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Equipment, Calibration, and Tip Selection Considerations for the
Application of Herbicides
Robert E. WolfExtension Specialist Application Technology
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Changes in the Application Industry!
Historically inefficient process Increased cost of pesticides Product rates are changing (< an ounce/acre) More pest specific products Biotechnology and GMO’s (Roundup Ready, Bt’s) More sophisticated equipment (electronics) $$$
Variable rates Site-specific Focus on Drift
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Equipment today-$$$?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Sprayer Components:
Tanks (contamination issues) Pump, Strainers, Agitation Pressure gauge Hoses, Flow control assemblies Electronics: monitors-computers-
controllers (GPS/GIS) Distribution system Nozzles!!!!!!!!!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
What about the cost of the nozzle?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Regardless of the cost:
Without proper attention to the nozzle, you may end up with a
Misapplication
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Nozzles are important because: Control the amount – GPA. Determine uniformity of application. Affects the coverage. Influences the drift potential.
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
1. Control the Amount applied:
Nozzle Flow Rate is affected by:
Orifice size Pressure Solution
characteristics
Page 9 - TeeJet
Page 4 - Hypro
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Page 4
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Nozzle Selection Chart: Flat-fan
Page 7 - TeeJet
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Rated Pressure =40 psi for most nozzle types10 psi for turbo flood nozzles
Nomenclature:
Stainless Steel Insert Orifice
Trade Name
Fan angle and flow rate-orifice size
Extended Range
VisiFlo Color Coding
(S,H,P,K,SS)
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
MATERIALS AND WEAR
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Brass
Zytel
Stainless
Kematal
Hard Stainless
Thermoplastic
11.4
7.5
6.1
2.1
1.2
0.4
Percent increase in nozzle flow rateFlat-fan spray nozzles after 40 hour test
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Typical nozzle numbering systemExtended-range
flat-fan
XR 11004 XR Extended-range
110 110 degree fan angle
04 0.4 GPM @ 40 psi
Even flat-fan –(Band applications)
8002E E Even spray pattern
80 80 degree fan angle
02 0.2 GPM @ 40 psi
Turbo flood -(small capacity)
TF- 4 TF Turbo flood
4 .4 GPM @ 10 psi
Turbo flood –(Floater capacity)
QCTF - 40
QCTF Quick attach turbo flood
40 4.0 GPM @ 10 psi
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Calculations
GPA=
5940
#$!@&%!#$!@&%!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Calibration/Nozzle Selection
What is the first step? Use label to select the
application volumeproduct rate
Choose an appropriate travel speed Effective width of application
nozzle spacing Calculate GPM – Flow rate per nozzle Select the correct size of nozzle!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Calculations
GPA=
5940
Ok, now I remember!Ok, now I
remember!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Flow Rate Equation
GPMGPA x MPH x W
5940
Equation # 2
Calculates for amount of flow from one nozzle
Represents the size of nozzle to put on the sprayer
Calculates for amount of flow from one nozzle
Represents the size of nozzle to put on the sprayer
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
GPM Example Solution
GPMGPA x MPH x W
5940
5940
20x12x12GPM
Answer.48
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Calculate GPM (formula) Look under GPM
column Match to pressure-psi Choose the size needed Operate at given
pressure and speed used in formula to achieve GPA
Selecting the proper nozzle….
.48
Page 7
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Electronics/Rate Controllers
How does your system work when speed changes?
Is it pressure based? What is the effect of
going slower? What is the effect of
going faster?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Checking for accuracy!!!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
MEASURE SPEED
Speed(MPH)Distance(ft) x 60
Time(seconds) x 88
(1 MPH = 88 Feet traveled in 60 seconds)
Measure the ground speed in an area similar to the conditions of the area to be sprayed!
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
2. Set up for Uniformity
Goal is to put the material on evenly from nozzle to nozzle, end of boom to end of boom, and across the entire field.
20-inch spacing requires 17-19” above target for 50-60% overlap.
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Coverage: Need knowledge of the product being used.
Systemic Contact
What is the target? Soil Grass Broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy) Leaf orientation – time of day
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Will affect drift:
Movement of spray particles off-target.
