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Equine BehaviorEquine Behavior
What Affects Behavior?What Affects Behavior?
EnvironmentEnvironment ExperienExperien
cesces DietDiet
ExerciseExercise
StressStress
GeneticsGenetics GenderGender TypeType BreedBreed Family Family
groupgroup
SmellSmell Identify other horsesIdentify other horses MatingMating Locate water, feedLocate water, feed Vomeronasal organVomeronasal organ PheromonesPheromones
Ears & HearingEars & Hearing Detect soundsDetect sounds Determine location of Determine location of
soundsound To provide sensory To provide sensory
informationinformation Hear in range 14 Hz to Hear in range 14 Hz to
25 kHz (humans 20 Hz 25 kHz (humans 20 Hz to 20 kHz)to 20 kHz)
Auricle – 180Auricle – 180oo rotation rotation Ear position generally Ear position generally
relates to visual relates to visual attentionattention
TouchTouch Responsive to Responsive to
pain, pressure, pain, pressure, cold and heatcold and heat
Sensitive areas Sensitive areas Eyes, ears and Eyes, ears and
nosenose Withers, ribs, Withers, ribs,
flanks and legsflanks and legs Suffers fatigue Suffers fatigue
VISIONVISION Primary detector of dangerPrimary detector of danger
Acute ability to detect Acute ability to detect movementmovement
Monocular & Binocular visionMonocular & Binocular vision
Monocular field of vision: Monocular field of vision: 215215oo for each eye for each eye
Binocular field of vision: Binocular field of vision: 6060oo-70-70oo
Often raise head to observe close objects
Lower head to observe faraway objects
Monocular fieldUp to 215o
Monocular field
Binocular field60-70o
Marginal zone
Visual SignsVisual Signs
EarsEars TailTail Mouth & Mouth &
lipslips EyesEyes NostrilsNostrils
Horse BehaviorHorse BehaviorSocial OrganizationSocial Organization
Harem groups – Harem groups – Domestic horses, Domestic horses, Przewalski horse & Przewalski horse & some zebrasome zebra
Territorial Territorial breeders-Donkeys breeders-Donkeys & some zebras& some zebras
Social OrganizationSocial Organization
HaremHarem FamilyFamily MaresMares StallionStallion Bachelor Bachelor
GroupGroup
Ten Natural Survival Ten Natural Survival TraitsTraits
Depends on flight as its Depends on flight as its primary means of primary means of survivalsurvival
One of the most One of the most perceptive of all perceptive of all domestic animalsdomestic animals
Very fast response timeVery fast response time Can be desensitized from Can be desensitized from
frightening stimulifrightening stimuli Horses forgive, but do Horses forgive, but do
not forgetnot forget
Ten Natural Survival Ten Natural Survival TraitsTraits
Horses categorize Horses categorize A) something not to fear, so A) something not to fear, so
ignore or exploreignore or explore B) Something to fear, so fleeB) Something to fear, so flee
Horses are easily dominatedHorses are easily dominated Horses exert dominance by Horses exert dominance by
controlling the movement of controlling the movement of their peers. Horse accept their peers. Horse accept dominance when:dominance when: We or another animal cause them We or another animal cause them
to move when they prefer not toto move when they prefer not to We or another animal inhibit We or another animal inhibit
movement when they want to fleemovement when they want to flee
Ten Natural Survival Ten Natural Survival TraitsTraits
The body language of a horse is unique The body language of a horse is unique to the equine speciesto the equine species
Horse is a precocial species (newborn Horse is a precocial species (newborn foals are neurologically mature at birth)foals are neurologically mature at birth)
Types of Horse Types of Horse BehaviorBehavior
