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4 12 (from the bottom) 2/2(1 o )2, 2/2(1 o ), 2 Table 2, Kakioka
16 Table 8, (4) Time (JST)
Time (GMT)
18 9 (from the bottom) Magnetic May
Intercon1parison Observations at Kakioka and Meman1betsu
by means of QHM magnetometers during 1952～1953
BY TADAO Kusor<r and Krr<uo KuRusu
~ 1. fotroduction
1
It is a well-known fact that the geomagnetic intercomparison of the national
standard instruments by means of QHM magnetometers has contributed very much
to the maintenance of the geomagnetic national unit and world-wide cooperation of
this branch of science. In 1952 the Kakioka :Magnetic Observatory had an opportuni-
ty to carry out such an intcrcomparison obscrv~tion with Cheltenham by the courtesy
of V. Laursen, Chairman of the 7th Committee of IATME, and Robert W. Knox,
Acting Director of U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The observations were conduct-
cd at Kakioka and Memambclsu during December, 1952 to March, 1953 by means
of three QIIM magnetometers, No. 50, 51 and 52. This paper contains the results
and some discussions regarてling,・arious sources of possible errors due to temperature,
accuracy of horizontal circles and resolving power of telescope, and so on.
~ 2. Outline of QilM-Magnetometer
For the convenience of further explanation of the results, some brief descrip-
tion of this instrument will be given
below. The main part of QHM-
magnetometer consists of a suspen-
tion tube, telescope and counter-ha)-
a nee (Fig. 1) . A small magnetic
needle, approx. l.5cm long and app-
rox. 20 1、magneticmoment, is sus-
pended in the tube by means of a
Jine quartz fibre of 30～40J,t in dia-
meter. In general, the horizont~I Fig. l. QHM-Magnctometer.
2 T. KUBOKI and K. KUIWSU
circle prepared at each observatory is used for measuring the deflection angle of
QHM. (Figs. 2 and 3.)
，、Fig. 2. QHM-Magnc1ornc1cr installed on
the horizontal circle of the "Nippon
Suirobu”type magnetometer al Kakioka.
Fig. 3. Q「IM-Magnctomctcr installed on
the horizのnialci rclc of thむ ＂NipponSuirobu"
type ma』~nctomctcr al Mcmamhむtsu.
Let H denotes the horizontal component of geomagnetic field, M the magnetic
moment of the magnetic needle and T the torsion coefficient of the qu九rt:1.fi hrc、then
after La Cour, CJ) the expression of II is given by,
H 2 7tT l ＝ ・ ． ． ……… ・・………………一 …… － ……－ －… (l) 』f sinグJ
Taking the effects of tt:mperature and magnetic induclion into account, il becomes
2π1'0 (l -11ri) l H= ・ ， ・・・・・・・・・……・・・……… ( 2)
Mo (l -11nd) (l－ト1,1,Hcos少）日inゲ’
where
M0 : magnetic moment of magnetic needle nl O。C,
v・r : temperature coe伍cienlof torsion quartz fibre,
U削 ：temperaturecoefficient of magnetic moment.
t : temperature,
μ, : induction coefficient of magnetic needle.
Since 1.,1,, 町、 Y仰 aregenerally of order of 10ーヘ the expression (2) can be writ-
ten approximately as follows;
logH=Cー logsin q1+c1t-c~ H cosψ．……………………………（ 3 )
f.'or each magnetometer, fallowing numerical cxpressionsC句 canhe used,
INTERCOMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT KAKIOKA AND MEMAMBETSU 3
log H =9. 14770ー logsin tp+O. 000158 tー0.0003 H cos <p ; No. 50,)
log H =9. 14408-log sin <p+O. 000149 t -0. 0004 H cos <p; No. 51, ~… （ 3)
log H=9. 14930-log sin 'P+O. 000167 t -0. 0011 H cosψ：No.52. 1
These numerical expressions arc obtained at the torsion of 2π，hut if both sides of
mirrors attached to the magnetic needle are used, that is to say, on the observations
at the torsions of 3?r and 4πmore accurate result can be obtained in lower magnetic
latitudes. For such torsions, the reduction formulae are given as follows ;
＼
log H=C-Jog sin rp+C1 t-C~ H cos 'P ; 2π，
log H =C-log 1/2-log sin <p’＋C1t-C2 H cos <p’； π，
log H =C+ log 3/2ー logsin <p11 +c, t -C2 H cos グ .. (3)"
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ・’
π
内
δ
logH=C+log2 -log sin f〆”＋C1t -C2 H cos <p11ぺ4π．
In the case of ?t', deflection angles rp' are too small in the middle and lower
latitudes to obtain an accurate measurment as mentioned in the next paragraph.
