg O2/g DMand

GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DMor

GB21 (GE21) < 20 Nl/kg DM

Massenabfalldeponie

exceptMBP < 6,000 kJ / kg DM

Waste Management Law(AWG, BGBl. Nr. 325/90)

TOC > 5 % DM

IL > 8 % DM


Targets of MBP

� reduction and stabilization of OS� better input-control at landfills� reduction of gas generation� reduction of leachate (amount and

concentrations)� lower consumption of landfill volumes� lower settlement� reduction of harmful substances� use of thermally valuable compounds.


Waste Reactivity Assessment

� parameters describing the stability ofMBP-waste

� test methods for MBP-waste.

MBP-Research-Programcommissioned by the Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry, Environment andWater Management


Gas Generation / IncubationtestTest Cell

� sieved fraction < 20 mm� wetted to water-capacity� sample amount 1.7 l (~ 1.5 kg DM)� closed / eudiometertube filled

(~ 200 ml NaCl)� set into the waterbath (40°C)� next day eudiometertube filled up� daily measurement :

� gas amount� temperature (room)� atmospheric pressure

� gas concentration (CH4/CO2)� water supply is possible.

0 ml

datei:skripten\grafik\versuch\bmu\inkuzy2e.cdr

Eudiometertube

filled with 25% NaCl

100 ml

150 ml

1100 ml

150 mm

teflontube 6 mm

drainage bottom

Glass tapgas extraction

collectingvessel

tube 6 mm

tube 6 mm

200 mm

40 mm

100 mm

600 mm

leachate extraction

water supply tube 6 mm

Incubation Test Reactor - ABF-BOKU


Gas Generation / Incubation TestImpact of MBP

Gas Generation Potential in Incubation Test -Impact of Mechanical Biological Pretreatment

Test Duration [days]

Gas

Gen

erat

ion

[Nl/k

g D

M]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480

Oberpullendorf DANO-OutputGS21 = 34 Nl/kg DS - acidification!

Siggerwiesen 3 weeksGS21 = 54 Nl/kg DS

Allerheiligen 5 weeksGS21 = 35 Nl/kg DS

Allerheiligen 5 weeksGS21 = 25 Nl/kg DS

Liezen 16 weeksGS21 = 4 Nl/kg DS

Oberpullendorf 20 weeksGS21 = 9 Nl/kg DS


Gas Generation / Incubation TestCorrelation GS90 / GS240

Correlation between GS90 and GS240Gas Generation Sum in Incubation Test

Gas Generation Sum in 90 days [Nl/kg DM]

Gas

Gen

erat

ion

GS2

40 [N

l/kg

DM

]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 50 100 150 200 250

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf

Oberpullendorf(oxygen starvation)

Frojach-Katsch(very intensivemech. treatment)

Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

weitere

acidification (corrected)

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM

GS240 = 24,0 Nl/kg DM

n = 53y = 1,057x + 2,843

r = 0,999


Results of MBP-Research-ProgramCorrelation GS90 / AT4

Correlation between Gas Generation Sum (GS90)and Respiration Activity (AT4)


Res

pira

tion

Act

ivity

[mgO

2/g

DM

]

0

25

50

75

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf

Oberpullendorf(oxigen starvation)

Frojach Katsch / Frohnleiten(very intensivemech. treatment)

Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

Darmstadt Ringvers.

others

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM

AT4 = 6,7 mg O2/g DM

86 samplesr = 0.843



Res

pira

tion

Act

ivity

[mgO

2/g

DM

]

0

25

50

75

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf



Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

Darmstadt Ringvers.

others

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM


86 samplesr = 0.843

dried during treatment

acidification




Res

pira

tion

Act

ivity

[mgO

2/g

DM

]

0

25

50

75

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf



Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

Darmstadt Ringvers.

others

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM


86 samplesr = 0.843


acidification


without "outlier"72 samples

r = 0.955


Results of MBP-Research-ProgramCorrelation GS90 / AT4



Res

pira

tion

Act

ivity

[mgO

2/g

DM

]

0

25

50

75

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf



Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

Darmstadt Ringvers.

others

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM


86 samplesr = 0.843



Res

pira

tion

Act

ivity

[mgO

2/g

DM

]

0

25

50

75

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf



Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

Darmstadt Ringvers.

others

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM


86 samplesr = 0.843


acidification




Res

pira

tion

Act

ivity

[mgO

2/g

DM

]

0

25

50

75

100

0 50 100 150 200 250

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf



Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

Darmstadt Ringvers.

others

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM


86 samplesr = 0.843


acidification


without "outlier"72 samples

r = 0.955



Res

pira

tion

Act

ivity

[mgO

2/gT

M]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf

Frojach Katsch

Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerob)

Darmstadt Ringvers.

