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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

]urjnmb wbnr

Sre`rbsskvb dess ej inss jrei n mefmrbtb surjnmb mnf emmur aub te nornskef, breskef, nfamnvktntkef.

  Qgb tbri nornskef   `bfbrnddy rbjbrs te ary nttrktkef, sumg ns kf tgb mnsb ej wbnr ef

 pnvbibfts nfa kfaustrknd jdeers oy vbgkmudnr trnjjkm.  Qgb tbri breskef   ks ferinddy usba te absmrkob wbnr oy tgb nornskvb nmtkef ej jdukas

meftnkfkf` sedka pnrtkmdbs kf suspbfskef. Breskef tnhbs pdnmb kf gyarnudkm strumturbs, jerkfstnfmb mnfnd dkfkf`s, spkddwnys, nfa mefmrbtb pkpbs jer wntbr er sbwn`b trnfspert.

  Nfetgbr pesskokdkty ej anin`b te gyarnudkm strumturbs ks oy mnvktntkef , wgkmg rbdntbs tedess ej inss oy jerintkef ej vnper ouoodbs nfa tgbkr suosbqubft meddnpsb aub te suaabf

mgnf`b ej akrbmtkef kf rnpkady jdewkf` wntbr.

Ibmgnfksi ej nornskef nfa breskef

Qgb tbri ‐nornskef‗ mevbrs n wkab rnf`b ej prembssbs nmtkf` ef n mefmrbtb  surjnmb te mnusb kt te

 pre`rbsskvbdy desb intbrknd. Kf `bfbrnd tbris, wb ferinddy tgkfh ej nornskef ns obkf` tgb nmtkefej snfapnpbr ef n surjnmb  ”  efb sedka surjnmb sdkabs evbr nfetgbr, wktg efb ej tgb surjnmbs (tgb

snfapnpbr) obkf` gnrabr nfa mefsbqubftdy rbievkf` n prepertkef ej tgb sejtbr surjnmb. Jreibxpbrkbfmb, wb hfew tgnt wb iust ndse nppdy seib prbssurb te tgb snfapnpbr  ”  tgbrb iust ob n

jermb nmtkf` te pusg tgb surjnmbs te`btgbr nt rk`gt nf`dbs te tgb akrbmtkef ej ievbibft. Qgb

njerbibftkefba prembss ks kfabba efb ej tgb ibmgnfksis tgnt mnusb nornskef ej mefmrbtb surjnmbs(Jk`urb :). Kt ks rbjbrrba te ns ‐nornskef oy jrkmtkef‗ nfa ks efb ej tgb inkf prembssbs emmurr kf`

aurkf` breskef, mnusba oy pnrtkmdbs obkf` mnrrkba evbr n mefmrbtb surjnmb oy wntbr.

Gewbvbr, tgb snib bjjbmt mnf ob mnusba oy shkaakf` ej n wgbbd er jeet ef n pnvbibft er

jdeer surjnmb. Ierbevbr, aborks, sumg ns aust nfa `rkt, obtwbbf tgb wgbbd er jeet nfa tgb mefmrbtbsurjnmb wkdd ndse gnvb n skikdnr nfa petbftknddy ierb anin`kf` bjjbmt. Ievkf` pnrtkmdbs iny ndse

nornab n surjnmb oy skipdy kipnmtkf` wktg kt gbna-ef (Jk`urb 0).Kipnmts ej tgks typb mnf mnusb jrn`ibfts te orbnh jrbb jrei tgb surjnmb er kfktkntb surjnmb

mrnmhs tgnt iny `rew te preaumb jrn`ibftntkef njtbr n pbrkea ej tkib. Ej meursb, kftbrnmtkefs obtwbbf ievkf` pnrtkmdbs nfa mefmrbtb surjnmbs fbba fet ob nt bktgbr ej tgbsb bxtrbibs, nfa

kipnmts mnf gnvb nf`dbs ej kfmkabfmb obtwbbf ;3³ nfa vbry dew nf`dbs, wktg n meiokfntkef ej

jrkmtkef nfa kipnmt nornskef emmurrkf` wktg bnmg pnrtkmdb strkhb.

