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M ssa in in an all-IP wo ldFive years from now, the messaging landscape will have evolved dramatically. Driven byconnectivity, communities, content and commerce, the traditional ways of composing,sending and receiving messages will become seamless, facilitating a very high-level userexperience based on the concept of its just there, it just works.

the addition of a chat function resem-bling instant messaging (IM), Facebook became just one of many OTT servicesthat rely on IP connectivity to succeed.Many others also exist. These includeBobsled for voice calls and messaging;and Skype for voice and video calls as

well as messaging. Each of these servic-es encourages users to move away fromexisting telephony services or infra-structure, eating into operator revenuebit by bit.

In December 2011, the Dutch opera-tor KPN issued a statement reignitinga controversial debate that had begunearlier in the year, with several otherEuropean operators protesting that var-ious web giants do not suf ciently con-

tribute toward the cost of expandingand operating the wireless networksthat carry their services 2 . The revival of this issue appears to have been triggeredby the rapid uptake of the WhatsAppMessenger mobile-IM-application ser-

vice in the Netherlands, and the sub-sequent major blow to SMS revenue.Network costs and traf c loads incurredby Apple iMessage and Google Talk werealso cited as catalysts for the debate. Inthe 12 months prior to KPNs statement,the vast majority of the operators sub-scribers stopped using KPNs SMS ser-

vices, switching to the WhatsApp OTTapplication despite the drawbacks:

WhatsApp users incur signi cant datacharges when roaming; an unlimiteddata plan is required to ensure the bestuser experience; and before being ableto use the app, users need to go througha lengthy setup process to create a new account, download an application andregister phone numbers manually.

Current messaging landscape Although todays messaging land-scape, shown in Figure 1 , is clearly

The transformation in the mes-saging landscape will be broughtabout through faster, better and

global connectivity and by a new generation of socially connectedsubscribers using mash-ups,online real-time content aggrega-tion, targeted advertising,masses of apps, and reducedentry level through APIs the listis endless. Players with limitedtelecom-services experience butextensive web-app experience are

generating such strong competi-tion that some operators havebecome little more than bit-pipesto over-the-top (OTT) players.Both the game and the playingfeld have changed.

BackgroundThe success of SMS as a communicationservice caught most experts by surprise.The technology was originally designedto use idle signaling-channel bandwidthfor noti cation messages for example,to alert users to new voice mail. Nobody forecasted that SMS would become theglobally successful near-instant mes-saging service it is today. Adoption of SMS was slow. The rst SMS was sentover a live network in 1992, more than adecade after the speci cation work hadstarted. In comparison, the populari-ty of Facebook (launched in 2004) grew from nothing to more than 500 millionusers in just over six years 1 , bene tingfrom several decades of IP infrastruc-ture expansions implemented by xed,cable and wireless operators. With

B e r n h a r d M e i e r a n d a n d e r s L e n M a n

BOX A T ms and abb viations

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership ProjectA2P application-to-personAPI application programming interfaceCPM Converged IP MessagingGCF GlobalCerti cation ForumGSM Global System for Mobile

CommunicationsGSMA GSM AssociationHSPA High-Speed Packet AccessHTTP Hypertext Transfer ProtocolIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIM instant messagingIP Internet ProtocolIR.nn GSMA speci cations for interworking

and roaming joyn GSMA brand for RCS servicesM2M machine-to-machineMDN MobileDevice NumberMMS Multimedia MessagingServiceMMTel multimedia telephonyMSISDN Mobile Subscriber Integrated

Services Digital Network

NVAS network value-added servicesOEM originalequipment manufacturerOMA Open Mobile AllianceOMA DS OMA Data SynchronizationOneAPI set of APIs supported by GSMA that

expose network capabilitiesOTT over-the-topQoS quality of serviceRCE Rich CommunicationsEcosystemRCS Rich Communication SuiteRCS-e RCS-enhancedREST Representational State Transfer

(an HTTP-based API mechanism)SIMPLE SIP for Instant Messaging and

Presence Leveraging ExtensionsSIP Session Initiation ProtocolSMS Short Message ServiceUI user interfaceVoHSPA voice over HSPAVoIP voice over IPVoLTE voice over LTE

Er ic s s o n rEv iEw 1 20 12

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fragmented, it could be viewed as pri-marily an OTT landscape. While lega-cy messaging services and technologiesremain relevant, it has become moredif cult to derive business value fromthem partially because of the no-feeservices provided by OTT players.