Therefore, all observations at this time were made at the torsion of 27t, 3?r and 4?r.
§ 3. Possible errors of observations
( 1 ) Errors of <p
＼
The errors of <p are originated in both the accuracy of a horizontal circle used
as well as the resolving power of the attached telescope.
The smallest readings of our horizontal circles used are 0. 2' for the “Nippon
Suirobu”type magnetometer (Japanese Hydrographic Office pattern ; a sine galvano・
meter), and then possible errors introduced from the horizontal circle are of the order
o. 1＇～0.2’. Meanwhile, the angle scale value for one division of the QHM -telescope
is 5' and then even if the telescope scale is read to 1/10 division, namely to 0. 5', the
principal part of errors of rp can be introduced from the telescope reading. On the
other hand, the error of H due to <p can be estimated by the following expression;
ムH--H- ＝ーcot<p~<p. ……………………………………………………（ 4)
If we accept an error A97=0. 5' for 91, values of AH/H for various angles of
<p are given in Table 1.
In case of our observations, we can estimate possible errors of 11, or AH, as
4 T. KUBO KI and K. KURUSU
Table l Error due to fl.<p (fl.<p=O.’5)
<P ] fl.H/H
shown in Table 2. If the telescope scale can be
read to 1/zo division the errors become one half of
these values.
If we want, therefore, to maintain the accu-
racy of lry at such stations of the larger horizotal
intensity as our observatories, we meet practically
with various difficulties in technique of observa-
tions and design of instruments.
20。 39.8×10-5
30 25.1 ，，
40 17.3 ，，
50 12.2 ，，
60 8.4 I/
70 5.3 ，，
80 2.6 ，，
Table 2. fl.fl at Kakioka and Memambetsu
Torsion i ψ1 fl.H //-/ I H I Mcmambetsu
I 1!:.H/H I fl.I-I πザ
品
宮
内
Lqodaτ
。。。
凸
OEunu
n4』噌
nt
27.3×10-5
14.5×10-s
5.3×10・5
8.2γ
4.3γ
1.6γ
32。
53。23.5×10・s
11.1×10・56.2γ
2.9γ
( 2) Errors due to the deviation of <p
The value of ψin ( 1 ) is given by the mean of two deflection angles corres-
ponding to clockwise and anticlockwise torsions, but generally they have different
values. Then, let these two values of deflection be a1 and a2, and one half of differ-
ence between them be 0, and we haveCZ)
D.H =H(J2/2 (1ーcos<p) '2
or …utes）く，，／15.H([=cos<p) 2阿 23X10-=s 1.
l 1D.H [ =,../2.36×101[(1ー倒的2 J
.. ( 5)
where α，＝<p＋θJ 。2=q.>－θ，a，十a2 " a1-a2
伊＝ ー ti＝一一一一一一一ー., 2
At the Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (H =0. 3011、） the conditions under which errors
are less than 0. 5γare as follows;
θく2.3’， whenthe torsion is 2 7t and φ＝28°,
0く5.8', when the torsion is 3πand ψ＝45°,
Oく13.0’， whenthe torsion is 4 n and <p =70°.
In our observations, the maximum values of θobserved at Kakioka, amount to
only 1. 0’，3. 5' and 2. 5' for the torsion of 2 n, 3πand 4π，respectively. While at the
＼
＼
lNTERCOMPARISON OBSERV A’l'IONS AT KAKIOKA AND MEMAMBETSU 5
Memambetsu Magnetic Observatory, they were also about one half of the expected
values corresponding to H there. Thus, it can be said that the errors due toθare
negligibly small as far as our present comparison observations are concerned.
( 3) Errors due to temperature
The temperature coe伍cientsof the three QHM’s No. 50, 51 and 52, are all
about 11γ＇／c。whenreduced to the horizontal intensity at Kakioka ; that is, the error of
H may become lγ，even if the temperature is read to 0. 1・Caccurately.
