2
LOWESTOFT Kessingland Benacre Ness Orford Aldeburgh Southwold Orford Ness Bawdsey Shingle Street FELIXSTOWE Dunwich Sizewell Thorpeness Pakefield Walberswick Covehithe SWE10 SWD1 SWD2A SWD3 SWD4 SWD4A SWD5 SWD6 SWD7 SWD8 SWD9 SWD10 SWD11 S1C7 S1B1 S1B2 S1B3 S1B4 S1B5 S1B6 S1B7 S1B8 SWD2 S2B7 S2B5 S2B6 SWE8 SWE9 SWE1 SWE3 SWE5 SWE7 SWE6 SWE4 SWE2 SWD5A S1C2 S1C4 S1C3 S1C1 S1C5 S1C6 S1A2 S1A3 S1A5 S1A6 S1A7 S1A4 S1A1 S1A8 S1A10 S1A9 S1A11A S1A11 S2C12 S2C11 S2C10 S2C7 S2C8 S2C13 S2C9 S2C6 S2C14 S2B4A S2B3A S2B2A S2B1 S2B1S Erosion and Accretion of the Suffolk Coast Erosion Accretion N 2 0 4 6 8 10 Scale (km) 3 S1A11 S1A9 S1A6 S1A8 S1A4 S1A7 S1A5 S1A10 S1A11A S1A3 S1A2 S1A1 SWE1 SWE2 SWE3 SWE4 SWE5 SWE6 SWE7 SWE8 SWE9 SWE10 SWD4A SWD2A SWD1 SWD4 SWD5 SWD3 SWD2 SWD7 SWD6 SWD5A SWD8 SWD9 SWD10 SWD11 S1C1 S1C2 S1C3 S1C4 S1C5 S1C6 S1C7 S1B1 S1B2 S1B3 S1B4 S1B5 S1B7 S1B6 S1B8 S2C6 S2C7 S2C8 S2C9 S2C10 S2C11 S2C12 S2C13 S2C14 S2B1S S2B1 S2B2A S2B3A S2B4A S2B5 S2B6 S2B7 -10 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 2 4 0 6 8 m a -1 m a -1 -10 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 2 4 0 6 8 2 1 Introduction The Suffolk coast has been monitored by the Environment Agency and its' predecessor, the National Rivers Authority, since 1991. Beaches and cliff lines are surveyed perpendicular to the coast at 68 monitoring sites to produce Shoreline Profile data, the sites are shown in Section 1. The data gathered (elevations and distances) can be expressed in a graphical form. The resulting graphs show the beach shape has changed on a 6-monthly basis. 2 Erosional and depositional trends have been identified through the analysis of the Environment Agency’s shoreline monitoring data for the Suffolk coast. 3 This section shows three photographs taken at Kessingland, documenting the effect that the northward movement of Benacre Ness has had upon the maritime frontage. 4 The shoreline profile at Covehithe (SWD3). 260,000 tonnes of sediment are eroded per year from the cliffs and beach. 5 Sizewell is a site of strategic importance because of the presence of two Nuclear reactors, Sizewell A and Sizewell B. These reactors are sited on the coast for ease of access to cooling water. As a consequence they may be at risk from flooding or erosion by the sea. Accretion at Benacre Ness 6 Changes in cross sectional area are extrapolated along the coast to estimate volumes and mass of sediment eroded and deposited along the coast. The mass of sediment gained and lost can then be used to construct a Sediment Budget. 3. DGPS Survey of Benacre Ness, 1998.This photo was taken from the same spot as the one taken in 1938. Notice the increase in beach width as Benacre Ness has moved northwards. The profile at this location (SWE9) is still showing an increase in beach width. 2. Postcard showing late 1950’s Kessingland. The beach is wider and allowing the fishing boats to be stored on the beach.Caravans, and the postcard itself, indicate a fledgling tourist industry. 1. Construction of Sea-walls at Kessingland (1938), following destruction of property during a storm in 1937. 