The messaging landscape is beingshaped by developments in three areas:device technology, ecosystems, and con-tent and application value.

New types of devices that offer high-ly advanced features which were stillin the research lab just ve years ago are now available and becoming moreaffordable. From the basic e-reader tosophisticated tablets, improvementsin battery life, screen size, capacitivesensing, processing speed and powerconsumption have provided consum-ers with a wide variety of hardware tochoose from. Of all these technologi-cal improvements, capacitive sensingappears to have been the most disrup-tive technology as it enables new waysof interacting with messaging devices;new device form factors; new types of displays and new ways to input infor-mation. For example, the once-univer-sal text on nine keys (T9) predictive texttechnology has largely disappearedfrom even the smallest touch devicesand has been replaced by virtual key-boards, swipe capabilities and otherinnovative text-entry methods.

In terms of ecosystems, the app-storeconcept has become more than just adelivery platform. App stores now alsoprovide policy enforcement, licensemanagement, and developer accesscontrol for messaging applications.Apples iTunes concept pioneered theway for new distribution mechanismsand business models for content andapplications. Driven by user demandfor advanced messaging capabilities, theevolution of messaging ecosystems willcreate a dramatic rise in the need forstorage 3 . Capabilities such as deferreddelivery for of ine subscribers, messageand conversation history, and ultimate-ly, long-term personal content storageall contribute to rising demands for stor-age, where message archiving may rep-resent signi cant business value in theenterprise domain.

Messaging traf c is expected togrow signi cantly in the next veyears, with the highest growth in

bearer and network resources that wereneeded to carry it, how to price it, andultimately the user experience. Withconversational-view inboxes, SMS hasbecome a one-to-one chat experience,

while MMS, which once had advancedmessage-composition capability, hasbecome merely a transport mechanismfor pictures and short videos.

E-mail, however, is still consideredto be in a category of its own because of its similarity to letter sending throughthe regular postal service. IM becamemore popular as it moved out of chatrooms and online bulletin boards intothe realm of OTT services.

Today, the content of a message deter-mines which communication technol-ogy is best for sending it. For example,instant messaging is the most suit-able method of communicating short,

time-sensitive snippets of informa-tion between two people who are bothonline. Longer messages that are nottime-sensitive and do not depend on therecipients whereabouts or online statusare best communicated via e-mail.

SMS and MMS are still unique in themessaging landscape, as users know that when they send a message, it willbe received almost instantly (assum-ing that the recipient has their phoneswitched on and they are within rangeof a cellular network). The future of messaging will combine the OTT

application-to-person (A2P) messag-es 4 . However, in terms of content andapplication, the value of messaging haschanged, as has the role of the consum-er in generating that value. Users aremore than just consumers of messag-ing content. People use message con-tent to create blogs, to tweet, to reportbreaking news, and to provide socialcommentary on their lives and the livesof others famous or not. As content cre-ators, people use multifunction devicesto record videos and sound, take pic-tures and make comments, sharingcontent with each other directly as wellas through online repositories such as

YouTube and Flickr. The messages peo-ple send and receive become new sourc-es for revenue, social graphing (how people are related to each other on the

web) and information analysis. As the

world becomes a more open place andas each new service is launched, privacy and security concerns become more andmore apparent and need to be managed.

Whats in a message? The distinction between sending anSMS and sending an MMS has largely disappeared as uni ed message-com-posers and messaging inboxes havechanged the way people use and under-stand these technologies. In the past, it

was necessary to distinguish betweenthe two as the message type affected the

Samsung

Google

Apple

Microsoft

ChatOn

Google TalkGoogle+

iMessageFaceTime

iCloud

XBox LIVESkype

Other examples:PlayStation 3Sony Entertainment NetworkKindle Amazon Bookstore

FIgure 1 A playin f ld inc asin ly dominat d by OTT s vic s

Eric sso n rEviEw 1 2012

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opt-in basis, users would be given [email protected] address to communi-cate with others using only e-mail astheir means of electronic communica-tion. On the Facebook blog 6 , softwareengineer Joel Seligstein, even hintedat the idea of adding voice to this ser-

vice: Relatively soon, well probably allstop using arbitrary 10-digit numbersand bizarre sequences of characters tocontact each other. We will just selectfriends by name and be able to share

with them instantly.In December 2011, Facebook report-

ed 845 million users 7 . About 350 mil-lion of those people use the platformsinternal messaging system, sending4 billion messages a day. The averageperson spends more than 55 minutesa day on Facebook, whose like buttoncreates particularly high volumes of messages a message is sent every timea user likes something. Noti cationsand chat conversations generate largenumbers of messages, and any web-site can include a like button withFacebook APIs.