On the other hand, as the temperature coe伍cientof quartz fibre is generally
the order of l × 10－~rc, the error due to this factor might amount to the order of
3～4γat Kakioka.
On the present writers has been able to keep the temperature coefficient of magnetic
system of a variometer as low nearly equal to zero by means of magnetic shunt alloy(3J.
However, for the present observation, such a devise is not valid, and it should
be carefully taken into consideration that the instrument has a long torsion-tube and
the face of an observer must be kept so near to the instrument that the uniformity of
temperature of all portions of it could not be obtained within the limit of accuracy
desired. The comparison observations, therefore, were so arranged as to begin when
the temperature of the instrument had become unchanged by the presence of the
observer by setting up an electric lamp of 40～60 watts at the position of the observer’s
face, at least two hours before the observation. By this means, it was seldom that
the temperature was varied more than 0. 3・。C during one series of observations, which
consisted of five measurements. On the other hand, at Kakioka the temperature of the
absolute room, in which the present observations were made, has been controlled to
change from vary in the range O℃ to 20°C~ and was kept constant by means of the
automatical thermostat during each series of observation at any individual day, and
at Memambetsu artificially by the heat of a copper stove. In spite of these precautions,
tern perature・effect remained presumably to some extent.
Regarding the induction coeficients of those instruments, we adopted the new
valuesC4J, C6J.
§ 4 Results of comparison obsen叫 ionsat the区akiol他
Magnetic Observatory.
The results of inter~omparison observations at the Kakioka Magnetic Observato・
6 ’r. KUBOKI and K. KURUSU
ry are tabulated in Table 3. The adopted values for each day are given in unit of
gamma, considering the order of errors as discussed in § 3. The accuracy of a mag-
netic theodolite to be compared with the QHM magnetometer is principally determined
by the accuracy of base line value of magnetic variometer. For this reason, the com-
parison observation was conducted so as to cover as long a period as possible.
Table 3. Comparison observation with the Q. H. M. Kakioka Magnetic Observatory.
The figures of each column of the table are to be read as follows;
(11) Schmidt : Schmidt normal theodolite. No. 5 (North pillar in the New Absolute room)
(12) Di££ : QI-IM-Schmidt.
(13) Suirobu : Nippon Suirobu tyi;c magnetometer. (Sine galvanometer). No. 15
(14) Diff : QHM-Suirobu. (Middle pillar in the New Absolute room, magnetometer ci陀 le
No. 15 A)
(1)1(2)1
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MEMAMBETSU INTERCOMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT KAKIOKA AND
(7) (1) I (2) I (3) ; (4) J (5)
QHM I Tor-I 1 Time ! I Date
No. I sion
3 7r 50
691- 5 691-5 701-7 711-6 701-6
印刷臼au臼
1. 3 0.9 1:1 0.8 0.5
46. 25113. 0 46.35113.1 46. 5 I 13.1 46. 2 I 13.1 46. 4 I 13.1
+0.1 0.0
+0.1 -0.1 0.0
46.l 46.3 46.4 46.3 46:4
6 12. 4 17. 7 22.9 28.6 32.9
11 ，，
31 MOG~ ~ ~i~ I 69 38.8 38.1 38.2 38.6 a8:2s1
6 12.5 17.0 22.2 26.6 31.1
1952 Dec. 18 4 7r
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6 04.5
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30. 7 I
30. 7. 30.35: 30.351
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Reduction formula :
2ir ; iog l-1=9.14770 -log sin <p + 0. 000158 tー 0.0003 l-1 cos <p
3ir ; log H = 9. 32379 -log sin <p + 0. 000158 t -0. 0003 H cos <p
4" ; log H =9. 448ねーlogsin ψt 0. 000158 t -0. 0003 H cos q>.