Jk`urb-: Jk`urb-0

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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

Nornskef ks tgb wbnrkf` nwny ej tgb surjnmb oy ruookf` nfa jrkmtkef. @bfbrnddy, tgb surjnmb ks

ufkjeridy werf nwny, kfmduakf` tgb mbibft intrkx nfa n``rb`ntbs. Jnmters njjbmtkf` nornskefrbskstnfmb kfmduab

>.  Meiprbsskvb strbf`tg

?. 

N``rb`ntb prepbrtkbs=.  Jkfksgkf` ibtgeas1.  Rsb ej teppkf`s

2.  Murkf`

Jk`urb-7

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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

Breskef

Jk`urb-; sgews tgb bjjbmt ej twe akjjbrbft nf`dbs ej kfmkabfmb (>2³ nfa ;3³) ef tgb rntb ejnornskef ej n mefmrbtb surjnmb wktg tgb gk`gbr nf`db obkf` ierb anin`kf`. Qgb jk`urb ndse

kddustrntbs tgb kfjdubfmb ej nfetgbr jnmter tgnt kfjdubfmbs breskef rntbs  ”   jduka vbdemkty  ”   wktg

gk`gbr vbdemktkbs preaumkf` `rbntbr rntbs ej breskef. Etgbr jnmters tgnt kfjdubfmb tgb rntb ejbreskef nrb tgb inss ej pnrtkmdbs mnrrkba kf n suspbfskef, pnrtkmdb skzb, sgnpb, nfa gnrafbss.Jk`urb->3 kddustrntbs tgb bjjbmt ej tgb qunftkty ej pnrtkmdbs, wktg nf kfmrbnsb kf tgb mefmbftrntkef

ej pnrtkmdbs preaumkf` jnstbr breskef. Qypkmnddy, dnr`br pnrtkmdbs trnvbddkf` nt n `kvbf vbdemkty wkdd

 preaumb n dnr`br rntb ej nornskef.Snrtkmdb skzb ks rbdntba te jduka vbdemkty, skfmb n gk`gbr vbdemkty wkdd nddew ievkf` wntbr

te mnrry dnr`br nrtkmdbs. Qgb kfjdubfmb ej pnrtkmdb sgnpb ef breskef rntbs nppbnrs abpbfabft ef tgb

nf`db ej kfmkabfmb, wktg nf`udnr pnrtkmdbs mnuskf` breskef nt sdk`gtdy dewbr rntbs meipnrba wktg

reufaba pnrtkmdbs nt dew nf`dbs, out mnuskf` breskef nt iumg `rbntbr rntbs nt ;3³.Kt gns obbf prepesba tgnt tgks ks obmnusb nt ;3³, nf`udnr pnrtkmdbs strkhkf` tgb surjnmb wkdd

 ob ierb bjjbmtkvb nt kfaumkf` mrnmhkf` kf pnrtkmdbs ej n``rb`ntb kf tgb mefmrbtb, skfmb tgbkr sgnrp

merfbrs wkdd nppdy gk`gbr strbssbs aurkf` kipnmt. Nt dew nf`dbs, tgb inffbr kf wgkmg tgb nf`udnr pnrtkmdbs strkhb tgb mefmrbtb ks sumg tgnt tgks mefmbftrntkef ej strbss ks dbss dkhbdy te emmur.

Qgb rntb ej breskef kfmrbnsbs wktg tgb gnrafbss ej tgb pnrtkmdbs mnrrkba oy n jduka.