As with almost any landscape (or per-haps any jungle), threats are part of the picture. As infrastructure, devicetechnology, subscription pricing mod-

els, and application and content eco-systems converge, the major operatorshave created new opportunities, whichhas allowed OTT service providers touse global connectivity and the evolvedmobile network infrastructure to deliv-er services free of charge.

The problem is how to compete withOTT players. Is there a way to leveragethe strengths of operator services andnetworks to improve the messagingexperience for everyone? The simpleanswer is yes. OTT solutions will con-tinue to exist and are indeed even nec-

essary as part of the innovation sphere,but in the long term, all individual mes-saging solutions must be bridged, anda global solution that can be used by allusers on all devices is needed. Such aglobal solution can be produced usingnew standards from the Open Mobile

Alliance (OMA), and reusing existingIETF and 3GPP standards. Through anindustry alliance via the GSMA, a con-

verged solution can be deployed basedon a common set of services that providea rich user experience while encour-aging interoperability and service

Operator communication world

Internet-based (OTT)communication world

core communicationservices

highly interoperable reliable relationships

with users direct service

monetization

innovativecommunicationservices

community based best effort service

principle indirect/no/evolving

monetization

FIgure 2 Th chan in landscap and th t

experience of instant-messagingchat with a delivery guarantee that themessage will be sent to any of the recipi-ents devices, over any network.

Freedom of choiceConsumers want choice, but todaysOTT offerings are like walled gardens.People may be free to pick whateverservices they like, but once their choicehas been made, they become locked in.Ironically, given the abundance of solu-tions on the market, users often have tochoose multiple walled gardens mul-tiple OTT services to ensure that they can reach and communicate with all of their contacts. However, their populari-ty indicates that some OTT services offerclear bene ts such as enhanced usabil-ity, convenience, a consumer-centricapproach, as well as constantly updat-ed interfaces and innovative features.

Technology improvements inevita-bly lead to changes in business models.

It was once standard procedure tocharge per message, or to structureprice plans with a monthly cap andoffer advantages for messages sent

within the operators network. Butconsumers now want volume-baseddata charging, with an all-inclusiveno-data-cap at-rate model. People nolonger want to decide which technol-ogy to use to send a certain type of message; they want better visual con-

vergence all messages of all types, with multiple accounts in a single, eas-ily accessible view.

Towards the end of 2010, Facebook announced that it planned to launcha seamless messaging service 5 , withmessages being delivered using thecommunication method determinedby the recipient. Users would receivemessages in the way that was mostconvenient to them at any given time as a Facebook message, an e-mail,an instant message or an SMS. On an

Rich call share the moment

Initial service set

Live Live

Instant messaging text chat File transfer share les

IM IM

FIgure 3 What is rCS- ?


BO X B

rCS-Its just there

Natively inte-grated byOEMs in-device UIcommunica-tion owsMaximumattainable ser-vice penetra-tion similarto voice andSMS, includ-

ing open-mar-ket devicesAutomaticservice discov-ery usersdiscover newservices in theright place, inthe rightcontext

It j st wo ks

Dynamiccapability dis-

covery onlyrelevant andavailable ser-vices offeredInterworksacross opera-tors anddevicesJust like SMS

Its just there, it just works

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innovation. This changing landscape isvisualized in Figure 2 .

Next-generation messagingThe future of messaging bridges twotraditionally separate, landscapes: therich user experience (offered by OTTapplications and service providers) andubiquity and security (offered by tele-com operators). The combination of these two landscapes has generated anew suite of services referred to as richcommunication.