others

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg TM

AT4 = 6,8 mg O2/g TM

50 samplesr = 0.873


Gas Generation / Incubation TestCorrelation GS90 / GS21

Correlation between GS90 and GS21Gas Generation Sum in Incubation Test


Gas

Gen

erat

ion

GS2

1 [N

l/kg

DM

]

0

10

20

30

0 10 20 30 40 50

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf

Oberpullendorf(oxygen starvation)

Frojach-Katsch(very intensivemech. treatment)

Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum (anaerobe)

Darmstadt Ringtest

further samples

GS90 = 20 Nl/kg DM

GS21 = 12 Nl/kg DM

n = 45y = 0,675x - 1,520

r = 0,963


Results of MBP-Research-ProgramCorrelation GS90 / DOC (TOCeluate)

Correlation between Gas Generation Sum (GS90)and TOC in the eluate (DOC)

Gas Generation (GS90) [Nl / kg DM]

DO

C [m

g/kg

DM

]

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

0 50 100 150 200 250

MBA 1-study

MBA-routine outputoxygen starvation

MBA-routine output

MBA 2 - routine output

MBA 2 - routine output+ treatment in laboratory

MBA 2 - routine anaerob

MBA 2 - routine anaerob+ treatment in laboratory

acidification (corrected)

38 samples:r = 0.707

23 samples (GS90< 50):r = 0.638

Correlation between Gas Generation Sum (GS90)and TOC in the eluate (DOC)

DOC [mg/kg DM]

Gas

Gen

erat

ion

(GS9

0) [N

l / k

g D

M]

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

MBA 1-study

MBA-routine outputoxygen starvation

MBA-routine output

MBA 2 - routine output

MBA 2 - routine output+ treatment in laboratory

MBA 2 - routine anaerob

MBA 2 - routine anaerob+ treatment in laboratory


MBP-Guidelines (A) / TASI (GER)

MBP-GDL.: GS21 < 20 Nl / kg DM

andAT4 < 7 mg O2 / g DM

TASI: GB21 < 20 Nl / kg DM

orAT4 < 5 mg O2 / g DM


Experiences in AustriaMBP - Plants

� Composting of MSW since 1975(18 plants - approx. 400,000 t/a)

� closed / changed to biowaste� 2002: 12 MBP-plants on work

(~ 275,000 t/a)� only 2 plants combust their sieve residues� adaptations to reach limit of calorific value (Ho)� adaptations on waste-air-management

� many plants are at planning state.



Name State Start-up Processing Types ofWaste

t/year1995

Output capacity t/year

Residentsserved

Aich-AssachCompostingPlant

Styria 1978Rotte-filter 93

Manual sorting, mix/sieve drum (<60 mm), indoorwindrow composting (triangular windr.), (28wks) .Since (1993 �Rottefilter�system 12 + upto 24wks)

MSWsince 93SS

5,000+900SS

<10mm(2,300t/a)sold>10mm (1,700t/a)landfilled

9,500 30,000

MBPAllerheiligen

Styria 1979

since1995

Hammer mill, sieve drum (<100mm), suction vent.indoor windrows (7 + 16 wks), maturated (7 wks) Hammer mill, sieve drum (<100mm), + sewagesludge; screw-type mixer, BAS-tunnel (2 wks),windrowa (suction aerated) (2 wks) andmatration (~ 10 wks)

residualwaste(=RW)+ SS(30%DM)

10,500 +500

sewagesludge(=SS)

8,900t/alandfilled

20,000 112,000

FischamendCompostingPlant

LowerAustria

Sept.96 Rotary choppers, magnetic separation, +SSmixing drum; naturally aerated indoor windrows(12 wks), turning with rotation loaders

RW +SS

15,000+3.000

SS

landfilled 18,000

Frojach-KatschCompostingPlant

Styria 1981 Hammer mill, sieve drum (<25mm), magneticseparation, naturally aerated indoor triangularwindrows (4 wks) outdoor maturation

RW 4,500 >25mm 1,800t/alandfilled<25mm rekultiv.

