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1 For First year book and James Randi must meet for discussion with Dr. Peel. See email from him for details James Randi – dinner tonight at North Campus Diner, meet after class today First year book – Coffee at the Stamp 3 pm tomorrow 1 No SAB next week Conflicts with National Geographic excursion If signed up for excursion and can’t make it let us know by 3 PM tomorrow (have people on wait list) Still a few slots open on Greenbank trip Leonids is last excursion! Watch email for voting on charity 2

Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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Page 1: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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• For First year book and James Randi must meet for discussion with Dr. Peel. See e‐mail from him for details

James Randi – dinner tonight at North Campus Diner, meet after class today

First year book – Coffee at the Stamp  3 pm tomorrow

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• No SAB next week

Conflicts with National Geographic excursion

If signed up for excursion and can’t make it let us know by 3 PM tomorrow (have people on wait list)

• Still a few slots open on Greenbank trip

• Leonids is last excursion!

• Watch e‐mail for voting on charity

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• If missed deadline for studentinterviews\talks\chats

We still want to see you

Will only get partial credit

Which is better than no credit!

• Potential Service Day make‐up evening of Friday 2 November

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• Next Project Deadline

• Rough draft of paper • Due Thursday 1 November

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• How big is the Universe?

• Is this an “impractical” question? Intellectual curiosity? Our place in the grand scheme of things? Does the answer to this question affect your attitude towards life? Spiritual/religious question?

• Is this a “practical” question? Economic Political

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• Bound the problem Could be infinite in size Could be finite in size

• If it is infinite: Don’t have to worry about a boundaryWe can’t be at the center (boo)

• If it is finite:We could be at the center (yea) Have to worry about the boundary (maybe) Could have no boundary, but then can we be at the center?

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• The smallest the Universe can be is? The size of the EarthMoon, Sun, Planets, Stars just things up in the atmosphere

• Even if don’t buy that need the size of the Earth and the distance to the Sun to get the distance to the closest stars

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EarthEarth

Page 5: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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Earth Sun Earth

• Do you always have a no shadow point? 

• Infinite sized Earth• Finite sized Earth

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Flat Earth infinite size

Sun

Flat Earth finite size

Sun

• Can you determine the size of the Earth? If not, can you bound the size?

• Can you find the distance to the Sun?• Does it matter how far away the Sun is?

• Do you need a no‐shadow point?

• Can you find the size of the Sun?

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Page 7: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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• Do you always have a no shadow point?

• Can you determine the size of the Earth?

If not, can you bound the size?

Does it matter how far away the Sun is?

Do you need a no‐shadow point?

• Can you find the distance to the Sun?

• Can you find the size of the Sun?

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• Greek, born in 276 BCE in Cyrene, now Shahhat, Libya 

• Studied in Athens and Alexandria in Egypt

• Became the director of the Library in Alexandria 

• Died in 197 BCE in Alexandria He became blind in his old age  Said to have committed suicide by starvation 

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• If you take intro astronomy will probablybe taught  that he was best known for his accurate calculation of the Earth’s circumference 

Within 10–15% of modern day value

Noticed that on the first day of summer, the noon sun was reflected in a well dug at Syene (modern Aswan)

On the same day, and at the same time, the Sun was south of overhead by 1/50th of a full circle (7.2º) at Alexandria

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• Huh? 

• Hint: Sun is so far from the Earth thatthe rays from the Sun striking the Earth can be thought of as parallellines

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A

B

Two Parallel Lines – 1

What can you say about angles A and B?

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Two Parallel Lines – 2

A

B

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19

Two Parallel Lines – 3

Well atSyene

Zenith

SUNA

B

Alexandria

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Ta Da

7.2 º = Distance from A to S360 º Circumference of the Earth

Circumference of the Earth = 360 × AS7.2

Notice do not use !

Think in ratios!

Well atSyene

Zenith

SUNA

B

Alexandria

Page 11: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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Shadow

Gno

mon

C

D

Final Test: The Question

Which angle do you Want?

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Final Test: The Answer

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Is the Earth Flat or Round?

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Is the Earth Flat or Round?

NO! Because the Sun’s rays are parallel, if the world was flat when the Sun was directly overhead at Syene, it would also be directly overhead at Alexandria

Well at Syene

SUN

Alexandria

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Near Sun & Flat Earth:1. Distance to Sun2. Size of Sun3. Size of Sun to minimum

size of the Earth

Far Sun & Round Earth:1. Size of the Earth

No (hidden) assumptions?