Mnvktntkef

Mnvktntkef mnusbs breskef ej mefmrbtb surjnmbs rbsudtkf` jrei tgb meddnpsb ej vnper ouoodbs

jeriba oy prbssurb mgnf`bs wktgkf n gk`g vbdemkty wntbr jdew. Pgbf vnper ouoodbs jeri, tgbyjdew aewfstrbni wktg tgb wntbr. Pgbf tgby bftbr n rb`kef ej gk`gbr prbssurb, tgby meddnpsb

(kipdeab) wktg `rbnt kipnmt. Qgb jerintkef ej vnper ouoodbs nfa tgbkr suosbqubft meddnpsb ks

mnddba mnvktntkef. Qgb bfbr`y rbdbnsba upef tgbkr meddnpsb mnusbs ‒mnvktntkef anin`b‚. Mnvktntkef

anin`b rbsudts kf tgb breskef ej tgb mbibft intrkx, dbnvkf` gnrabr n``rb`ntb kf pdnmb. Nt gk`gbrvbdemktkbs, tgb jermbs ej mnvktntkef iny ob `rbnt bfeu`g te wbnr nwny dnr`b qunftktkbs ej

mefmrbtb. Qgb ouoodbs ej wntbr vnpeur vkedbftdy meddnpsb kf n inffbr skikdnr te tgnt sgewf kf

Jk`urb >>. Qgks meddnpsb preaumbs n jnst-ievkf` lbt ej wntbr tgnt dbnas te tgb `bfbrntkef ejsk`fkjkmnft demnd strbssbs. Kt ks tgbsb strbssbs tgnt, wgbf tgby emmur n`nkfst n mefmrbtb surjnmb,

 preaumb anin`b. @bfbrnddy spbnhkf`, anin`b mnf stnrt wgbrb tgb mnvktntkef kfabx bxmbbas n

vndub ej 3.?.Jk`urb->? sgews Mnvktntkef anin`b ks nvekaba oy preaumkf` sieetg surjnmbs nfanvekakf` pretruakf` eostrumtkefs te jdew.

Anin`b jrei kfakvkaund mnvktntkef bvbfts tnhbs tgb jeri ej sindd pkts kf tgb surjnmb, out skfmb

tgb jerintkef ej ouoodbs wkdd typkmnddy emmur wktg `rbnt jrbqubfmy, tgb muiudntkvb bjjbmt mnf ob

sk`fkjkmnft. @bfbrnddy, nmmuiudntkef ej anin`b ks kfktknddy sdew, out kfmrbnsbs wktg tkib uftkd tgbrntb ej dess ej intbrknd pbnhs nfa abmdkfbs. Qgb nmtkef ej trnjjkm evbr n mefmrbtb surjnmb wkdd ndse

`bfbrntb strbssbs tgnt mnf mnusb ikmremrnmhkf`, udtkintbdy dbnakf` te nornskef.

Jk`urb->= sgews tgb akjjbrbft strbssbs tgnt tnhb tgb jeri ej vbrtkmnd meiprbsskvb strbssbs,

gerkzeftnd tbfskdb nfa meiprbsskvb strbssbs nfa sgbnr strbssbs. Qgb rbdntkvbdy dew strbf`tg ejmefmrbtb kf tbfskef nfa sgbnr inhbs tgbsb typbs ej strbss tgb dnr`bst tgrbnt te tgb kftb`rkty ej n

 pnvbibft er jdeer, ndtgeu`g dnr`b vbgkmdbs wkdd kfaumb sk`fkjkmnft meiprbsskvb strbf`tgs.

Ndtgeu`g tgb akn`rni sgews n wgbbd, kt ks mdbnr tgnt tgb nmtkef ej n guinf jeet wkdd preaumbskikdnr strbss akstrkoutkefs, ndobkt ej n sinddbr in`fktuab.

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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

Jk`urb-;

Jk`urb->3

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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

Jk`urb->> 

Jk`urb->?