6,500 85,000

HerzogsdorfCompostingPlant

UpperAustria

1976since 96suctionaerated

indoor windrows

1994: Rod sizer (<80mm), indoor windrows,suction aeration (5-7 months)

RW 14,000 >80mm: landfilled<80mm: landfilled

15,000 143,000

Inzersdorf(=Kirchdorf)

UpperAustria

1986 Screening <80mm, 6 to 8 months of indoorwindrow composting .mechanical treatment only

6,000> combusted< landfilled

10,000 50,000



Name State Start-up Processing Types ofWaste

t/year1995

Output capacityt/year

Residentsserved

MBA-Kufstein Tirol 1998 <50mm, 2 weeks intensive composting (closed,8-10 weeks indoor windrow composting withexhaust air collection; <18 mm final processing

RW

MBAOberpullendorf

Burgen-land

1978since1987Wendelin

Decomposition (DANO) drum (24 - 36 hours,<25 - 30 mm), 10 weeks forced aerated indoorwindrow �Wendelin�, processing possible:(<10 mm, separation of hard materials) + weakaerated outdoor Maturation (10 -12 weeks)

RW +KS(20-35%DM)

28,000 +6,500sewagesludge

>35 mm landfilled(14,500t/a)<35mm landfilled(11,400/a)

40,000 272,000

Ort im Innkreis(Griesskirchen)CompostingPlant

UpperAustria

1980 ~36 hours Decomposition (DANO) drum,<120 mm, magnetic separator, <10mm outdoorwindrows

RW 17,000 >10mm landfill(11,000t/a),<10mm recult.(4,000t/a)

30,000

MBASiggerwiesen(Bergheim)

Salz-burg

1977 Hammer mill (<100 mm), +SS,DANO-drum (36 hours), magnetic separator,suction aerated indoor windrows (3 weeks)

RW +SS+degrad.wastes

110,000 ca. 90,000t/alandfilled

160,000 350,000

MBAZell am SeeZEMKA

Salz-burg

1978

since1995

Hammer mill, magnetic separator, sieve drum(<100 mm), + SS DANO-drum, suction aeratedindoor windrows (3 weeks) with turning + outdoormaturation (16 weeks) .since 1995 forced aerated indoor windrow�Wendelin� (3 wks) + forced aerated indoorwindrows (10 wks) with turning

RW +SS

24,000 +5.,000

sewagesludge

>100mm(7,000t/a)landfilledMBP-Outputlandfilled orrecultivation

30,000 100,000

NeunkirchenCompostingPlant

LowerAustria

1986 Windrow composting of wet components +struktural material, recyclable materials (glass,plastics,.. are collected in gray bin

graybine

approx.13,000

sold 45,000 97,000


Experiences in AustriaImpact of MBP on Landfill Behavior

Reservations:� input to MBP = municipial solid waste

(not residual waste)� different legal situation

(no MBP-Guideline, no limit values)� no landfill with exclusivly MBP waste

(20 to 80% MBP mixed with MSW, bulky waste,comercial waste, in some cases green wastes)

� different technical standards(no gas collection, different leachate collectionsystems)


Experiences in AustriaImpact on Landfill Volume

6,000

20,000

137,000

55,000

20

70

35

34

20

12

1,800

13,100

90,000

44,000

18

recult.

11,055

41,000

27,000

14

77

50

50

38

32

45

70

51

30

(93)

57

77

62

46

AichAssachAller-heiligenSigger-wiesenOberpul-lendorfFrei-stadt

Plant

28-36

30

3

22

18 (field-test)

Durationof Treat-

ment[weeks]

Input Amount tobe Landfilled

[ t WM / a]Scen.1 Scen.2

Reduction tobe Landfilled 1)

[% vol.]Scen.1 Scen.2

Reduction tobe Landfilled

[% weight]Scen.1 Scen.2

Scenario 1: whole residues are landfilledScenario 2: sieve residues are combusted, slags (=22% of sieve residues) are landfilled1) placement density: not treated 1t/m3 / treated 1.3 t/m3


Experiences in AustriaWater Budget / Leachate Volumes

1979

1979

1978

sc.1979sc.1984

1974sc.1984

110,000

500,000

700,000

30,00090,000

500,000300,000

notpossible1, but notnecessary

1, but notnecessary

notnecessary

AichAssachAller-heiligenSigger-wiesenTauf-kirchenLuste-nau

Plant

28-36

30

3

24

140

Durationof Treat-

ment[weeks]

Openingof

Landfill

LandfilledVolume

[m3]

Flushing ofDrainage-Systemper Year

LeachateAmount

[l/t WM.a] [l/t DM.a]

1) leachate recirculation

literature: MSW-landfill 2 to 3experimental landfillBreitenau (N = 500-750 mm/a) 30,000 30 to 60

110 1)

10

95

210

60

185 1)

17

155

350

100not separatednot separated

not separated


Experiences in AustriaImpact on Leachate Quality / pH-Value

Impact of Pretreatment onpH-Value in Leachate

pH-v

alue

[ - ]

6

7

8

9

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


pH-v

alue

[ - ]

6

7

8

9

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


pH-v

alue

[ - ]

6

7

8

9

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


pH-v

alue

[ - ]

6

7

8

9

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


Experiences in AustriaImpact on Leachate Quality / COD

Impact of Pretreatment onCOD-Concentrations in Leachate

CO

D [m

g O

2 / l

]