Creating smaller spray drops will result in increased drift.
Is it Coverage vs Drift?
What is the answer?
$64,000 Question?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Why Interest in Drift? Spotty pest control Wasted chemicals Off-target damage More high value specialty crops Urban sprawl and..... Less tolerant neighbors Litigious Society More wind?? (Timing) Environmental impact
Water and Air Quality Public more aware of pesticide
concerns! (Negative Perceptions) Result-higher costs-$$$
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand:
Demonstrates Turbo Flat vs TurboDrop-5 MPH Wind
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Nozzle Technology? How to use??
Nozzles designed to reduce drift Improved drop size control Emphasis on ‘Spray Quality’
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Extended Range Flat-fan: Tapered edge pattern 80 and 110 degree fan Requires overlap - 50 to 60% 15-60 psi range
110°
80°
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Turbo Flood Nozzle vs Old Style Flood
Pre-orifice design Turbulence chamber Uniform spray distribution with
tapered edge – 50-60% overlap Large, drift resistant droplets
TF
Flood
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Turbo Flat-fan Turbulence chamber as in the Turbo Flood Tapered edge, wide angle flat pattern Designed to work in flat-fan nozzle holder Uniform spray distribution, 50-60% overlap Wide pressure range, 15 – 90 psi Large, drift resistant droplets Plastic with superior wear characteristics
XR
TT
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
XR Flat-fan compared to Turbo Flat-fan in 5 MPH wind:
40 psi
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Air-Induction/Venturi Nozzles Where air is drawn into the nozzle
cavity and exits with the fluid.
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Air/Induction – Venturi Nozzle:
Greenleaf – TurboDrop Air intake venturi section Mixing Chamber - air and
spray solution blended Pattern tip forms large air-
bubble drops Exit tip flow 2X venturi
orifice Better Penetration? Reduced run-off? Improved coverage? Adequate efficacy? Reduced drift?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
XR Flat-fan and Turbo Flat-fan compared to Venturi Style Nozzle5.0 MPH wind at 40 psi
XR vs TurboDrop Turbo Flat vs Turbo Drop
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Driftable Droplets: Spraying Systems-2000
Nozzle Type(0.5 GPM Flow)
Approximate % of Spray
Volume < 200 Microns
15 PSI 40 PSI
XR 11005 14% 22%
XR 8005 6% 12%
DG 11005 N/A 11%
DG 8005 N/A 7%
TT 11005 <1% <6%
TF-2.5 <1% <1%
AI 11005 N/A <1%
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
XR Flat-fan @20, 40, 80 PSI Turbodrop XL @20, 40, 80 PSI
Boom
Drift
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Example Reference Graph
Cumulative Volume Fraction
0.1 0.5 0.9
Drop S
ize (microns) 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
very fine/ fine fine/mediummedium/ coarsecoarse/ very coarsevery coarse/ extremely coarse
VF
F
M
CVC
XC
New Label language-EPA Reviewing Public Comments
Public ‘Listening Sessions’ planned
Sometime in 2003?? Match the crop
protection product to the target
Adhere to label guidelines based on an industry standard ASAE S-572
Buffer Zones or No Spray Zones
Maximize Efficacy Minimize Drift
EPA Requested Changes Coming!!!!
Example Reference Graph
Cumulative Volume Fraction
0.1 0.5 0.9
Dro
p S
ize
(mic
rons
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
very fine/ fine fine/mediummedium/ coarsecoarse/ very coarsevery coarse/ extremely coarse
VF
F
M
CVC
XC
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
ASAE DSC and Volume Median Diameter (DV0.5) From PMS* Laser Spectrometer
Very Fine (VF) < 182µm Fine (F) 183-280µm Medium (M) 281-429µm Coarse (C) 430-531µm Very Coarse (VC) 532-655µm Extremely Coarse (XC) >656µm
*USDA ARS College Station, TX
Droplet Spectra Classification (DSC)
Droplet SizeRange
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Important Droplet Statistics:
Operational Area
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
Application Decisions?
Crop Protection Equipment and Calibration
For more information contact:
www.bae.ksu.edu/rewolf/