Rich Communication SuiteThis concept is a complete family of ser-vices designed from the ground up todeliver the richness and ubiquity thatsubscribers want. The roadmap forthe Rich Communication Suite (RCS)includes:

R1: OMA Presence for RCS social pres-ence; OMA SIMPLE IM for one-to-onechat, group chat and le transfer; OMADS for the network address book; GSMAIR.79 for image-sharing; and GSMA IR.74for video-sharing;R2: users can connect with RCS mobileclients or a broadband-access client;R3: broadband-access devices can alsobe designated as a users primary device;

content-sharing improvements (GSMAIR.84); services such as Who can Iinvite?; and network value-added ser-vices (NVAS);R4: OMA CPM; social-network integra-tion; OMA network APIs; rst phase ofVoLTE alignment;RCS-e: based on RCS R3, but adds store-and-forward functionality and delivery/display noti cations for one-to-one chat(similar to OTT services); andR5: alignment with GSMA IR.92/IR.58for VoLTE/VoHSPA, IR.94 for Video Call,IR.65 for MMTel/RCS PS interconnect

and roaming; OMA CPM with a commit-ment to bring store-and-forward func-tionality for chat, group chat, and letransfer back into OMA CPM.

The fundamental assumption of RCSservices is that the communication pro-cess starts with a user selecting a con-tact from their address book. Before theGSMA started working on RCS, therewas no easy way of visualizing how touse the tools available through IP: pres-ence, messaging, and discovery andcapability exchange. OMA has now pro-duced standards for these tools, with

the rst release in 2008, followed by anumber of revisions in rapid succession.However, it was not until this point

when the RCS experience was rstarticulated and understood that thesefeatures could begin to be incorporatedinto devices.

The enhanced suiteIn Q4 2010, the big ve of European tele-coms (Vodafone, Telefnica, DeutscheTelekom, Orange and Telecom Italia)decided that they needed to be able tooffer RCS-like services to remain a rel-evant provider of such services to their

subscribers. The group agreed that RCSR2 and R3 functionality was a goodstart, however, as the OMA SIMPLE IMenabler did not include recovery of mes-sages lost due to connectivity issues, thegroup decided that this level of function-ality wasnt enough and so they creat-ed RCS-e (see Figure 3 ). RCS-e endorsesa subset of the RCS R2/R3 functional-ity with a simpli ed service-capabili-ty exchange instead of presence, which

was enhanced with store-and-forwardfunctionality for chat brought into theGSMA under the Rich Communication

Ecosystem Technical Speci cationGroup and which is now being broughtinto the OMA SIMPLE IM v2.0 enabler.

In the meantime, North Americanoperators were ready to move forwardon the OMA CPM functionality asendorsed in RCS R4, but they were alsoeager to include the store-and-forwardfunctionality. Both North American andEuropean operators wanted:

the OMA CPM message store;store-and-forward functionality for chat,group chat and le transfer;group chat that is closed to newparticipants;

resumption capability for le transfer;anduse of le transfer for new services suchas location-sharing and contact-information sharing.

The transatlantic collaboration result-ed in the RCS R5 speci cation, with ver-sion 5.0 containing most of the wantedfunctionality. The upcoming version 5.1

will include the closed group chat con-cept and the functionality for store-and-forward for group chat and le transfer.The RCS R5 speci cation is aligned

with the VoLTE/VoHSPA GSMA

Enter App Store

Reliableuser-support

services

User owOTT services RCS-e

Serviceinstallation

Not necessary

Automatic provisioning

Integrated into native user ows(intuitive placement, automatic discovery)

Serviceaccess

Serviceusage

Provisioning/ setup

Reliablecustomersupport

No privacyissues

Searchfor apps

Privacy? Support? Reliability?

Scan addressbook

Enter accountinformation

Payfor apps

Download/ install

Open app Decide between OTT app, SMS,voice call and so on

FIgure 4 Th pow o a s vic thats j st th


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speci cations. All the new messag-ing functionality will be brought intothe OMA CPM v2.0 enabler. To promoteservice exposure of the RCS functional-ity, OMA has aligned the speci cation

with the GSMA OneAPI set of REST-based APIs to provide network APIs forthe rapid development of value-addedservices.