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


CO

D [m

g O

2 / l

]

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


CO

D [m

g O

2 / l

]

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


CO

D [m

g O

2 / l

]

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


Experiences in AustriaLeachate Quality / Ammonia-Nitrogen

Impact of Pretreatment onAmmonia-Nitrogen-Concentrations in Leachate

Am

mon

ia-N

itrog

en [m

g / l

]

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold

Impact of Pretreatment onAmmonia-Nitrogen-Concentrations in Leachate

Am

mon

ia-N

itrog

en [m

g / l

]

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


Experiences in AustriaInpact on Leachate Quality / Zinc

Impact of Pretreatment onZinc-Concentrations in Leachate

Zinc

[ m

g / l

]

0

3

6

9

12

15

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold

Impact of Pretreatment onZinc-Concentrations in Leachate

Zinc

[ m

g / l

]

0

3

6

9

12

15

without MBPyoung

without MBPold

20% MBPold

> 50% MBPyoung

> 50% MBPold


Experiences in AustriaImpact on Landfill Gas

1979

1978

1979

sc.1979sc.1984

1974sc.1984

500,000

700,000

300,000

30,00090,000

500,000300,000

28

50

5050

Aller-heiligenSigger-wiesenZell amSeeTauf-kirchenLuste-nau

Plant

30

3

19

24

140

Durationof Treat-

ment[weeks]

Openingof

Landfill

LandfilledVolume

[m3]

Concentr.of

Methan[% vol.]

Gas Generation(Amount Sucked off)

[m3/tWM.a] [m3/tDM.a]

literature: MSW-landfill 1 to 6

0.25

5

no gas

no gas

0.4

8

extraction

extraction

0.97

1.812


Laboratory TestsImpact on Landfill Gas Generation

Impact of Pretreatment on Gas Generation Potential

Duration of Pretreatment [weeks]

Gas

Gen

erat

ion

GS2

40 [N

l/kg

DM

]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf



Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum(anaerobic treatment)

Darmstadt"Ringtest"

others


oxygen starvation during treatment

Impact of Pretreatment on Gas Generation Potential

Duration of Pretreatment [weeks]

Gas

Gen

erat

ion

GS2

40 [N

l/kg

DM

]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80

Siggerwiesen

Allerheiligen

Aich Assach

Oberpullendorf



Zell am See

Liezen

Lüneburg

Bassum(anaerobic treatment)

Darmstadt"Ringtest"

others



Laboratory TestsImpact on Geotechnical Properties

� higher compactability (1.3 t/m3, reduction of volume)

� lower permeability (10 -10 m/s, reduction of leachate)

� low particles size (< 15 - 35 mm, calorific value)

� problems in placement (rainfall)

� problems in stability (reduction of friction angle)< 12 mm → ϕ = 31°< 25 mm → ϕ = 32°< 40 mm → ϕ = 37°< 80 mm → ϕ = 40°


� reduction and stabilization of OS� better input-control at landfills� reduction of gas generation� reduction of leachate (amount and

concentrations)� lower consumption of landfill volumes� lower settlement� reduction of harmful substances� use of thermally valuable compounds

Conclusions / Targets of MBP

√√√√√√√√

√√√√

√√√√√√√√

√√√√√√√√

√√√√


�Sustainable MBP-Landfill�

0,5 m non calcareousgravel

1-2 m mature compost

Miscantus

mechanical-biologicalpretreated waste

drainage system for surface runoff�free leachate discharge�

landfill liner (DVO)


Supplement


Gas Generation / Incubation TestGas Generation Activity [Nml/kgDM.h]

Gas Generation Rates in Incubation TestDuration of Pretreatment 10 Weeks


[Nm

l / k

g D

M a

nd h

our]

0

25

50

75

0 30 60 90 120 150 180



[Nm

l / k

g D

M a

nd h

our]

0

25

50

75

0 30 60 90 120 150 180



[Nm

l / k

g D

M a

nd h

our]

0

25

50

75

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

repetition 1GS21 = 15,8 Nl/kg DM

repetition 2GS21 = 16,1 Nl/kg DM


Gas Generation / Incubation TestGas Generation Sum [Nl/kgDM]

Gas Generation Sum in Incubation TestDuration of Pretreatment 10 Weeks


Nl /

kg

DM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Gas Generation Sum in Incubation TestDuration of Pretreatment 10 Weeks


Nl /

kg

DM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

GS21 = 15,8 Nl Gas / kg DM

GS21 = 16,1 Nl Gas / kg DM

Documents

Erwin Binner P. E. Universität für Bodenkultur - Vienna ...ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/compost/presentations/binner.pdf · Test Cell Ł sieved fraction ... datei:skripten\grafik\versuch\bmu\inkuzy2e.cdr