8 T. KUBOKI and K. KURUSU
(1),(2), (3) ［＜訂~［c5)fc6)[ (7) [cs> I而｜（州市同五円（山QHM Tor- Time H
Date ψ（obs) AD 伊（corr)Temp. 。QHM［いー［oiH[ Sui-In iff No. s1on (GMT) m1dt robu 』
1952 hm 。 F I 。 F 。C I
51 ・2 n- Dec. 14 5 22.1 27 40.3 +o.6 27予4~： 4 6. 55 0.1 3006γ 3 3006γ 4 －γ 1 30.1 40.65 0. .65
6:is 0.2 67
6前6 + 1
32. 7 40.45 0. ( 40.45 6. 0.2 ω -2 37.7 40.5 0.0 40. ~E 7.0S 0.6 66 66 = g ，， 23 5 25.5 41：~~ +o：~ 41. 8.7 0.0 69 74 27.5 ・41. 0. 41.25 8. 7 0.0 70 75 一531.4 41.25 0. 41. 25 8. 7 0.0 70 76 -6 34.8 41. 55 -g:・l 。41. 45 8. 7 0.3 邸 76 - 8 11 39.8 41.15 41.H 8. 7S 0.2 73 76 - 3 6
19日，， Jan. 24 2 26.2 40. ~e o. ~ 40.3 8.4 0.3 84 84 。 1
30.3 40. 0. 40.35 8.35 0.15 82 84 -2 3 36.1 40.3 0.0 40.3 8.3 0.5 83 85 - 2 8€ - 3
／
38.7 40.3 -0.1 40.2 8.3 0.5 84 85 - 1 86 一2// 29 119.1 40.6 0.0 40.6 5.55 0.2 49 57 -8 57 - 8
22.4 40.5 0.0 40.5 5.6 0.3 51 56 - 5 5日6 - 5 25.0 40.6 -0.1 40.5 5.6 0.4 51 56 - 5 - 5 27.7 40.6 +o.~ 40.8 5.6 0.4 46 56 -10 ~ -10 30.3 40. 55 -0.~ 40. 45 5.6 0.5 52 56 - 4 - 4
// Mar. 4・ 6 08.2 47.6 0. 47.~~ 19. 7 0.4 78 86 - 8 SS 一711.7 47.95 0. 47. 19.7 0.8 73 g~ =rn 84 -11 13.8 47.75 8：~ 47. 19. 7 0. 7 i~ 85 - 9 17.9 47.6 47.6 19.7 0.4 85 -6 84 - 5
，， 12 4 55.1 44.0 0.0 44.0 13.9 o.g 78 86 - 8 86 - 8 開.4 44.1 -0.1 44.0 13.9 0. 5 79 87
＝~ 87 -8
5 00. 7 43.g6 0.0 43.8 13.9 0.25 81 87 87 03.5 44. -0.l 43.95 13.9 0.4 79 88 - g 88
1953 3n- Mar. 4 6 22.9 44 23. 4 0.0
44 23 . i~ 19.8 3. 7 30076 30偲5-9 30084 - 8 30.8 23.~~ 0.0 23. 19.9 2.3 76 85 - 9 84 -8 33.2 23. 0.0 23. 19.9 2.4 77 85 - 8 84 一735. 7 23.5 0.0 23.5 20.0 2.8 77 86 - 9 85 - 8
，， 12 5 14.4 16.05 +o. ~ 16.15 14.0 4.5 81 88 - 7 88 - 7 19.0 16.0 0. 16.0 14.1 4.0 83 88 - 5 鵠 - 5 22.8 15. 9 0.0 15.9 14.1 3.9 84 88 - 4 88 - 4 26.9 16.55 0.0 16.55 14.lE 3.0 79 87 -8 87 - 8 30.7 16.55 o.c 16.55 14.12 3.4 79 86 -7 SE - 7
1952 41l' Dec. 23 3 18.6 槌 21.45 0. 068 21. 45 8.1 0.6 30062 30062 。300g~ - 3
24.3 21. 45 8: ~ 21.45 8.1 0.8 62 臼 -1 - 4 30.4 21. 45 21. 45 8.2 0.8 臼 63 +1 66 - 2 35.9 22.4 -0.1 22.3 8.2 1.8 61 制 -3 67 -6
羽田4n- Jan. 24 1 47.3 68 17. ~E -0.2 68 17.1 S： ~E 1. 3 30084 30083 + 1 30084 。
日.9 16. 0.0 17.0 8. 1.25 84 部 十 1 84 。2 03.5 17.2 0.0 17.2 8.6 0.6 82 お- 1 制 -2 08.6 16.7 0.0 16. 7 8.5 0.9 制 84 。85 - 1 14.2 17.0 -0.1 16.9 8.5 0.2 83 制 - 1 85 一2。 29 0日.4 ll.7 0.0 11. 7 5.3 1.1 鵠 70 -2 70 -2 56. 7 12.7 0.0 12.7 5.4 1.9 65 68 一3 ~司:;-3 1 00.0 13.2 -0.2 13.0
] 1.2
臼55 67 - 3 - 3
08.5 15.8 -0.1 15. 7 5. 2.4 部 - 3 -3 12.5 16.35 0.0 16.35 5. 1. 3 日 58 - 5 58 - 5
// Mar. 4 6 42.6 52.6 0.0 52.6 20. 0.0 79 85 - 6 84 - 5 46. 7 52.65 -0.1 52.55 20. 1.0 79 86 一7 85 -6 49.4 52.25 0.0 52.25 20.l O、8 80 86 -6 85 - 5 52.1 52.1 -0.1 52.0 20.1 0.9 82 87 86 - 4 54.4 52.6 0.0 52.6 20.1 0.4 79 87 86 - 7
INTERCOMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT KAK10KA AND MEMAMBETSU 9
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911ー 2911ー 2911- 3 921-1 941-1
Reduction formula :