4 The cliffs at Covehithe are composed of soft, virtually uncemented, glacial sands and gravels. Because of this the sea is able to erode the cliffs at an unprecedented rate. At the Environment Agency shoreline monitoring marker SWD3 the cliff is 10 to 15m high and is composed of 95% sand, 2.7% gravel and 2.3 % mud. Shoreline monitoring data shows that the cliff top is retreating at an average rate of 8m per year. This is the highest rate of cliff top retreat on the East Coast and probably in Europe. Erosion at Covehithe The eroding glacial cilffs of Covehithe. Looking South towards Southwold. Survey Point SWD3: Decrease in Cross Sectional Area = 593m² Volume Eroded over 1km of Coast = 593000m³ 1304600 tonnes sediment eroded over 5 years 260920 tonnes sediment eroded per year 5 Little Change at Sizewell The beach in front of Sizewell Nuclear Power Station has shown little change since the start of monitoring in 1992. The beach to the north (S1B5), is eroding at 0.42 m per year, and the beach just to the south (S1B6), is accreting at 0.35 m per year. However, when the profiles are examined, there is very little variation between the yearly and six monthly profiles. With some of the profiles showing an advance or retreat of the shoreline greater than that calculated from the difference in cross sectional area. 6 Total Sediment Accreted 260,000 tonnes per year Total Sediment Eroded 1,060,000 tonnes per year Budget Net loss of 800,000 tonnes per year Sediment Budget Linear coastal change rates and volumes of erosion and accretion have been calculated for each monitoring point. The volumes have been converted into mass units and a crude sediment budget for the whole of the Suffolk coast has been drawn up. From this it can be seen that the Suffolk coast is losing 800,000 tonnes of sediment per year, 750,000 tonnes from the stretch of coast running from Lowestoft to Southwold. This value indicates gross sediment loss calculated from above the 0m contour line, it therefore does not take into account any changes occurring below the 0m contour line. It does however give an idea of the scale of the erosion problem in this part of the UK. Jeremy Pile Birkbeck College and University College London NERC Case with Environment Agency Charlie Bristow, Birkbeck College Jane Rawson, Environment Agency 7 Where is all the Sediment Going? Having identified that there is a net loss of sediment from the Suffolk Coast of 800,000 tonnes, more questions need to be asked. Where is the sediment is going? How is it being transported? How fast is it travelling? Which transport pathways does it follow? Does it go Offshore? If the sediment does go offshore, along which part of the coast? Answering these questions and others are the subject of further research. Kessingland Beach used to be a small fishing village. In 1938 work commenced on the construction of sea walls to protect Kessingland, in response to the destructive storms of Winter 1937/38 in which several buildings were destroyed. At that time the beach was very low, and the contractors had difficulty in constructing the walls, even at low tide (1). By the late 1950’s and early 1960’s the beach at Kessingland had begun to build up and widen, due to the northward migration of Benacre Ness. Boats could be safely left on the beach and a fledgling tourist industry had begun to develop (2). As Benacre Ness continued to migrate northwards, the beach at Kessingland continued to widen. By 1998 the sea was just over 250m from the sea walls that were constructed in 1938 (3).