Ingestive behaviorIngestive behavior Eliminative Eliminative
behaviorbehavior Epimeletic Epimeletic
behavior -Care-behavior -Care-giving & care-giving & care-seeking behaviorseeking behavior
Types of Horse BehaviorTypes of Horse Behavior
Sexual Sexual PolygamousPolygamous One offspringOne offspring Seasonal BreedersSeasonal Breeders Fetal behaviorFetal behavior Parturient behaviorParturient behavior
Horse BehaviorHorse Behavior
Self-care behaviorSelf-care behavior Homeostatic Homeostatic
influencesinfluences GroomingGrooming RestRest
Awake 80%Awake 80% Drowsiness 8%Drowsiness 8% Sleep 12%Sleep 12%
AutogroomAutogroom
Mutual GroomMutual Groom
Types of Horse BehaviorTypes of Horse BehaviorInvestigative BehaviorInvestigative Behavior
Play behaviorPlay behavior Exploratory Exploratory
behaviorbehavior
Types of Horse BehaviorTypes of Horse Behavior
Allelomimetic BehaviorAllelomimetic Behavior MimicryMimicry
Types of Horse BehaviorTypes of Horse BehaviorAgonistic BehaviorAgonistic Behavior
Types of Horse BehaviorTypes of Horse Behavior
Dominance/Dominance/Submission (Social Submission (Social Order)Order)
Horse BehaviorHorse Behavior
Spacing Spacing Individual Individual
distancedistance Group distanceGroup distance Social distanceSocial distance Flight distanceFlight distance Home rangeHome range TerritorialTerritorial
ActivityActivity
DiurnalDiurnal Travel up to 16 Travel up to 16
km/d (10 mile/d)km/d (10 mile/d) Home range, can Home range, can
be up to 1000 ha.be up to 1000 ha.(2500 acres)(2500 acres)
Range: 0.8-303 sq. Range: 0.8-303 sq. km (0.5-188 sq. km (0.5-188 sq. mile)mile)
Average Time Budgets Average Time Budgets For HorsesFor Horses
60%20%
10%
10%
EatStandLieOther
Behavioral Behavioral Considerations in Equine Considerations in Equine
HandlingHandling HERD INSTINCTHERD INSTINCT HOMING HOMING
INSTINCTINSTINCT FLIGHTFLIGHT DOMINANCE DOMINANCE
HEIREACHYHEIREACHY TERRITORIAL TERRITORIAL
BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR SELF-DEFENSESELF-DEFENSE HABITHABIT
Good Stress – The Good Stress – The stressful condition stressful condition in which the horse in which the horse can find a solution can find a solution that will relieve that will relieve the stressthe stress
Harmful Stress – A Harmful Stress – A stressful condition stressful condition in which there is in which there is no possible no possible solution or escape.solution or escape.
StressStress
Responses To Harmful Responses To Harmful StressStress
HabituateHabituate Develop abnormal behaviorDevelop abnormal behavior Permanent fear memoryPermanent fear memory
Equine StereotypesEquine Stereotypes
OralOral CribbingCribbing Tongue movementsTongue movements Lip movementsLip movements
Equine StereotypesEquine Stereotypes LocomotionLocomotion
Head movements Head movements (bobbing, tossing, (bobbing, tossing, shaking, swinging, shaking, swinging, nodding)nodding)
Throat rubbingThroat rubbing PacingPacing WeavingWeaving Fence or stall Fence or stall
walkingwalking
Equine StereotypesEquine Stereotypes
LocomotionLocomotion CirclingCircling StompingStomping KickingKicking PawingPawing DiggingDigging Tail rubbingTail rubbing
Equine StereotypesEquine Stereotypes Self-MutilationSelf-Mutilation
Self-biting (flank, chest, shoulder)Self-biting (flank, chest, shoulder) Wall-kickingWall-kicking Lunging into objectsLunging into objects
EQUINE VICESEQUINE VICES AGGRESSIVE VICESAGGRESSIVE VICES
BitingBiting ChargingCharging CrowdingCrowding RearingRearing KickingKicking StrikingStriking FightingFighting
EQUINE VICESEQUINE VICES METABOLIC VICESMETABOLIC VICES
Coprophagy or dirt eating Coprophagy or dirt eating CribbingCribbing Mane and tail chewingMane and tail chewing Wood chewingWood chewing