2ir ; Jog fl =9.14930 -log sin ψ＋ 0. 000167 t -0. 0011 fl cos °<p
3ir ; log fl =9. 32539 -log sin q; + 0. 000167 t -0. 0011 fl cos q;
4ir ; log H =9. 45033 -log sin q日＋ 0. 000167 tー0.0011 H cos <p.
Unfortunately, all the values obtained at Memambetsu with QHM, No. 52 and those
at Kakioka on March 5, 1953 （自vemeasurements for each torsion 27t, 37t and 47t, total
number 15) with the same instrument sent back from Memambetsu (about 2(}ty) too
large to be adopted. These abnormal values were due to the same magnetic impuri・
ties contained in the modeJling wax which was used for the fixing at both places, be・
cause all values after the exchange of the wax were reasonably consistent.
The base line values and scale values of horizontal variometer at Kakioka during
a ye町 includingthe period of comparison observation are illustrated in Fig. 4.
The procedure to obtain the adopted base line value is as follows. The tern・
perature coe伍cientof the variometer in the old variation house is maintained about
l’yf"C by means of the magnetic shunt alloy, and the observed base-line value every
week changes very little, for this reason, the the adopted base line value is calculated
by the next formula
INTERCOMPARISON OBSERVATlONS AT KAKlOKA AND MEMAMBETSU 11
一町
一b
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values.
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＼
observed at many vari-
ous deflections by means
of the field produced by
electric current through
the Helmholtz-Gaugain
coil. The adopted scale
value is the average of
the two values in a
month.
210 17.ui
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/</52
fl base line values Nippon. Suiro/.Ju lllagnetoill.eter
・＇ゲ53旦ム伽J.~斗J飢.1£c:.b.L也d.Apr.凶N_lo =Observed 11alue -=Adopted value
Fig. 4. Base-line values and scale ¥'alues for horizontal intensity at Kakiok::i.
§ 5. Results of comparison obsenations at the Memambetsu
Mai,rnetic Observatory ＼
Unfortunately, the intercomparison observation at Memambetsu was performed
only in very short interval, Feb. 6～12, 1954, of the coldest season at this place.
All observations were then conducted taking special care of temperature effect, but
they could not always be made under satisfactory conditions as done at Kakioka. The
magnetic theodolite used at Memambetsu, which is the “Nippon Suirobu”type magnet-
ometer (sine galvanometer), (Japanese Hydrographic Office pattern), has been occa-
sionally compared with the magnetic standard at Kakioka. The latest result of
comprison is given in Table 4. It is interesting to note that the mean difference, 12γ，
shows good coincidence with the similar di任erence, 11’y, deduced from the intercom-
12 T. KUBOKI and K. KURUSU
Table 4. Comparison between Kukioku •m<l Memambetsu for horizontal intcnsity(By the Helmholtz coil and standard current)
Dat1.: (Mcmambetsu-Kakioka)
Jan. 8, 1954 13γ
14 10
22 13
28 12
Feb. 4 13
10 12
16 10
25 13
Mar. 26 12
Mean 12.0.