The focus for the RCS-e speci cationis to extend the principles of voice callsand SMS to deliver an advanced set of interoperable data-centric communi-cations services in a simple and secure

way. The aim of RCS-e is to focus on theactual services 8 , providing legitimacy to the role of the operator as a trusted

communications provider. Consideran example in which OTT player A offers voice services over operator Bsnetwork. OTT player A is not requiredto comply with any regulations; thatresponsibility lies with operator B, whofaces regulatory pressure to provide arock-solid, reliable and universal expe-rience. Obviously, such a service cannotbe provided free of charge, and in real-ity, the service provided by OTT player

A is not free the revenue comes fromsponsored advertising and from thereuse and resale of non-speci c user-identifying data.

RCS-e services are not new. What isnew is that RCS-e provides a seamless

user experience across all operators very similar to the user experiencefor voice calls. Most importantly, it just

works, and its just there.RCS-e resolves the issue of walled

gardens, while fully supporting userschoices of operator, device vendor, andadd-on services. All of these are guar-anteed to interoperate they just work.

The capability discovery feature is afundamental part of RCS-e. It enablesa device to determine which featureshave been installed on another device,and thus only permits people to com-municate using the common-denomi-nator functions that are supported by each device and network.

Consider the scenario where a user, Alice, selects a contact, Bob, directly from the address book on one of herdevices, or from her personal contactsstored in the network by her operator.

Alices RCS client requests capability information from Bobs client, and if Bob has a device registered in the net-

work, the requested information willbe sent back to Alices client.

Capability information can includefunctionality for chat, voice over IP, vid-eo over IP, and image- and le-sharing.If Bob does not have a registered device,

Alice can still call him over the tradi-tional circuit-switched network, or senda chat message if her operator provides

the store-and-forward functionality, orsend him a basic text or picture mes-sage. In this example scenario, Alicecommunicates in a simple, straightfor-

ward manner. She doesnt have to setup an account, log in, use multiple num-bers for Bob, or punch in extra digits: it

just works (see Figure 4 ). A messaging landscape enhanced

with rich-communication services thatare as universal and secure as legacy messaging and telephony, and providethe same user experience as OTT ser-

vices. This illustration highlights thebene ts of RCS:

reach subscriber phone numbers(MSISDN or MDN) are global, and

because RCS reuses these, users areconnected immediately and areaccessible to any other user in the world;device independence all underlyingstandards are device-independent,requiring support for IP protocols only;exible chat with of ine capabilities and

store-and-forward behavior allcomplexities are off-loaded to theoperators network, guaranteeing QoSthat is on par with current OTT services;simple le transfer les can betransferred without the need foradditional clients, web portals or

downloaded apps, and the serviceincludes suspend/resume functionality;enhanced group chat users can rejoin achat session and read messages thatwere exchanged in their absence; andsimpli ed video-sharing videos andimages can be transferred without theneed for codec support or the downloadof additional components or apps.

The focus of RCS is that a message isa message, and users should be able tocommunicate without having to gureout which technology to use (MMS,SMS or IM). Instead, they simply select

a person to communicate with, verify that communication is possible, andthen begin communicating.

With its ubiquity, reach and secureecosystem, RCS will become the pre-ferred messaging stack for develop-ers; enterprise communication willevolve to extend beyond the walledgardens that now exist; communities

will begin to interconnect in new andinnovative ways; gaming experiences

will be enriched so that they transcenddevice and community borders; socialnetworks will be transformed; new

c o s y s t e m

R i c h

c o mm u n i c

a t i o n

My work

Preferred stack for app developersEnterprise communication

Community interconnectIn-game communication

M2M trafc

My apps,my services

My friends

My games

Me

My things

My socialnetworks

My family

e

FIgure 5 rCS vol tion: th n xt fv y a s


Its just there, it just works

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cross-community connections will bepossible; and even machine-to-machine(M2M) communication will be enrichedby a set of services and deployed in anecosystem originally intended forhuman communication (see Figure 5 ).

Interoperability With an interoperable pool of devicesand a set of providers supporting thetechnology, the industry focus on RCSservices is becoming more and moreobvious. The consumer mindset relat-ing to RCS (its just there, it just works) isindicative of the level of interoperability that needs to be attained service pro-vider interoperating agreements must

be equal to the challenge. Achievingthis with the implied ubiquity and sup-port for these new services will require auni ed industry effort to embrace coop-erative initiatives driven by GSMA, OMA and GCF. The GSMA joyn brand andrelated self-accreditation programs areaimed at reaching this level of consum-er adoption and acceptance, and sub-stantial resources have been allocatedby service providers and their vendorpartners. Ericsson is at the forefront of this initiative through its leadershipand participation in these organiza-tions, promoting competition amongits industry peers and partners.