Erosion and Accretion 1 2 Erosion Accretion of the Suffolk ... · swd6 swd7 swd8 swd9 swd10 swd11 s1c7 s1b1 s1b2 s1b3 s1b4 s1b5 s1b6 s1b7 s1b8 swd2 s2b7 s2b5 s2b6 swe8 swe9 swe1 swe3

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LOWESTOFT

Kessingland

Benacre Ness

Orford

Aldeburgh

Southwold

Orford Ness

Bawdsey

Shingle Street

FELIXSTOWE

Dunwich

Sizewell

Thorpeness

Pakefield

Walberswick

Covehithe

SWE10

SWD1

SWD2ASWD3

SWD4SWD4A

SWD5

SWD6SWD7

SWD8

SWD9SWD10

SWD11

S1C7

S1B1S1B2

S1B3

S1B4

S1B5

S1B6

S1B7

S1B8

SWD2

S2B7

S2B5S2B6

SWE8

SWE9

SWE1

SWE3

SWE5

SWE7

SWE6

SWE4

SWE2

SWD5A

S1C2

S1C4S1C3

S1C1

S1C5S1C6

S1A2S1A3

S1A5

S1A6

S1A7

S1A4

S1A1

S1A8

S1A10

S1A9

S1A11A

S1A11

S2C12S2C11

S2C10

S2C7S2C8

S2C13

S2C9

S2C6

S2C14

S2B4AS2B3A

S2B2AS2B1

S2B1S

Erosion and Accretionof the Suffolk Coast

Erosion Accretion

N

20 4 6 8 10

Scale (km)

3

S1A11

S1A9

S1A6

S1A8

S1A4

S1A7

S1A5

S1A10

S1A11A

S1A3S1A2S1A1

SWE1SWE2

SWE3SWE4

SWE5SWE6

SWE7SWE8

SWE9SWE10

SWD4A

SWD2A

SWD1

SWD4

SWD5

SWD3

SWD2

SWD7SWD6

SWD5A

SWD8SWD9

SWD10SWD11

S1C1S1C2

S1C3S1C4

S1C5S1C6

S1C7S1B1

S1B2S1B3

S1B4S1B5

S1B7S1B6

S1B8

S2C6S2C7S2C8

S2C9S2C10

S2C11S2C12

S2C13S2C14

S2B1SS2B1

S2B2AS2B3A

S2B4AS2B5

S2B6S2B7

-10 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 2 40 6 8m a -1

m a -1

-10 - 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 2 40 6 8

21

IntroductionThe Suffolk coast has been monitored bythe Environment Agency and its'predecessor, the National Rivers Authority,since 1991.Beaches and cliff lines are surveyedperpendicular to the coast at 68 monitoringsites to produce Shoreline Profile data,the sites are shown in Section 1.The data gathered (elevations anddistances) can be expressed in a graphicalform. The resulting graphs show the beachshape has changed on a 6-monthly basis.

2 Erosional and depositional trends havebeen identified through the analysis ofthe Environment Agency’s shorelinemonitoring data for the Suffolk coast.

3 This section shows three photographstaken at Kessingland, documenting theeffect that the northward movement ofBenacre Ness has had upon the maritimefrontage.

4 The shoreline profile at Covehithe(SWD3). 260,000 tonnes of sediment areeroded per year from the cliffs and beach.

5 Sizewell is a site of strategic importancebecause of the presence of two Nuclearreactors, Sizewell A and Sizewell B. Thesereactors are sited on the coast for ease ofaccess to cooling water. As a consequencethey may be at risk from flooding or erosionby the sea.

Accret ion atBenacre Ness

6 Changes in cross sectional area areextrapolated along the coast to estimatevolumes and mass of sediment erodedand deposited along the coast.The mass of sediment gained and lostcan then be used to construct a SedimentBudget.

3. DGPS Survey of Benacre Ness, 1998.This photo wastaken from the same spot as the one taken in 1938. Noticethe increase in beach width as Benacre Ness has movednorthwards. The profile at this location (SWE9) is stillshowing an increase in beach width.

2. Postcard showing late 1950’s Kessingland. Thebeach is wider and allowing the fishing boats to bestored on the beach.Caravans, and the postcard itself,indicate a fledgling tourist industry.