Note，八tMcmambet叫； υIdstandard current, coil A, of the “Nipon suirobu”type magnetometer No. 11.
At Kakioka ; New standard current, coil B of the れNippon日uirobu”typemagnetometer No. 11.
parison by ・means of QHM
magnetometer (Table 5), al・
though this difference between
two QHM's, No. 50 and No. 51
seems to be less consistent.
Meanwhile, the standardization
of the current standard at Kaki・
oka has been carried out once
or twice aγear by direct com・
parison of standard cells and
resistances with those of the
Japanese electric standard of
the Electrotechnical Laboratory
in Tokyo. The accuracy of the
comparison is about 1/300, 000,
and the reduction factors to the international unit are as follows,
voltage: one international unit= I. 000335 absolute unit,
resistance :
current:
グ
//
=I. 000470
=0. 999865
The procedure to obtain the
adopted base-line value at Memambe・
tsu is as follows. The temperature
coefficient of the variometer used in
this period is about 12γ／。C (without
shunt alloy), and so the observed
base line value is plotted against the
temperature of the variometer as
Fig. 5.
//
//
4輔Gゃ
！／合／／
q，ιー ム一一一ーし一一 ・ 、hllparaCura・3 ・-2 --(- ii一一－.；・－℃
Fig. 5. Basc-iinc value詰｛υrhorizontal intensity at Mcmamhelsu. Scale valuむ： 3.20γ／mm
／
INTERCOMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT KAK』OKAAND MEMAMBETSU 13
Table 5. Comparison observation with the Q. H. M., Mem:unbetsu Magnetic Observatory.
The figures of each column of the table are to be read as follows ；・
(11) Suirobu : Nippon Suirobu type magnetometer. (Sine galvanometer). No.11.
(12) Diff : QHM-Suirobu. (piilar No. I, magnetometer circle No.11).
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T. KUBO KI and K. KURUSU 14
(7) (4) ( 3)
－吋，po
H
QHMI Sui-I Diff. robu
49γ 8 51γ 4 -1 498 51
：~~ 513 -1 512 -1
497 513
。nt司t
。。。onr
AD (obs) No. I sion I I (GMT) 1
円 1953 h sL !-.-陥 1014 4: 8 ! 29. 8
56. 7 I 28: 6 5θ.2 I 28.4
s 01. 6 I 28: 1
q’ Time
Date
Reduction formula :
2 ~ ; log H = 9.14408 -log sin <p + 0. 000149 t -0. 0004 H cos q>.
3n"; Jog正l= 9. 32017 -log sin <p + 0. 000149 t -0. 0004 I-I cos <p. ，
Summary and discussions §S
conclusive・ shown The final results obtained at Kakioka and Memambetsu are
in which mean values are weighted means calculated in such a manner ly in Table 6,
Results of intercomparison at Kakioka nnd Memambetsu
j QHM-Ka恕hmidt) I QHM-Kak：~~~.－l. •• ¥ I ~HM-Me1{S~~~ts: lψ：36。14'N I ¥vu11vuu1 lψ：43°55' N ｜ λ：140。11’E I I λ：144。12' E
_lf~~.1二c~~~·－，－o土仁モコ一三！日1~£－－γI I lγγI I I γ
土2.21 I 35 I -9 土2.31 32 I 8 I -13 土1・81 I 9 I -7 土1.31 53 I 10 I -11
主l:~I I発｜二：2主i:~
At Kakioka, say, when taking account of possible errors due to <p.
Table 6.
as shown below,
Inst.
． -7 γ 27l" 28 35
37l" 45 9 -8 47l" 70 29 -5
Mean 73 -5.4
2宮 26 -5 31l' 9 -7 4 1l' 24 -3
Mean 59 -3.5
27l" 24 一737r' 5 -6 47l" 25 -3
Mean 54 -3.4
γ 土2.9土0.8No. 50
-11.4土1.2
土2.3土1.8
-17 -18
18
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1-4.l玄l.61
No. 52
are
The observational errors given in
2?r and for 3 ?r weights the weight for the case of torsion 4 7t is taken as unit,
Table 2). (see respectively （；三.yand ( ！： ~r
、
＼
INTERCOMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT KAK10KA AND MEMAMBETSU 15
this table are approximately similar to those estimated in the paragraph 3, (1). On
the other hand, it may also be
pointed out that the differences
QHM・Kakioka as wε11 as QHM・
Memam betsu show rather syste・
matic values depending upon
the torsional angles (Table 7).