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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

Jk`urb->= 

Jnmters Kfjdubfmkf` rbskstnfmb te Nornskef & Breskef

Pgbf mefskabrkf` tgb rbsudts ej rbsbnrmg kfte tgb vnrknodbs tgnt kfjdubfmb nornskef nfa breskef

rbskstnfmb ej mefmrbtb, kt ks kipertnft te fetb tgnt tgks mnf ob ibnsurba uskf` n wkab vnrkbty ejtbsts. ]pbmkjkmnddy, tgb inffbr kf wgkmg nornskvb nmtkef ks nmgkbvba vnrkbs mefskabrnody, nfa kt ks

kipertnft te strbss tgnt, ndtgeu`g kf iest kfstnfmbs n skikdnr obgnvkeur ks dkhbdy te ob eosbrvba

rb`nradbss ej tgb tbst obkf` usba, mnsbs gnvb obbf rbpertba wgbrb tgks ks fet tgb mnsb.N]QI M00;  naarbssbs nornskef ej gerkzeftnd mefmrbtb surjnmbs. Qgb stnfanra absmrkobs tgrbbakjjbrbft tbmgfkqubs.

Qgb jkrst twe tbmgfkqubs kfvedvb n tbst inmgkfb mefskstkf` ej n rbvedvkf` mnreusbd tgnt ks

nodb te nppdy n mefstnft dena te tgb surjnmb tgnt ks obkf` tbstba. Kf tgb jkrst tbst, tgb dena ks nppdkbatgreu`g tgrbb rbvedvkf` stbbd aksms. Qgb rntb ej tgb rbvedutkef ej oetg tgb mnreusbd nfa tgb aksms ks

abjkfba kf tgb stnfanra. Qgb mnreusbd ks ruf jer n pbrkea ej =3 er :3 ikf abpbfakf` ef wgbtgbr

def`-tbri pbrjerinfmb ks n hby mefmbrf. Qgb inmgkfb jbbas nornskvb skdkmef mnrokab `rkt, wgkmgks jba efte tgb tbst surjnmb nt n mefstnft abjkfba rntb. Nornskef rbskstnfmb ks bvnduntba oy

ibnsurkf` tgb abptg ej wbnr nt tgb bfa ej tgb tbst.

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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

Qgb sbmefa ej tgb gerkzeftnd surjnmb tbsts aebs fet usb `rkt, nfa tgb rbvedvkf` aksms nrb

rbpdnmba oy tgrbb arbsskf` wgbbds ‑ spkhba stbbd reddbrs tgnt trnvbd evbr tgb mefmrbtb surjnmb.

N`nkf, njtbr tgb inmgkfb ks ruf jer nfpbrkea ej bktgbr =3 er :3 ikf, abptg ej wbnr ibnsurbibftsnrb tnhbf.

Qgb tgkra tbst usbs n akjjbrbft typb ej inmgkfb tgnt mefsksts ej n rbvedvkf` geddew arkvb

sgnjt tgnt nppdkbs n mefstnft dena te n rkf` meftnkfkf` n sbrkbs ej mnptkvb, out jrbbdy ievkf`, ondd obnrkf`s gbda n`nkfst tgb mefmrbtb surjnmb. Qgb arkvb sgnjt ks rbvedvba nt n abjkfba rntb, nfa tgbabptg ej wbnr ks ibnsurba uskf` n ikmreibtbr `nu`b tgnt ks pnrt ej tgb nppnrntus. Qgb nornskef

rbskstnfmb ks bxprbssba kf tbris ej tgb tkib rbqukrba te rbnmg n spbmkjkba abptg ej wbnr.

Qgbrb nrb naaktkefnddy twe N]QI tbsts jer mefmrbtb rbskstnfmb te breskef typb prembssbs.

Qgb jkrst ej tgbsb, N]QI M1>7  , usbs snfaodnstkf` kf n mnokfbt uskf` n stnfanrakzba `uf

fezzdb nfa n stnfanrakzba nornskvb abdkvbrba efte tgb surjnmb ej n mefmrbtb spbmkibf nt nspbmkjkba rntb ufabr n spbmkjkba prbssurb jer > ikf. Qgb rntb ej nornskef ks bstkintba oy

ibnsurkf` tgb ibnf veduib ej tgb mnvktkbs preaumba ef n fuiobr ej spets oy abtbrikfkf` tgb

inss ej pdnstkm mdny ej hfewf abfskty rbqukrba te jkdd tgb mnvkty.Qgb sbmefa ibtgea, N]QI >>=7I   , ks tgb ‐ufabrwntbr ibtgea‗ nfa nttbipts te ierb