1. Construct ion of Sea-wal ls at Kessingland(1938) , fo l low ing des t ruc t ion o f p roper tyduring a storm in 1937.

4The cliffs at Covehithe are composed ofsoft, virtually uncemented, glacial sandsand gravels. Because of this the sea isable to erode the cliffs at anunprecedented rate. At the EnvironmentAgency shoreline monitoring markerSWD3 the cliff is 10 to 15m high and iscomposed of 95% sand, 2.7% graveland 2.3 % mud. Shoreline monitoringdata shows that the cliff top is retreatingat an average rate of 8m per year. Thisis the highest rate of cliff top retreat onthe East Coast and probably in Europe.

Erosion at Covehithe

The eroding glacial cilffs ofCovehithe. Looking Southtowards Southwold.

• S u r v e y P o i n t S W D 3 :– D e c r e a s e i n C r o s s S e c t i o n a l A r e a = 5 9 3 m ²– V o l u m e E r o d e d o v e r 1 k m o f C o a s t = 5 9 3 0 0 0 m ³– 1 3 0 4 6 0 0 t o n n e s s e d i m e n t e r o d e d o v e r 5 y e a r s– 2 6 0 9 2 0 t o n n e s s e d i m e n t e r o d e d p e r y e a r

5 Little Changeat Sizewell

The beach in front of Sizewell Nuclear Power Station has shown little change since the start ofmonitoring in 1992. The beach to the north (S1B5), is eroding at 0.42 m per year, and the beachjust to the south (S1B6), is accreting at 0.35 m per year. However, when the profiles are examined,there is very little variation between the yearly and six monthly profiles. With some of the profilesshowing an advance or retreat of the shoreline greater than that calculated from the difference incross sectional area.

6 • Total Sediment Accreted– 260,000 tonnes per year

• Total Sediment Eroded– 1,060,000 tonnes per year

• Budget– Net loss of 800,000 tonnes per year

Sediment BudgetLinear coastal change rates and volumes of erosion and accretionhave been calculated for each monitoring point. The volumes havebeen converted into mass units and a crude sediment budget forthe whole of the Suffolk coast has been drawn up. From this it canbe seen that the Suffolk coast is losing 800,000 tonnes of sedimentper year, 750,000 tonnes from the stretch of coast running fromLowestoft to Southwold. This value indicates gross sediment losscalculated from above the 0m contour line, it therefore does nottake into account any changes occurring below the 0m contourline. It does however give an idea of the scale of the erosion problemin this part of the UK.

Jeremy Pile

Birkbeck College and University College London

NERC Case with Environment Agency

Charlie Bristow, Birkbeck CollegeJane Rawson, Environment Agency

7 Where is all the Sediment Going?Having identified that there is a net loss of sediment from the Suffolk Coast of800,000 tonnes, more questions need to be asked.

· Where is the sediment is going?· How is it being transported?· How fast is it travelling?· Which transport pathways does it follow?· Does it go Offshore?· If the sediment does go offshore, along which part of the coast?

Answering these questions and others are the subject of further research.

Kess ing land Beach used to be a sma l l f i sh ing v i l l age . I n 1938 work commenced on the cons t ruc t i on o f sea wa l l s t o p ro tec tKess ing land , i n response to t he des t ruc t i ve s to rms o f W in te r 1937 /38 i n wh ich seve ra l bu i l d i ngs were des t royed . A t t ha t t imethe beach was ve ry l ow, and the con t rac to rs had d i f f i cu l t y i n cons t ruc t i ng the wa l l s , even a t l ow t i de (1 ) .By the la te 1950 ’s and ear l y 1960 ’s the beach a t Kess ing land had begun to bu i ld up and w iden , due to the nor thward m ig ra t iono f Benac re Ness . Boa ts cou ld be sa fe l y l e f t on the beach and a f l edg l i ng tou r i s t i ndus t r y had begun to deve lop (2 ) .As Benac re Ness con t i nued to m ig ra te no r thwards , t he beach a t Kess ing land con t i nued to w iden . By 1998 the sea was j us tove r 250m f rom the sea wa l l s t ha t we re cons t ruc ted i n 1938 (3 ) .

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