Table 7. Difference due to torsion angle
At Kakioka _(Schmidt)
γ 47T-27T= 2. 6
4n--37l'= 3.3
371"-2庁＝－0.7
(Suir伽） ｜川 emambetsu
付一日7γI 3ir-27r=0.5γ
4n--3ir=2. 7
3ir-2;r = 1. 0
This is probably due to the fact that the material constant of the quartz fibre
does angle. not remain constant, but slightly varies with the magnitude of torsion
Therefore, it is suggested that the intercomparison observation should be well
conducted to fit for any remote station with so different magnitude of intensity of the
horizontal component. For that purpose a suitable set of QHM’s with very wide
deflection angles should be used. But it is difficult to design an instrument with the
same accuracy, say, 1γat various stations.
At Kakioka, in near future, the new type standard magnetometer (electro・
magnetic type) will be constructed to observe the “true absolute valtle”at very high
accuracy.
In connection with the present intercomparison, the writers made some prelimi-
nary experiments to promote the accuracy of such observations by using a telescope of
1.5’per one division and horizontal circle of l' per one division and by adopting
suitable quartz fibre，“New K-S steel magnet”with small temperature coe伍cient1-
2γ／。C (reduced by the magnetic shunt alloy), copper case and corkcover. The result
of this experiment performed in 1951～1952 was satisfactory. We must announce,
however, such an important fact that the magnetic damper used in general to accel・
erate shorter the observation are detrimental to an accurate observational result. That
is to say, as shown in Fig. 6, when the torsion 2tt is given on our trial QHM mag-
netometer, the time required to approach the final value after the cease of oscillations
is much longer in the case of employment of a damper (about 10 minute), than
without a damper (about 20～30 seconds). For convenience sake, this phenomenon
is called tentatively the “magnetic viscosity" and it may not be due to the property of
quartz fibre, but due to the impurities contained in the copper, because the more the
impurities are contained, the more striking this property is. Consequently, similar
16 T. KUBOKI and K. KURUSU
今
0
4
2
0
8
6
4
2
0
．1
X
I
λ
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G
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things happen in
the case of magne・
tic variometers,
~古川th dalllpe1”
other absolute mag・
net1c instruments
and QHM magne・
匂1Jithoutdamper tometers, even if
pure copper such
as electrolytic one
is used ns their ，
。 一一一L _J __ _LJ_J_上J_LJ60 120 180 2//IJ鴻 制御．
damper.
The results
of the first inter・ Fig. 6. Example of the "Magnetic viscosity". 1.ぴ（Defle.ction)10. 4γ （Horizontal intensity)
comparison made
at KakiokaC5J, given in Table 8, are here quoted to recalculate the data from the
adopted horizontal component (determind value).
The similar data obtained at various stations during the period 1948～ 1950(4)
are referred in Table 9 in order to see in what way the reduction constant of the
Table 8. Comparison observation with lhc Q. H. M. (1936)
The figures of each column of the table are to he read as follows;
(11) K-std : Wild-Edelmann’s magnetic theodolite,
(12) Diff : Q. H. M. -Wild-Edelman’s magnetic theodolite.
I < 6 > .I < 1 > J cs) f < 9) J c10) I (11) l ＜ロ）
I I 1 j H I .1.D Iψ （corr) ITcmp.j 0 ~一一一一「 一－I I I I 『QHMIK・std.I Diff.