mdesbdy ikikm tgb mefaktkefs bfmeuftbrba wgbf mefmrbtb ks bxpesba te sbakibft mnrrkba oy

ievkf` wntbr. Kf tgb ibtgea, tgb mydkfarkmnd mefmrbtb spbmkibf ks pdnmba kf n mydkfarkmnd tnfh,

wktg tgb surjnmb te ob tbstba jnmkf` upwnra. ]tbbd ondds ej vnrkeus skzbs nrb pdnmba ef tgb surjnmb,nfa tgb tnfh ks jkddba wktg wntbr. N pnaadb ej spbmkjkba akibfskefs nfa `beibtry ks suoibr`ba kf

tgb wntbr nt n jkxba akstnfmb noevb tgb mefmrbtb surjnmb nfa retntba nt n spbba ej >?33

rbvedutkefs pbr ikfutb. Qgb mefmrbtb spbmkibf ks pbrkeakmnddy rbievba nfa wbk`gba teabtbrikfb tgb dess ej inss rbsudtkf` jrei nornskef up te n tbst n`b ej 0? g.

Obmnusb nornskef ks purbdy ibmgnfkmnd prembss nmtkf` ef tgb surjnmb ej tgb mefmrbtb, kt ks fet

surprkskf` tgnt strbf`tg pdnys n vbry kipertnft redb kf abjkfkf` tgb rbskstnfmb ej mefmrbtb te tgks

ieab ej abtbrkerntkef.>)

 

Qgb strbf`tg ej oetg tgb n``rb`ntb nfa tgb mbibft intrkx pdnys n redb, nfa tgb kipertnfmb

ej tgbsb prepbrtkbs ks vbry iumg abpbfabft ef wgbtgbr tgb mbibft intrkx er tgb

n``rb`ntb ks tgb stref`br intbrknd.?)  Qgb kfjdubfmb ej mbibft meftbft ef nornskef rbskstnfmb ks abpbfabft ef tgb strbf`tg ej

tgb mbibft intrkx.

=)  Pktg vbry dew P/M rntkes, wgbrb tgb strbf`tg ej tgb pnstb ks gk`gbr tgnf tgnt ej tgbn``rb`ntb, kfmrbnsbs kf rbskstnfmb wktg nf kfmrbnsb kf mbibft meftbft nrb eosbrvba (jer n

jkxba P/M rntke). Gewbvbr, tgb eppesktb ks trub wgbrb tgb strbf`tg ej tgb mefmrbtb ks

dewbr tgnf tgb n``rb`ntb.

1)  ]tref`br n``rb`ntb wkdd typkmnddy preaumb `rbntbr rbskstnfmb te nornskef. Gewbvbr, tgksbjjbmt ks ierb prefeufmba wgbrb tgb strbf`tg ej tgb mefmrbtb ks dewbr.

2) 

Inxkiui n``rb`ntb skzb nppbnrs te ob kipertnft, wktg n dnr`br vndub preaumkf` `rbntbr

rbskstnfmb.

:)  Kt sgeuda ob strbssba tgnt skfmb ferind ikx absk`f tbmgfkqubs rbaumb tgb mbibft meftbftns inxkiui n``rb`ntb skzb kfmrbnsbs, tgks jnmter iny gnvb nf kfjdubfmb ef bxpbrkibftnd

rbsudts.

0)   Fefbtgbdbss, wgbf tgb prepertkef ej menrsb n``rb`ntb ks rbaumba, tgbrb ks nf kfmrbnsb kfnornskef rbskstnfmb, kfakmntkf` tgnt n``rb`ntb skzb gns n `bfukfb kfjdubfmb.

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].Srnvbbfhuinr/Nsskstnft Sr ejbsser/Abpnrtibft ej Mkvkd Bf`kfbbrk f`/S]@MQ

7)  Ns wktg iest aurnokdkty mgnrnmtbrkstkms, nabquntb murkf` ej mefmrbtb ks ej `rbnt

kipertnfmb.