The future for operatorsMessaging services provided by telecomcompanies are growing, but their prof-itability and long-term existence are

B nha d M i

is an expert in softwarearchitecture and hasworked with the design andimplementation of mobile

internet and messaging products atEricsson for more than 24 years. He hasbeen granted and has applied for severalpatents in areas as diverse as datavisualization, voice control andmessaging protocols. He holds a B.Sc. incomputer science and engineeringtechnology from LeTourneau Universityin Longview, Texas, US.

And s L nman

was appointed as

solution product managerat Ericsson in 2004 and isresponsible for Ericssonsmessaging portfolio,

including Ericsson Messaging in One.He has 15years oftelecom experience,including 12 years working with mobile-internet services. The latest addition tothis portfolio is a fully RCS-e-compliantIM server that is evolved from themature OMA-IM-compliant IM server.He holds a B.Sc. in telecommunicationfrom KTH Royal Institute of Technologyin Stockholm, Sweden, and a B.Sc. inbusiness administration from theUniversity of rebro in Sweden.

being jeopardized. There are two maintypes of requirements for messagingservices: reducing opex; and securinglong-term revenue the latter being themost dif cult to achieve.

Operators can continue to play animportant role in providing commu-nication services on account of theirunique ability to:

close the functionality gap between tra-ditional and OTT messaging services byintroducing RCS-e functionality;ensure global reach through the awlessinterworking of SMS/MMS/OTT mes-saging; andpromote the service so that it becomesthe preferred stack for app developers.

ConclusionThe pressure on pro t margins gener-ated by OTT services, universal connec-tivity, rapidly changing user behaviorand smarter devices are transformingthe messaging landscape, creating anopportunity to provide a secure and uni-

versal messaging platform offering asuperior user experience. RCS providesservices that just work and are just there for all devices and over every operatornetwork. RCS-e provides the basic voice,

video and messaging services desiredby users, replacing and improving onthe OTT experience with simplicity and ubiquity. CPM (incorporated intoRCS 5.0) provides the necessary bridgebetween legacy messaging systems andthe future IP-messaging world of richcommunication services.

1. Facebook, 2010, 500 Million Stories, The Facebook Blog, https://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=409753352130

2. Gabriel, C., Rethink Wireless, December 20, 2011, KPN joins demand for Google to help fund networks,http://www.rethink-wireless.com/2011/12/20/kpn-joins-demand-google-fund-networks.htm

3. Heavy Reading, Insider, Volume 11, No. 9, December 2011, Service providers get the message:storage matters now, http://www.heavyreading.com/insider/details.asp?sku_id=2762&skuitem_itemid=1358&promo_code=&aff_code=&next_url=%2Fsearch.asp%3F

4. Portio Research, March 2012, Mobile Messaging Futures 2012-2016, http://www.portioresearch.com/en/reports/current-portfolio/mobile-messaging-futures-2012-2016.aspx

5. Shan Li, L.A. Times, November 15, 2010, Facebook rolls out new messaging system, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/11/facebook-messaging-email-system.html

6. Seligstein, J., Facebook, November 15, 2010, The Facebook Blog, See the messages that matter, http://www.facebook.com/blog/blog.php?post=452288242130

7. Facebook, December 2011, Key Facts, http://newsroom.fb.com/content/default.aspx?NewsAreaId=228. GSMA, 2012, Mobile World Live RCS-e Webinar: Rich Communications and RCS-e Market Opportunity,

http://view6.workcast.net/?pak=3949452184503241

r nc s


Richard Brunner, Ayoub Cherkaoui,Jeffrey Cooke, Niall Crotty, DanFahrman, Jan Gabrielsson, keGerdfeldter, Nancy Greene, MiniHaran, Robin Joseph, Robert Lalla,Mats Persson and Patrice Varinot.

7

Gustafsson, . and Lenman, A., EricssonReview, No. 2, 2007, Ericssons enriched

messaging architecture,Available at: http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/ericsson_review/2007/01_messaging.pdf

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Er Messaging All IP World