｜℃ I ！ γlγi 74 18. 9 I 28. 5 I I 29712:29 729l-17 74 19. 5 I 28. 6 I I 297121 7291-17 74 19.1 I 28. 7 I I 7131 7301-17 74 18. 9 I 28. 8 I I 7151 7331-18 74 18. 9 I 28. 9 I I 7161 7331-17 74 18. 9 I 28. 9 ! I 716! 7331-17 74 19. 75 I 29. O ! I 7151 7321-17 74 20: o I 29. o : I 715~ 732i-17 74 20. 5 I 29.1 1 I 114: 732)-18 .74 21.3 I 29.1 I I 713! 729:-16 74 21. o I 29.1 I I 7131 730~－17 74 21. o I 29.1 I I 713・ 729¥-16
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INTERCOMPARISON OBSERVATIONS ATtKAK!OKA AND MEMAMBETSU 17
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Date No. s1on
17 ! 1936 I
4 7l' Sept. 2 I
－、、
hη1
11 23.2 11 31.1 11 39.9 13 35.9 13 44.5 13臼.414 20.4 14 26.8 14 35. 6 15 40. 8 15 48.6 15 57.0
、‘，，po ，，竜、ー
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凋品E，，．、
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，，E、QHM I Toバ ー ｜
lJatc No. sion i
Sept. 4
Time
(GMT)
h m 10 21. 2 10 30.2 10 40.2 11 02. 0 11 09. 6 1117.6 10 24.4 10ai:1 10 38.5
ψ （obs) nu
一
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QHMiK-std.: Diff.
1 γ｜ γ 129 694129 7似－10
6961 7051-09 6971 708:-11 6991 110:-11 6991 710l-11 7001 7111-11 6901 697!-07 690l 699'.-09 690! 698-08
I meanl-09. 7
Reduction formula ; log H = 9. 45375 -log sin ψ＋ 0. 000150 t -0. 00080 H cos <p
mean of means. ＼
-13.9γ
magnetic standard changes with time. It shows how difficult it is to keep constant
high accuracy of the geomagnetic standard.
Lastly the differences between QHM and Rude Skov, Cheltenham, Kakioka,
and Memambetsu are shown in Table 9(4)(5)(7)(8J. The result in Table 13 is corrected
for the change of constant of the QHM’s No. 50, 51 and 52 themselves.
In conclusion, the authors wish to express their sincere thanks to V. Laur.sen
and Robert 、N.Knox for their kind help and cooperation offered for our Observatory.
At the same time the authcrs’cordial thanks are also due to Dr. S. Imamiti, former
director and T. Yoshimatsu, the present director of the Kakioka Magnetic Observato-
18 T. KUBOKI and K. KURUSU
Table 9. Comparison Observations carried out during 1948～1950 by
means of QHM-magnetometers
33 3.γ 0 1948 April QI-IM 51 Cheltenham 一ー
52
90 1949 June QHM 91 Pilar
一一1. 7
92
1949 August ，， La Quica =-30.6
1949 Sept. 〆〆 Huancayo 一一
16.8
1949 Dec. ，， Cheltenham =-0.6
33 1949 Mar.-Aprl QHM 51
52 Amberley =-4.6
1949 July ，， Toolangi =-23.3
1950 Nov.-April ，， Toolangi =-32.6
1949 Nov. -Dec. ，， Watheroo 一一
8.4
90 1950 May QHM 91
92 Abinger
一一4.1
1950 Nov. ，， Abinger 一一
5.6
1950 June ，， Lcrwich 一一
3.2
1950 July-Sept. QHM 91 Eskdalemuir =-6.1 92
ry, who gave an opportunity to carry out the present observation and helpful criticism
and encouragement. They also cordially express thanks to Mr. M. Hirayama, the
chief of Geomagnetic Section for his kind guidance, and to the members of the Memam・
betsu Magnetic Observatory for their kind cooperation for the actual observations.
( 1) Copenhagen Met. Inst. Comm. Mag., No.15 (1936), 22.
( 2) H. Herbert Howe, Terr. Mag., Vol. 43 (1938), 167～168.
( 3) Memoir of the Kakioka Magnetic Observatory, Vol. 6, No. 1, 64.
( 4) Common International Comparisons of May Standards, IATME : The Circular Letter,
No. 216 of Dec. 17, 1952
( 5) Transaction of Edinburgh Meeting 1936, 260～261.
( 6) Reduction formulae for QHM 50, 51 and 52, Official letter of May 24, 1952 from
Comm. I.C.M.S.
( 7) Final values of the Intercomparison observations made at Cheltenham Mag. Obs.
Official Letter of Mar. 24, 1954.
( 8) Official Letter of Aug. 24, 1954 from the Comm. on Comparisons of Mag. standards,
TATME.