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• That the angles were the same? Went to school and studied Euclid Same as you

• That the Sun’s rays could be assumed to be parallel?Went to school and studied Aristarchus of Samos Not same as you Introductory astronomy books skip this part, i.e. you are not supposed to be smart enough to question this 29

• Lived from 310 to 230 BCE Thirty four years old when Eratosthenes born

Generation between Euclid and Archimedes

• Exponent of a Sun–centered universe 

• Only surviving work:“On the Sizes and Distances of the Sunand Moon”

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Page 16: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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• Lunar eclipses caused by Moon passing through Earth’s Shadow Only occur at full moon

Don’t happen every month, orbital plane of the Moon tilted 5º with respect to Sun’s

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Moon EarthSun

28.5

1Sun

Earth

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Comes from Size of Sun in the sky is 2 degrees

Bounds the Earth–Moon distance! Moon not further than 28.5 Earth diameters away Moon not closer than 1 lunar diameter

Page 17: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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By observations during a lunar eclipse he determined that the size of the Earth’s shadow at the Moon’s orbit was 2 lunar diameters

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1

A

B

CD

E

F

2 Earth

Moon

And then a miracle occurs…Size of the Sun and the Moonin the sky are about the same

For similar triangles, ratios of sides is persevered on all sides:

3 × CE = 28.5

CE  9.5

1

A

B C

D E

F2c

C

E

1d1e

2d2e1c

28.5

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2

1

AECE

EFDE

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Lunar Eclipse – 5

B

CD

E

F

Earth

Moon

28.5

9.5

Note all distances in units of Earth diameters

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Reality

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Size of Sun in the sky is really ½ degree

Know he later changed it from 2 degrees to ½ degree

At Moon’s orbit shadow cone is 2 ½ lunar diameters

108

1Sun

Earth

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Earth Sun Distance – 1

Earth

9.5

Sun

Moon

A

• Sound theory

• But it is a hard observation to do In real life angle A is 89.83º Too close to 90º for naked eye observation

• To get an idea of real scale of problem, imagine a scale drawing with 1 million miles = 1 inch Earth–Moon distance = ¼ inch Earth–Sun distance = 93 inches = 7 feet 9 inches 41

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• What he got instead was:

Earth–Sun distance = 19 × Earth–Moon distance 

Earth–Sun distance = 180 Earth diameters

• Note all distances in units of:

Earth Diameters (absolute value not known)

• Once Eratosthenes figures this out:

Know the Earth–Moon distance in absolute units

Know the Earth–Sun distance in absolute units

Know the sizes of the Moon and Sun in absolute units 42

• Synergistic

One absolute measurement gives you a lot more

Still true today

Relative measurement between things is easy

Which is hotter

Which is bigger

Etc.

Relative measurement to an absolute standard easy

Determination of absolute standard hard 43

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Does this affect your world view?

Source Moon – Earth Distance

Earth – Sun Distance

Aristarchus 9.5 180

Hipparchus 33 2/3 1,245

Posidonius 26 1/5 6,545

Ptolemy 29 1/2 605

Reality 30 1/5 11,726

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Note all distances in units of Earth diameters

Page 24: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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Source Earth – Sun Distance

(Earth Diameter)

Earth – Sun Distance (Miles)

Minimum Volume of the

Universe

The Earth 1 7,920 2.08 1012

Aristarchus 180 1,430,000 1.22 1019

Hipparchus 1,245 9,860,000 4.02 1021

Posidonius 6,545 51,900,000 5.84 1023

Ptolemy 605 4,790,000 4.61 1020

Reality 11,726 92,900,000 3.36 1024

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Source Earth – Sun Distance

Velocity(mi/hr)

Aristarchus 180 1.87 105

Hipparchus 1,245 1.29 106

Posidonius 6,545 6.79 106

Ptolemy 605 6.27 105

Reality 11,726 1.22 107

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The Gnomon: It’s Multicultural

• How can you explain that?

The same size gnomon

On the same day

Casts different shadow lengths at two different places

• Well… how about The Earth is flat and the Sun is close

It’s a consistent model with the data

Can get the Earth – Sun Distance and size of the Sun 51

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• True for all problem sets

They do count towards your grade (see syllabus)

SHOW ALL WORK! Right answer with no derivation = ½ possible points

Group work OK, even encouraged, BUT

Max 5 people per group

Only one set (with full name, first and last) per person

Must know what each person does

Employ one person as a number checker 52

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ShadowNo Shadow

SlantDistance

VerticalDistance

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So now you know the size of the world, the distance to the moon, etc. 

So what?

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• What

• Why

• How

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• The educated class at the time of Columbusknew that the world was round

• The problem really was that if you used Eratosthenes’ determination of thecircumference before Columbus could reachChina he would run out of supplies

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Page 29: Eratosthenes and China.ppt - University of Maryland ... · Eratosthenes Columbus went even smaller than that 58 • Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco

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• So the argument about funding Columbus was

An argument about the distance to travelSize of the Earth & the size of Asia

An argument about risk vs. payoff

• Size of the Earth

Ptolemy had the Earth being smaller than Eratosthenes

Columbus went even smaller than that58

• Size of Asia and Marco Polo Know that Columbus had a copy of Marco Polo Don’t know if he had it prior to his first voyage

• Marco Polo It’s a fun read Mix of fact and fiction Written in collaboration Does not have a distance in it for the Europe–Asia land mass, has instead how many days it took Had an overestimate for the distance of China to Japan By the time of Columbus, over a 100 years old

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Fact or Fiction?

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• So Columbus used A very small size of the Earth (wrong) A large size for the Asia land mass (wrong) A large size for the distance from China to Japan (wrong)

Even then some evidence that he fudged those numbers to make the voyage seem possible (wrong)

Four wrong’s make a right?

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• An argument about risk vs. payoff So he dies, what do you lose? But what if he is right, what do you gain? When do you play the lottery? And while not right, it worked!

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